




Class B£aM_ 
Book_L!£^3 

SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT 



POPULAR AND CHEAP BOOKS, 

Particularly suitable for Family Libraries. 

PUBLISHED BY 

GRIGG, ELLIOT & CO. 
No. 14 North Fourth Street, Philadelphia. 

ND FOE SALE BY BOOKSELLERS AND COUNTRY MERCHANTS GENE- 
RALLY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



*• ErucATED MIND is a Nation^s wealthy and promotes the happiness of mankind." 

• t this time, when the press is teeming with so much nonsensical trash, 
iiig to corrupt, not only the literary taste, but the morals of the people, 
paicnts and their children will be pleased to find so many valuable works 
to Ijii" procured at almost any bookstore in the country. Their perusal will 
tend to restore the mind to a true idea of life, its dignity, its duty and its 
destiny. The reading of the following books will exalt the mind, and 
purify the affections, and awaken to life many a fresh and noble thought 
that row lies buried. "The great business of man is, to improve his 
miud and govern his manners." 

'iHE LIFE OF GEN. ZACMRY TAYLOR, 

BY ROBERT T. CONRAD, Esq., 

W'TH AN ORIGINAL AND ACCURATE PORTRAIT, 

And legant illustrations of the Battles of Fort Harrison, Okee-cho-bee, Falo 
Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey aiid Buena Vista. 

^raprising ample details of his early life and public and private career, 
derived from the most authentic and accurate sources. 

In a large and elegant volume, 12mo. 

The Life of this distinguished General from the eloquent pen of Judge Conrad, 

''Philadelphia. The subject,«the author, the times and the circumstances, all 

. mbine to render such a work eminently popular ; and all who want a complete 

"-•istory of his Life for their libraries, will do well to say, in ordering, GRIGG, 

,LLIOT & CO.'S Edition. ' 



GENERAL TAYLOR AND HIS STAFF, 12mo. 

Kllustcatcti toftl) ^Portraits. 

In Press, and will shortly be published, 

GENERAL TAYLOR AND HIS STAFF; 

CONTAINING 

BluGRAPHIES OF GENERALS TAYLOR, WORTH, WOOL, BUTLER, 

AND ALL THE DISTINGUISHED OFFICERS OF THE 

PRESENT WAR. 

$;2r These editions will be the Tery best published ir; this couatrj and will be 
be'.utifully illustrated. 

A 1 



JOSEPHUS'S (FLAVIUS) WORKS. 

Bt the latk WILLIAM WHISTON, A. M. 
From the last London edition, complete, and the only readable edition published 

in this country. 
As a matter of course, every family in our country has a copy of the Holy Bible 
— and as the presumption is, the greater portion often consult its pages, we take 
the liberty of saying to all those that do, that the perusal of the writings of Jose- 
phus will be found very interesting and instructing. 

All those who wish to possess a beautiful and correct copy of this invaiuaole 
work, would do well to purchase this edition. It is for sale at all the principal 
bookstores in the United States, by country merchants generally in the Southern 
and Western States. 



SAY'S POLITICAL EGONOMY. 

A Treatise on Political Economy, or the Production, Distribution, and 
Consumption of Wealth. By Jean Baptiste Say. Fifth American edi- 
tion, with Additional Notes, by C. C. Biddle, Esq., in 1 vol. 8vo. 

It would be beneficial to our country if all those who are aspiring to office, 
were required by their constituents to be conversant with the pages of Say. 

The distinguished biographer of the author, in noticing this work, observes, 
"Happily for science he commenced that study which forms the basis of his admi- 
rable treatise on Political Economy, a work which not only improved under his 
hand with every successive edition, but has been translated into most of the Euro- 
pean languages." 

The editor of the North American Review, speaking of Say, observes, that " he is 
the most popular, and perhaps the most able writer on Political Economy, since 
the time of Smith." 



BENNETT'S (Rev. John) LETTERS TO A YOUNG LADY, 
On a variety of subjects calculated to improve the heart, to form the man- 
ners, and enlighten the understanding. " That our Daughters may be 
as polished corners of the Temple." 

The publishers sincerely hope, {for the happiness of mankind,) that a copy of this 
Taluable little work will be found the companion of every young lady, as much of 
the happiness of every family depends on the proper cultivation of the female mind. 

BURDER'S VILLAGE SERMONS. 

Or, 101 Plain and Short Discourses on the Principal Doctrines of the 
Gospel; intended for the use of Families, Sunday Schools, or compa- 
nies assembled for religious instruction in country villages. By George 
Burder. To which is added, to each Sermon, a short Prayer, with 
some General Prayers for Families, Schools, &c., at the end of the 
work. Complete in 1 vol. 8vo. 

These sermons, which are characterized by a beautiful simplicity, the entire 
absence of controversy, and a true evangelical spirit, have gone through many 
and large editions, and been translated into several of the continental languages. 
** They have also been the honored means not only of converting many individuals, 
but also of introducing the Gospel into districts, and even into parish churches, 
where before it was comparatively unknown." 

*' This work fully deserves the immortality it has attained." 
This is a fine library edition of this invaluable work, and when we say that it 
should be found in the possession of every family, we only reiterate the sentiments 
and sincere wishes of all who take a deep interest in the eternal welfare* ?f man 
kind. 
o 



NEW SONG BOOK. 

Grigg's Southern and Western Songster; being a choice collection of the 
most Fashionable Songs, many of which are original, in 1 vol. 18mo. 
Great care was taken in the selection, to admit no song that contained, in the 
slightest degree, any indelicate or improper allusions, and with great propriety it 
may claim the title of " The Parlor Song Book or Songster." The immortal 
Shakspeare observes — 

<< The man that hath not music in himself. 

Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, 

Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils." 

FAMILY PRAYERS AND HYMNS 

Adapted to Family Worship, and Tables for the regular Reading of the 
Scriptures. By Rev. S. C. Winchester, A. M., late Pastor of the Sixth 
Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, and the Presbyterian Church at 
Natchez, Miss. 1 vol. 12mo. 

A DICTIONARY OF SELECT AND POPULAR QUOTATIONS, 
Which are in Daily Use : taken from the Latin, French, Greek, Spanish 
and Italian Languages; together M'ith a copious collection of Law 
Maxims and Law Terms. Translated into English, with illustrations, 
historical and idiomatic. Sixth American edition, corrected with addi- 
tions. 1 vol. 12mo. 

In preparing this sixth edition for the press, care has boon :aken to give the 
work a thorough revision, to correct some errors which Iiad !) jfor-" escaped notice, 
ind to insert many additional Quotations, Law maxims and L.aw terms. In this 
6 *e it is offered to the public in the stereotype form. This httle work should 
fin«. its way into every family library. 

TKB A'mUB.lCAN CHESTERFIFi:.B. 

Or, '^Youth's Guide to the Way to Wealth, Honor, and Distmction," &c.: 
containing also a complete Treatise on the art of Carving. 

<' We most cordially recommend the American Chesterfield to general atten- 
tion ; b:,t to young persons particularly, as one of the best works of the kind that 
has ever Loen published in this country. It cannot be too highly appreciated, nor 
its perusal be unproductive of satisfaction and usefulness." 

SENECA'S MORALS. 

By way of Abstract, to which is added, a Discourse under the title of an 
After-Thought, by Sir Roger L'Estrange, Knt. A new fine edition, 1 
vol. 18mo. 
A copy of this yaluable little work should be found in every family library. 

THE DAUGHTER'S OWN BOOK. 

Or, Practical Hints from a Father to his Daughter. 1 vol. 18mo. 
This is one of the most practical and truly valuable treatises on the culture and 
discipline of the female mind, which has hitherto been published in this country, 
and the publishers are very confident, from the great demand for tl>is invaluabi* 
httle work, that ere long it will be found in the library of every young lady. 

GC)I.nSMITH'.S ANIMATED NATURE. 

In 2 vols. 8vo., beautifully Illustrated with 385 Plates. 

*' Goldsmith can never be made obsolete while delicate genius, exquisite f^el- 
ing, fine inve^ition, the most harmonious metre, and the happiest diction are Af all 
valued." 

This is a work that should be in the library of every family, being written br 
one of the most talented authors in the English language. 



THE WORKS Of LAURENCi:. STERNE. 
Id i vol. 8vo., with a Life of the Author, written by himself, and a Portrait 

The beauties of this author are so well known, and his errors in style and 
expression so few and far between, that one reads with renewed delight his deli- 
cate turns, &c. 

SPLENDID LIBRARY EDITIONS. 

ILLUSTRATED STAJVDJIRD PGETS. 

ELEGANTLY PRINTED, AND UNIFORM IN SIZE AND STYLE. 

The following editions of Standard British Poets are illustrated with nu- 
merous steel engravings, and may be had in all varieties of binding. 

lB'^lB®Sr^S W®IBISSo 

Complete in 1 vol. Svo , including all his Suppressed and Attributed Poemsj 
with 6 beautiful engravings. 

• J)5" This edition has been carefully compared with the recent London edition 
of Mr. Murray, and made complete by the addition of more than fifty pages of 
poems heretofore unpublished in England. Among these there are a number that 
have never appeared in any American edition; and the publishers believe they 
are warranted in saying, that this is the most complete edition of Lord Byron^S 
Poetical Works ever published in the United States. 



COVVPER AND THOMSDN^S PROSE AND POETICAL WORKS. 
Complete in 1 vol. 8vo., including two hundred and fifty Letters, and 
sundry Poems of Covvper, never before published in this country; and 
of Thomson a new and interesting Memoir, and upwards of twenty 
new Poems, for the first time printed from his own Manuscripts, taken 
from a late edition of the Aldine Poets now publishing in London; 
with 7 beautiful engravings. 

The distinguished Professor Silliman, speaking of this edition, observes, *' I am 
as much gratified by the elegance and fine taste of your edition, as by the noble 
tribute of genius and moral excellence which these delightful authors have left for 
all future generations; and Cowper, especially, is not less conspicuous as a true 
Christian moralist and teacher, than as a poet of great power and exquisite taste." 



THE POETICAL WORKS QF MRS. HEIANS. 

Complete in 1 vol. Svo.; with 7 beautiful engravings. 

^fCr This is a new and complete edition, with a splendid engraved likeness of 
Mrs. Hemans on steel, and contains all the poems in the last London and Ameri- 
can editions. With a Critical Preface by Mr. Thatcher, of Boston. 

*' As no work in the English language can be commended with more confidence, 
it will argu'. bad taste in a female in this country to be without a complete edition 
of the writings of one who was an honor to her sex and to humanity, and whose 
productions, from first to last, contain no syllable calculated to call a blush to the 
cheek of modesty and virtue. There is, moreover, in Mrs. Hemans' poetry a 
moral puiity, and a religious feeling, which commend it, in an especial manner, 
to the discriminating reader. No parent or guardian will be under the necessity 
of imposing restrictions with regard to the free perusal of every production ema- 
nating from this gifted woman. There breathes throughout the whole a most 
eminent exemption from impropriety of thought or diction ; and therp is at times 
a pensiveness of tone, a winning sadness in her more serious compositions, which 
tells of a soul which has been lifted from the contemplation of terrestrial things, 
to divine communings with beings of a purer world." 

4 



THE POETICAL WORKS OF ROGERS, CAMPBELL, MONT- 
GOMERY, LAMB, AND KIRK WHITE. 

Complete in 1 vol. 8vo. , \vith 6 beautiful engravings. 

MILTOxN, YOUNG, GRAY, BEATTIE, AND COLLINS' POETICAL 

WORKS. 
Complete in 1 vol. 8vo. ; with 6 beautiful engravings. 

HEBER, POLLOK, AND CRABBE'S POETICAL WORKS. 
Complete in 1 vol. 8vo.; wiih 6 beautiful engravings. 

A writer in tho Boston Traveler holds the following language with reference to 
these valuable editions: — 

Mr. Editor — I wish, without any idea of puffing, to say a word or two upon the 
** Library of English Poets" that is now published at Philadelphia, by Grigg & 
Elliot; it is certainly, taking into consideration the elegant manner in which it is 
printed, and the reasonable price at which it is afforded to purchasers, the best 
edition of the modern British Poets that has ever been published in this country. 
Each volume is an octavo of about 500 pages, double columns, stereotyped, and 
accompanied with fine engravings, and biographical sketches, and most of them 
are reprinted from Galiagnani's French edition. As to its value we need only 
mention that it contains the entire works of Montgomery, Gray, Beattie, Collins, 
Byron, Cowper, Thomson, Milton, Young, Rogers, Campbell, Lamb, Hemans, 
Heber, Kirk White, Crabbe, the Miscellaneous Works of Goldsmith, and other 
martyrs of the lyre. The publishers are doing a great service by their publication, 
and their volumes are almost in as great demand as the fashionable novels of the 
day, and they deserve to be so, for they are certainly printed in a style superior 
to that in which we have before had the works of the English Poets.'* 

No library can be considered complete without a copy of the above beautiful 
and ^heap editions of the English Poets, and persons ordering all or any of them 
will please say Grigg, Elliot & Co.'s illustrated editions. 

HINB'S POPULAR SYSTEM OF FARRIERY. 

Taught on a new and easy plan, being a Treatise on all the Diseases and 
Accidents to which the Horse is liable. With considerable additions 
and improvements; adapted particularly to this country, by Thomas M. 
Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Member of the London Veterinary 
Medical Society. In 1 vol. 12mo. 

MASON'S POPULAR SYSTEM OF FARRIERY. 

Comprising a General Description of the noble and useful animal, the 
Horse, together with the quickest and simplest mode of fattening; 
necessary treatment while undergoing excessive fatigue, or on a jour- 
ney; the construction and management of Stables; different marks for 
ascertaining the Age of a Horse: also, a concise Account of the Dis- 
eases to which the Horse is subject; with such remedies as long expe- 
rience has proved to be effectual. By Richard Mason, M. D., formerly 
of Surrey Co., Va. Ninth edition, with additions. To which is added 
a Prize Essay on Mules, and An Appendix containing Observations and 
Recipes for the cure of most of the common distempers incident to 
Horses, Oxen, Cows, Calves, Sheep, Lambs, Swine, Dogs, &c. &c. 
Selected from different authors. Also, an Addenda, containing Annals 
of the Turf, American Stud Book, Rules for Training, Racing, &c. 
The publishers have received numerous flattering notices of the great practical 
value of these works. The distinguished editor of the American Farmer, speak- 
ing of them, observes — " We cannot too highly recommend these books, and 
therefore advise every owner of a horse to obtain them." 

A» 6 



THE STOCK RAISER'S MANUAL. 

A Guide to the Raising and Improvment of Cattle, being a Treatise on their 
Breeds, Management, and Diseases. By W. Youatt, author of a <' Trea- 
tise on the Horse," with numerous illustrations. Complete in 1 vol. 8vo. 
This work will be found of the greatest importance to farmers and cattle raisers 

throughout the United States, and should be in the possession of every farmer, as 

it is the most complete work on this subject ever published. 



M'MAEQN'S AMEKIGAN GAHDENER. 

Ninth edition, much improved. In 1 vol. 8vo. 

This is an invaluable work to all who wish to obtain any information on the oub* 
ject of Gardening in all its various branches. 



GRIGG, ELLIOT & GO'S 

RUBAL REGISTER AND ALMANAC 

For i§'lS: to be continued Annually. 

For farmers and gardeners it is invaluable, giving full directions for all their 
work for every month in the year, and for all the States in the Union. There is 
no work ever published that contains so much useful and valuable information in 
so cheap and convenient a form ; and we do say that no farmer or gardener, who 
is worth a "bit," should be without one. There is no pursuit in which more real 
rational enjoyment and comfort will follow to an industrious man than Horticul- 
tural employments. 



The Gentleman and Lady's Book of Politeness and Propriety of Deport- 
ment. Dedicated to the Youth of both sexes. By Madame Celnart 
Translated from the Sixth Paris edition, enlarged and improved. Fifth 
American edition. 



THE BEAUTIES OF HISTORY. 

Or, Examples of the Opposite EfTects of Virtue and Vice, for the use of 
Families. 1 vol. 12mo., with plates. 

** After a careful examination of this book, we can conscientiously recommend 
it to parents and teachers as a most meritorious pertormance. There are here 
collected, within a narrow compass, the most striking examples of individual virtue 
and vice which are spread forth on the pages of history, or are recorded in per- 
sonal biography. The noblest precepts are recommended for the guidance or 
youth; and in the most impressive manner is he taught to conquer the degrading 
impulses which lower the standard of the human character. We liave not lately 
met with a volume which, in design and execution, seemed so acceptable as this 
The book, moreover, is handsomely got up, and illustrated with wood engrav- 
ings." 



THE CLERGYMAN'S ASSISTANT. 

Or, Guide in Reading the Liturgy; containing Directions for Reading Cor- 
rectly with the Pronunciation. By Rev. W. H. Odenheimer, of Phila 
delphia. 1 vol. 12 mo., cloth. 
Ci 



LIFE OF PAUL JONES. 

In one vol. 12mo., with 100 Illustrations. 

" Life of Rear Admiral John Paul Jones," &c. &c., by James Hamilton. The 
work is compiled from his original journals and correspondence; and includes an 
account of his services in the American Revolution, and in the war between the 
Russians and Turks in the Black Sea. There is scarcely any Naval Hero of anj 
age who combined in his character so much of the adventurous, skilful and daring, 
as Paul Jones. The incidents of his life are almost as startling and absorbing as 
those of romance. His achievements during the American Revolution — the light 
between the Bon Hovime Richard and Serapis, the most desperate naval action on 
record, and the alarm into which, with so small a force, he threw the coasts of 
England and Scotland, are matters comparatively well known to Americans; but 
the incidents of his subsequent career have been veiled in obsc\irity, which is dis- 
sipated by this Biography. A book like this, narrating the actions of such a man, 
ought to meet with an extensive sale, and become as popular as Robinson Crusoe 
in fiction, or IVeems^ Life of Marion and Washington, and similar books in fact. 
It contains 400 pages — has a handsome portrait and medallioa likeness of Jones, 
and is illustrated with numerous original wood engravings of naval scenes and 
distinguished men with whom he was familiar. 

L. G. Curtis, Esq., editor of The Commercial, Cincinnati, Ohio, speaking of this 
work, &c., observes: — " Life of Rear Admiral Paul Jones, illustrated with nume- 
rous engravings from original drawings." This book we prize above any in our 
possession. John Paul Jones was truly an extraordinary man. He had the honor 
to hoist with his own hands the flag of freedom, the first time it was displayed in 
the Delaware, and in after life declared that he attended it with veneration ever 
after. To Paul Jones the honor of raising up an American navy belongs. He was 
the first commander in the world who made the proud flag of England "come 
down." His life, as printed by Messrs. Grigg, Elliot & Co., should be in the 
hands of every intelligent American. 



WALKEB'S SCHOOL AND FAMILY DICTIONARY. 

NEW EDITION. 

FROM NEW STEREOTYPE PLATES, GREATLY IMPROVED, AND PRINTED 
ON WHITE PAPER. 

A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the Knglish language, 
in which the meaning of every word is explained, and the sound of 
every syllable distinctly shown. To which are prefixed an Abstract of 
English Pronunciation, and Directions to Foreigners for Acquiring a 
Knowledge of the Use of this Dictionary. By John Walker, author of 
"Elements of Elocution," " Rhyming Dictionary," &c. &c. Abridged 
for the use of Schools, by an American Citizen. 

P. S. This is a new edition, on fine paper, and improved in printing and bmd- 
ing. Parents and Teachers will please examine and order Grigg, Elliot & Co.'s 
Improved Edition. 

An eminent writer, and a good judge of the value of Dictionaries, observes as 
follows: — 

We have received from the publishers, Messrs. Grigg, Elliot & Co., No. 14 
North Fourth Street, a copy of their new and handsome edition of Walker's Criti- 
cal Pronouncing Dictionary for Schools. The present edition is decidedly the 
best and most convenient we have ever seen, both in regard to the size of the 
type on which it is printed, and the style and form in which it is issued. It has been 
*'got up" in a handsome and substantial manner, expressly for schools — has been 
greatly improved and made better in every respect for teachers and scholars. All 
teachers who have any regard for their eyes and the eyes of their scholars, would 
find it to their advantage to use this edition, printed as it is from new stereotype 
plates and on clean white paper. The edition is for sale by booksellers and cou:y 
try merchants generally throughout the United States. 
7 



BOLLES' PHONOGRAPHIC PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY. 

IN ONE VOL. ROYAL 8V0 

This valuable work has met with the most favorable reception from the Ameri- 
can public. It contains more words than the 8vo. edition of Webster, and has the 
pronunciation attached according to the best authorities, which is a very import- 
ant addition, and renders the work much more desirable for general use and 
reference than of any of the large dictionaries now in use. No man of business 
or family should be without this valuable Dictionary. 

The same work abridged, in 1 vol. 12mo., we have just published also, which 
will be found an invaluable class book for academies, seminaries, and higher order 
of schools, as well as an important companion to the education of every young 
person. 

BIGLAND'S NATURAL HISTORY 

Of Animals, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles and Insects, illustrated with nnnne- 
rous and beautiful engravings. By John Bigland, author of a " View 
of the World," " Letters on Universal History," &c. Complete in 1 
vol. 12mo. 

^fCr This work is particularly adapted for the use of Schools and Families, 
forming the most elegantly written and complete work on the subject of Natural 
History ever published, and is worthy of the special attention of the teachers of 
all our schools and academies. 



BIGLAND'S NATURAL HISTORY OF ANIMALS. 
Illustrated with 12 beautifully colored engravings. 

BIGLAND'S HISTORY OF BIRDS. 
Illustrated with 12 beautifully colored engravings. 



By Shoberl, with 12 colored plates. 

These works are got up in a very superior style, and well deserve an introdae- 
tion to the shelves of every family library, as they are very interesting, and par- 
ticularly adapted to the}uvenile class of readers. 



GRimSHAW'S POPULAR HISTORIES. 

FOR SCHOOLS AND FAMILY LIBRARIES. 



GRUNtSHAW'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
Recently brought up by the author to the present time. 
Also, Questions adapted to the above History; and a Key, adapted to the 
Questions, for the use of Teachers and Families. 

GRIMSHAW'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
Recently brought up by the author to the present time. 
Also, Questions adapted to the above History; and a Key, adapted to the 
Questions, for the use of Teachers and Families. 

GRIMSHAW'S IMPROVED EDITION OF GOLDSMITH'S HISTORY 

OF GREECE, 

With a Vocabulary of the Proper Names contained in the work, and the 
Prosodial Accents, in conformity with the Pronunciation of Lempriere. 

Also, Questions adapted to the above History; and a Key, adapted to the 
Questions, for the use of Teachers and Families. 
8 



GRIMSHAW-S IMPROVED EDITION OF GOLDSMITH'S HISTORY 

OF ROME. 
Revised and Corrected ; and a Vocabulary of Proper Names appended, 

wiih Prosodial Marks to assist in their Pronunciation. 
Also, Questions adapted to the above History; and a Key, adapted to the 

Questions, for the use of Teachers and Families. 

GRIMSHAW-S HISTORY OF FRANCE, with Key and Questions. 
GRIMSHAW'S HISTORY AND LIFE OF NAPOLEON. 

The editor of the North American Review, speaking of these Histories, ob- 
serves, that — 

Among the Elementary Books of American History, we do not remember to 
have seen any one more deserving approbation than Mr. Grimshaw's History o! 
the United States. It is a small volume, and a great deal of matter is brought 
into a narrow space; but the author has succeeded so well in the construction of 
his periods, and the arrangement of his materials, that perspicuity is rarely sacri- 
ficed to brevity. 

The chain of narrative is skilfully preserved; and the author's reflections are 
frequently such as to make the facts more impressive, and lead the youthful mind 
to observe causes and consequences which might otherwise have been overlooked. 
As a school book it may justly be recommended. 

What has been said of this volume will apply generally to his other historical 
works. They are each nearly of the same size as the one just noticed, and de- 
signed for the same object, that is, the use of classes in schools. 

The History of England is an original composition ; but the Grecian and Roman 
Histories are Goldsmith's, improved by Grimshaw, in which he has corrected the 
typographical errors with which the later editions of Goldsmith's Abridgements 
so much abound ; and removed any grossness in language, which, in some few 
instances, render these valuable compends less useful in the schools to which 
youth of both sexes resort. He has also added a Vocabulary of Proper Names, 
accentuated, in order to show their right pronunciation, which is a valuable ap- 
pendage to the History. 

All these books are accompanied with very full and well-digested Tables of 
Questions, for the benefit of Pupils, and also with Keys to the same, for the con- 
venience of Teachers. 

GRIMSHAW'S LADIES' LEXICON, 
And Parlor Companion; containing nearly every word in the English 
language, and exhibiting the plurals of nouns and the participles of 
verbs; being also particularly adapted to the use of Academies and 
Schools. By William Grimshaw, Esq. 

In the Nashville Republican, we observe the following notice of this very useful 
book : — 

In recommending the " Ladies' Lexicon," therefore, to all our readers, male 
afid female, who have ever experienced the difficulties which it is so admirably 
calculated to remedy, we but do an ordinary act of justice to the author and pub- 
lisher. We consider the "Ladies' Lexicon," and recommend it to our readers as 
a work that possesses superior claims on their attention and patronage. 

THE GENTLEMEN'S LEXICON. 
Or, Pocket Dictionary: containing nearly every word in the English lan- 
guage, and exhibiting the plurals of nouns and the participles of verbs; 
being also particularly adapted to the use of Academies and Schools. 
By VVilliam Grimshaw. 

The public are again indebted to the talents of Mr. Grimshaw, for the very use- 
ful books which he has called " The Ladies' and Gentlemen's Lexicons." The 
peculiarity and advantages of these works may be collected from the following 
portion of the preface : — 





They differ from all preceding works of the kind in this, that they exhibit the 
plurals of all nouns which are not formed by the mere addition of the letter s, 
and also the participles of every verb now generally used, and unless accompa- 
nied by a particular caution. No word has been admitted which is not now of 
polite or popular use; and no word has been excluded which is required either in 
epistolatory composition or conversation. 

In giving the above extracts we take occasion to say, that teachers will find the 
** Ladies' and Gentlemen's Lexicons" works admirably adapted to take the place, 
with advantage to their pupils, of the different works recently put into their hands 
under the name of Expositors, &c. 

SO" The above work has been introduced as a Classbook into many of out 
academies and schools, with great approbation. 



Ruschenberger's First Books of Natural History. 

FOR SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES, COLLEGES, AND FAMILIES. 



Dll. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF ANATOMY AND 

PHYSIOLOGY. 
For the use of Schools and Families; with 45 illustrations. 1 vol. 12mo. 

This is a most valuable work, by Dr. Ruschenberger: and most admirably are 
^e plates, representing all the different parts of the body, done. It is cheap; 
and every parent should place one in the hands of his children. — N. Y. Herald. 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF MAMMALOGY. 
The Natural History of Quadrupeds; for beginners; 75 illustrations. 1 
vol. 12mo. 

This number treats of all animals that in infancy feed on the mill{ of their 
mothers, from the human being down to the musquito-calching bat. Like the 
*' First Book," it is divided into Questions and Answers, and a Glossary; and is 
illustrated by six plates. It is very cheap; and contains an abundance of useful 
information. There are thousands of persons in this country, and millions in 
Europe, who do not know that whales give milk. — New York Era. 

We do not know a more useful set than this promises to be — and IS. — New York 
Aurora. 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF ORNITHOLOGY. 
The Natural History of Birds; for beginners; 81 illustrations. 1 vol. 12mo. 

New York, Feb. 9, 1846. 

Sir — I have received your note of the 3d instant, together with the " Elements 
of Ornithology," prepared for the use of Schools and Colleges, by W. S. W. 
Ruschenberger, M. D., &c., and have read the work, in compliance with the re- 
quest of the American Institute, that I should examine and report upon it. 

I have great pleasure in highly recommending it. To say the truth, although I 
am somewhat blanched by the hand of time, and have many years been a student 
of Ornithology, I consider the present the very best introduction to that science 
that I have ever seen ; and I might add as full praise to the other works of the 
series of Ruschenberger's text- books of Natural History, as far as I am acquainted 
with the subjects they relate to. 

Dr. Ruschenberger has, in giving thia series to the public, rendered a benefit to 
all seekers after science, as both old and young may profit by the well-arranged 
and valuable information these volumes contain. Your obedient servant. 

To H. Meigs, Esq., JOH'N J. AUDUBON. 

Recording Secretary of the American Institute, New York City. 

We wish we could induce our teachers generally to examine this, as well as the 
earlier works of Dr.. Ruschenberger ; they are admirably arranged, and just the 
very books needed for schools. The work before us, on the Natural History of 
Birds, is an admirable one; and no teacher should neglect to introduce the seriei, 

Cincinnati Gazette. 

10 



We have much pleasure in commending this series of works — the third of 
which, now before us, is on Ornithology. It will be found useful in the school- 
room, or the private study. — U. S. Gazette. 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF HERPETOLOGY AND 

ICHTHYOLOGY. 

The Natural History of Reptiles and Fishes; for beginners; 66 illustra- 
tions. 1 vol. 12mo. 

Ruschenberger's Series of Books on Natural History are among the most valu- 
able and useful works, for the use of Schools, that have ever been published. A 
knowledge of Natural History is not only valuable, but deeply interesting ; and no 
one's education can, with such facilities as these works afford, be considered com- 
plete without it. — National Intelligencer. 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF CONCHOLOGY. 

The Natural History of Shells and Mollusca; for beginners; 119 illustra- 
tions. 1 vol. 12mo. 

** We have no hand-books equal to these ; and we think Dr. R. has conferred 

an obligation upon teachers and learners by producing them in an English dress, 
with all the advantages of well-engraved illustrations. The whole set of this 
work, which is furnished at a low price, will prove an invaluable acquisition to the 
school library." 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
The Natural History of Insects; for beginners ; 91 illustrations. 1 vol. 12mo. 

The subjects are well treated; and from the exceeding cheapness and admirable 
arrangement of these elementary works, they are well fitted for general use in 
public Schools, Academies, and in every private library. — New York American. 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

The Natural History of Plants; for beginners; 194 illustrations. 1 vol. 
12mo. 

We do not hesitate to say, that this is the best work of the kind and dimensions 
that has ever fallen under our notice. We hope all will embrace the first oppor- 
tunity of procuring a copy, as we are sure they will prize it highly. — Botanic 
Recorder. 

We regard this series as eminently useful, supplying adequately the instruction 
in Natural History necessary to a proper school education. — North American. 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY. 

The Natural History of the Earth's Structure; for beginners; illustrated 
with 300 beautiful Wood-cuts, designed to assist the learner in the 
course of his studies. 1 vol. 12mo. 

*' We agree with a competent judge in the opinion, that it is the most complete 
and beautiful Elementary Treatise on the subject which has been published in this 
country. The subject of Geology is now attracting a great deal, and will continue 
to excite still more attention in the United States, as our vast mineral resources 
are becoming more fully developed; and this work exactly suits the wants of the 
public, in training up the young for future study in this branch of knowledge." 

The series of books of which this forms a part has been highly and justly com- 
mended by the ablest judges, as furnishing rare facilities for the acquisition of 
branches of knowledge, but too much neglected in our schools. We have ex- 
amined the volumes with much care, and we find them well deserving all th/ 
praise bestowed on them. — Godey's LadyH Book, 



** The above series, taken separately or collectively, is considered one of the 
most valuable contributions to the cause of education which has ever been pub- 
lished in this country." 

This interesting Series of Books has already met with the most flattering recep- 
tion from the American press. They have been introduced into the public schools 
of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Ohio, Maine, New York, Tennessee, Alabama, 
Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, the Carolinas, &c., and many of the first class Semi- 
naries of Learning in the United States. Tiie moderate price of this series is a 
great recommendation, being half the price of the common school books in use, 
on the same subject. 

Yale College, Bee. 19, 1845. 

I think this an excellent work — condensed, lucid, exact, and comprehensive — a 
safe guide for the pupil, and a useful review for the teacher. The illustrations 
are numerous and exact. B. SILLIMAN. 

Extract of a Report to the American Institute. 

Your committee with much pleasure recommend this highly valuable book to 
the attention of those who conduct our Schools, Academies, and Colleges, as a 
work excellently calculated to give the first outlines of the very important study 
of Geology to students. Nor do we hesitate to say, that all men, except learned 
Geologists alone, will feel, after its perusal, that they have received a great re- 
ward for a very small expense of time and money. JAMES J. MAPES. 



GRiaa & ELLIOT'S rJEW SERIES OP 
COMMON SCHOOL READERS, 

lumbers First, Second, Third and Fourth. 

These books are particularly adapted for an introduction into the Schools gene- 
rally in the South and West ; and Teachers who feel a deep interest in promoting 
the welfare of their pupils, will, no doubt, after a careful examination, give them 
the preference over all other Pleaders now in use. 

Parents and Teachers will please read the following notice of this invaluable 
series of Elementary School Books. 

We called attention to the above-named series of Common School books several weeks 
since, when pablisliiiii? an advertisement for the sale of them by some of our merchants. 
Since that liiiie we have had opportunity to give them a thorough examination, and we 
feel it due to the community in wiiich we live, and the proprietors of those interesting pub- 
lications, to notice them more particularly. They certainly contribute a valuable addition 
to our stock of elementary literature; in their plan and details presenting an intimate 
acquaintance with the necessities that demanded their production, and developing, in their 
prosecution, a wisdom and zeal in adapting the material at hand to the attainment of the 
object in view, every way worthy of commendation and confidence. 

The First Class reader is exactly such a book as would interest and impress the minds 
and hearts of hlile boys and girls. Composed of short and easy words, embodying plea- 
sant and profitable instruction, it is just the thing for infant learners, who find in it such 
words as they can readily pronounce, and such ideas as they can easily comprehend. In 
the Second and Third Class Readers the style increases in the intricacy of diction and the 
elevation of sentiment, in beautitul consistency with the progress of attentive and studious 
pupils, in the more advanced slaves of primary school education. The Fourth Class 
Reader is an invaluable compendium of deeply interesting and instructive facts, argu- 
ments and inferences, drawn from that unfailing repository of truth, the history of the men 
and manners of by-gone times. It is a reprint of the '• Beauties of History," consisting of 
anecdotes of men and women made illustrious by the splendor of their talents and virtues, 
or rendered eternally infamous by the vileness of their characters and crimes. It is, there- 
fore, a fit companion for those who are completing their term of study, preparatory to 
entering the great arena of life ; inviting and encouraging them by the bright example of 
the good, to walk in wisdom's narrow path, and warning them, by the wretchedness and 
ruin of the vicious, from entering the broad road of sin and death. 

After the table of contents of the Second Reader, is a chapter giving directions ^br tA« 
attainmeiit of a correct and elegant style of reading, the great importance of which all 
know the value of, but tew attain. For the truth of these remarks, we refer to the books 
themselves. 

*^* Public, private and social libraries, and all who purchase to sell again, supplied on 
the most reasonable terms with every article in the Book and Stationery line; including 
new novels, and all new works in every department of literature and science. 

|]3r" Particular attention will also be paid to all orders, through country merchants, or 
by mail, for Law, Medical and Miscellaneous Books, for public and private libraries, and 
uo elfort will be spared to complete all such orders on the most reasonable terms. 

rz 



« o 



Cj W w •-> w 




0/ u. 

Hinds' Farriery and Stud Book — New Edition. 

FARRIERY, 

TAUGHT ON A NEW AND EASY PLAN; 
BEING A TREATISE ON THE 

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF THE HOKSE; 

WITH 

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE SHOEING-SMITH, FARRIER. AND GROOM. 

PRECEDED BY 

A POPULAR DESCRIPTION OF THE ANIMAL FUNCTIONS IN HEALTH, 
AND HOW THESE ARE TO BE RESTORED WHEN DISORDERED. 

BY JOHN HINDS, uci: 

VETERINARY SURGEON. 

WITH CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS, PAR- 
TICULARLY ADAPTED TO THIS COUNTRY. 

BY THOMAS JVI. SMITH, 

Veterinary Surgeon, and Member of the London Veterinary Medical Society. 

WITH A SUPPLEMENT: 

COMPRISING 

AN ESSAY ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY THE HORSE; 

WITH REMARKS ON TREATMENT AND BREEDING; 

TOGETHER WITH 

TROTTING AND RACING TABLES, 

SHOWING 

THE BEST TIME ON RECORD, AT ONE, TWO, THREE, AND FOUR MILE HEATS; 

PEDIGREES OF WINNING HORSES, SINCE 1839 ; AND OF THE 

MOST CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND MARES; 

WITH 

USEFUL CALVING AND LAMBING TABLES, &,c. &c. 
BY J. S. SKINNER, 

Editor now of the Farmers' Library, New York ; Founder of the American Farmer, in 1819; 
and of the Turf Register and Sporting Magazine, in 1829 : being the first Agricul- 
tural and the first Sporting Periodicals established in the United States. 

PHILADELPHIA: /cS"' '' ' 

GRIGG, ELLIOT & C Oi^ / -, y 

NO. 14 NORTH FOURTH STREET. Jt^ ' 

1848. l'-",t,-^^ 



^ 

xb 






Entered according to the act of Congress, in the year 1848, by 
JOHN GRIGG, 

in the clerk's office of the district court of the United States, in 
and for the eastern district of Pennsylvania. 



Priiitefl l;v T. K. & V. G. Collins 



PREFACE. 



— •»»v© ® ©<♦<«— 



Whatever person would consult these pages with proHt 
snould previously read the first book with care ; for in it 
he will find laid down the principles upon which all the 
subsequent details are founded, how the process of nature 
is carried on in health, and the cure is to be effected in 
every species of derangement. Indeed, he should study 
it hard, if he would become proficient in ^*the Art of 
Farriery," and not rely implicitly upon other people'spre- 
scriptions for the cure of any alleged disorder, which have 
been composed for the most part without any such prepa- 
ration. 

From this neglect, also, symptoms of one disorder are 
conlounded with those of another, when the proposed reme- 
dies can not possibly effect the cure. If he be imbued with 
the proper thirst after knowledge, be his station in life 
about the horse what it may, he had best to comply with 
the advice strenuously urged at the very outset, to examine 
the internal parts of dead horses, as often as opportunity 
presents itself, which, in the neighbourhood of large towns 
and hunts is frequent enough. For this is the manner in 
which 1 was myself mainly instructed; as well ashy noting 
down wnatever then appears worthy of observation, con- 
nected witn the previous disease of the deceased subject. 

Such was m}'- manner of proceeding for several years. 
And next about the present volume, how I came to write 
it, and what were my views in the manner of executing 
the task that was rather imposed upon me by the booksel- 
lers than sought after by me; and which was, in effect, oc- 
casioned by the nature and quantity of veterinary facts and 
observations I had a long time been in the habit of heaping 
together. But 1 had already been an author nearly a quar- 
ter of a century, having partly translated the manual of La 
I* 



IV PREFACE. 

Fosse, at the request of another bookseller, Mr. Badcock, 
of Paternoster-row. I claim no credit for that performance, 
and have already stated my present opinion of its degree 
of usefulness, at pages 133 and 135. Proceeding with my 
** literary history," I may here add, that a few communi- 
cations in the (old) Sporting Magazines,* to the Monthly- 
Magazine,! to the Weekly Dispatch newspaper, and other 
such publications, on topics connected with animal medi- 
cine, preceded the essays on the structure of the horse, 
which comprise the first book of this volume, and found 
place in a newer and much more brilliant publication. An 
accumulation of materials for these pages lay by me, with a 
>atent hope of publication, when the mammon of a ''ten 
pound prize," for their insertion in the Annals of Sport- 
ing, and some cheering commendations that attended the 
appearance of those essays, from time to time, induced me 
to finish the design of a complete pocket manual for owners, 
grooms and aspirants after the knowledge of horse-medi- 
cine, of every degree. 

Like all other practitioners of the old school, or rathei 
no school, my late father had long amassed together and 
preserved, in an immense and shapeless volume, entitled 
his ''Receipts," all the alleged remedies recommended as 
eligible and found good in every variety of case: I believe 
he may have tried the efiicacy of each, though I am now 
tolerably well convinced that some must have failed of com- 
plete success. Yet was the manuscript preserved like a 
family treasure; and destined to fill my pockets at some dis- 
tant day, its contents were secluded from vulgar eyes, 
though it contained nothing but prescriptions. As usual 
with all similar accumulations, the proper remedies were 
therein stated, without a word as to symptoms or those 
anomalous cases that frequently baffle the utmost skill, for 
the practice of medicnie in any of its departments is but an 
imperfect science, even when we can ascertain the precise 
ailment under which the patient labours. This necessary 
preliminary is not always possible in veterinary practice; 
we are more frequently baffled than assisted in our inqui- 
ries'. Notwithstanding all this, my revered parent sus- 

* For November and Docenibor, lft'20, on " Fever in the foot," in refuta- 
tion of Mr. Cherry, in which was described the successful treatment of a naiy 
iielonging to Mr. Bowley of Covent Garden, 

t January, 1821, &c. 



PREFACE. V 

tained a high character for successful practice; his close ob- 
servation 01 the symptoms and attention to the operation 
of his physic, supplying the want of a '' regular education," 
which no one farrier could at that time boast of: indeed, 
few of them could even copy their own receipts, which 
they preferred to carry in their memory. At a very early 
period 1 endeavoured to repair this apparent defect by 
study; with what success the reader may judge, and I will 
endeavour in the next pages to make him comprehend how 
my task has been executed. 

The reputation of our name induced the bookseller just 
named to ask my father's opinion and mine (among others), 
of a certain manuscript beheld in his hand, which upon in- 
spection turned out to be a treatise on the rationale of horse- 
medicine, with very plain directions for ascertaining the 
true symptoms of dieases before attempting to apply any 
remedy, however estimable. As the expositions of the 
writer agreed mainly with our own ideas, it was impossi- 
ble to withhold approbation. Finally, Mr. Badcock also 
consulted with W. S. Rickword, of Moor-lane, and other 
veterinary surgeons of the college, and resolved upon the 
spirited publication of his new purchase, notwithstanding 
he had received the uncheering disapproval of Bracy Clark, 
of Smithfield, who gave for answer that *' no one could 
learn tiie treatment of horses' diseases from printed books." 
Yet has Bracy Clark since then printed many books. The 
great success of the publication alluded to, which was James 
White's '' Compendium of the Veterinary Art," justified 
our opinions of its merits, and gratified my vanity at tiie 
early share I took in its promulgation, and the revision of 
many passages with a view to simplifying the terms (in 
particular); in which commendable quality, by the way, 
Mr. White is not deficient, though, in other respects, a 
lapse or two which have since fallen out, come under notice 
in the course of the following pages (viz. pp. 39, 83, 111, 
and 154). No man can be perfect; howfewamong us know 
every thing that pertains to themselves. 

Even at this moment preceding the birth of my volume, 
1 am not certain but I may be found similarly tripping — to 
have expressed myself obscurely, when 1 fancied my Ian 
guage most completely understandable by the meanest capa- 
city; and 1 doubt that my familiar style may frequentl}^ ap- 
pear vulgar to more polished eyes and ears than mini. But I 



VI PREFACE. 

take credit for having sedulously avoided the use of technical 
phrases, terms of science and learned dissertation, as well 
as the crime of over-refinement with which 1 have rebuked 
two cotemporaries, whose laughable sublimations are ideal- 
ized at page 166. 

Candour and ability for the task are not always found 
combined with willingness, even among our best friends, to 
amend certain slips of the pen, or to curtail such exuber- 
ances as the more animated writers are liable to fall into; 
and 1 am free to aver, that the friendly assistance I have 
obtained in this respect, the nature of which may be infer- 
red from the note at bottom of page 50, has not always se 
conded my plain meaning, nor adequately fulfdled my wish 
es, though 1 am grateful for these and every act of kindness 
After all my care, repetitions have crept in, and owing to 
the length of time occupied in the composition, or rather 
the manner in which the various particles of information 
were collected together, and digested into form, great va- 
riety of style may be discovered, though unity of purpose, 
and the desire to insfructi pervades every page. The ar- 
rangement is at least obvious; the principles being taught 
in the first book, the details of practice follow in natural 
order in the second and third books, and seem to arise out 
of the preceding ^^observations on the animal system of the 
horse, as regards the origin of constitutional disorders." 
The references from the latter chapters to the former, ope- 
rate as exercises with those students who may have neglect- 
ed to acquire and retain sufficient intimacy with the prin- 
ciples laid down in the pages so referred to. 

The diseases of brute animals are few and simple, and 
easily cured when the symptoms can be distinctly traced up 
to their causes; for the remedy then consists in little more 
than putting the animal upon a direct contrary course to 
that which brought on the disorder (though not too rudely), 
and health follows. For example, heat, inflammation, fever, 
is the most general cause of constitutional derangement in 
the horse: in a state of nature, he seeks out and employs 
the remedy himself; when domesticated and pampered, or 
at least denied the use of green food, we judiciously set 
about reducing the heat by cooling medicines and factitious 
regimen, and the fever subsides. Again, hard work occa 
sions lameness, rest restores the feet to their wonted state 



PREFACE. VU 

m incipient attacks, topical applications effect the remain- 
der in bad cases. 

For the same reasons few medicines are necessary in ve- 
terinary practice, but certain modifications of these add to 
their efficacy in particular cases; though the school in which 
I was first initiated, as well as the modern writers, White, 
and the Lawrences, quite overwhelm their readers with 
the quantity and apparent contrariety of their prescriptions, 
that frequently possess no essential variation from others 
that may be applicable to a whole series of disorders. 

Under such circumstances, I have been extremely chary 
of puzzling the reader by merely altering the vehicle when 
the active material of the prescription had been already 
compounded for a similar disorder; therefore 1 have avoid- 
ed repetition of such (mostly purgatives) by referring the 
reader to the page where these may be found. Notwith- 
standing the apparent difficulty of this mode, yet has it cer- 
tain advantages that outweigh the trouble, and compensate 
for the moments thus expended. During my noviciate, 
and long intercourse with persons employed about the horse, 
in almost every capacity, I noticed that all those who con- 
sulted the books respecting any actual disorder,- did little 
more than turn to the prescription which was recommend- 
ed in their particular case, and it was made up and given to 
the animal without once more reading over and comparing 
*Hhe symptoms," and notwithstanding they already had 
the same medicine upon the shelf. By this blind manner, 
of proceeding, they did but adhere more closely to the old 
system of their "book of receipts," to the entire neglect of 
the anomalous symptoms, and risked the mistaking of one 
disease for another, in many cases. To compel the inquirer 
to study his case before he applies the remedy, 1 at one 
time thought of adopting the method of La Fosse, and 
others, who have thrown their prescriptions all together, 
and referred to each numerically; but, after due considera- 
tion, I adopted the middle course, and simply avoided re- 
petition in this respect, as that which best suited with my 
views of instruction. In some cases, the remedy is men- 
tioned in general terms only; for example, at page 170, 1 
said, '^blistering ointment may beapplied," &.C. The read 
er will of course, in this and all similar cases, consult the 
Index; and under "Blistering," he will find himself ref^^-r 
red to page 76. 



Vlll PREFACE. 

Throuffhout the volume, though I naturally evaded all 
controversy, yet in a few instances it seemed necessary to 
advert to certain existing errors and authorized mistakes; 
to disabuse the public mind, to negative the mischiefs these 
were calculated to spread of themselves, and to assure the 
reader that I was not wholly unmindful of the dissonance 
of opinion betwixt the authors mentioned and myself. To 
the '* Annals of Sporting," a monthly publication much 
devoted to the natural history of animals, I have frequent- 
ly referred, and often quoted; because in the course of its 
earlier volumes many desirable facts, some good and useful 
hints, and valuable suggestions, appeared from time to time; 
some new opinions and statements were started, and met 
with repulse, or were more securely placed upon their pro- 
per bases. * In these respects a favourite project, first com- 
municated to me by Mr. Badcock in 1802, and partially 
acted upon,t was therein realized, viz. of collecting together 
the scattered opinions, remarkable cases, and fugitive sug- 
gestions that should occur to various isolated practitioners 
throughout the kingdom, in the same manner as had long 
effected so much progressive good for human medicine. He 
had engaged me and Mr. Rickword to assist him in this 
undertaking, and wrote to Mr. White and others for their 
contributions; but it failed at that period, like many other 
projects of a similar nature; and I observe that the last- 
named gentleman, in every successive edition of his ^'Com- 
pendium," constantly inserts his correspondents' letters on 
various topics at length, though it was clear to me that dis- 

* In that useful publication ordinary passing events are recorded monthly, 
under the head of "Horse IntcIHgence," with brief comments, accompanied 
at intervals with exhortations to veterinarians to contribute their experiences 
to the same stock. In one instance, a vivid appeal, in the number for Sep- 
tember, 1824, page 191, produced several valuable communications concern- 
ing hydrophobia, that are embodied in the present work, and acknowledged 
at page 162-3. The intelligent papers of Mr. Perry, of Swafl'ham, and 
others, also owe their origin to the same stimulus to publicity and the desire 
to establish a name for ingenuity in their profession to the writers. 

■f I took occasion to advert to that project in my preface to La Fosse's Pock- 
et Manual, and to lament that "the want of a more liberal practice is felt as 
an insuperable bar to improvement in the art of farriery, which would be best 
served by communications of the discoveries made, and the mode of treatment 
most successfully followed by various practitioners. This it is which of late 
years has done, and is still doing, so nmch for other branchesof medicine, and 
which, for the sake of humanity, it is devoutly to be wished could be extended 
to this branch also." Page vi. 



PREFACE. IX 

cussions like these rather belong to periodical publications, 
such as the ^^ Annals" professes to be (where they admit of 
refutation), than to a ** Compendium." For my part, 1 
was early induced to enter into the spirit of those periodi- 
cal investigations, and the inquiries set on foot in that work, 
and occasionally to furnish the materials for an article, or 
the argument in point for a controverted doctrine, or dis- 
puted '* improvement." An offer of two premiums of ten 
and five pounds for the best and second best of an <^ Essay 
on the Structure of the Horse," had first induced me to la- 
bour in the pages of the Annals. The award of the highest 
premium to my paper* encouraged me to hearken to pro- 
posals for its enlargement, and the present volume is the 
result, t 

The volume has been a long time at press, and in October 
last was fully announced by advertisement. The author 
could not, therefore, satisfactorily account why his title 
w^as adopted by another in the month of April of" the pre- 
sent year 

* Divided into magazine-like portions, and inserted as convenience offered 
in many successive numbers of the Annals of Sporting, for the years 1822, 
3, 4, 5. 

t The second premium was followed by the like result : the writer of it, 
Mr. Percivall, (1 presume) having since then published his volume on the 

Principles of the Veterinary Art." The utility of such periodical works 
that devote their pages to the promotion of useful arts, is thus manifest in the 
fact that to those premiums the public owe two volumes at least on animal 
medicine. 

London^ July, 1827. 



INTRODUCTIOJT. 



As the value of the Horse is daily becoming more mani 
fest, it is presumed that any attempt to reduce into a sys- 
tem, the art of preserving it in health and of removing dis- 
eases will not be unacceptable. 

It is certain that at no period in the history of this coun- 
try, has the horse stood so high in general estimation, or 
by the display of his various powers, rendered himself an 
object more worthy of our consideration. 

As greater attention is now paid to the breeding of horses 
ior the different purposes of the turf, the road, &c. ; so should 
our anxiety for their preservation increase. 

The object of this publication, is to render as plain and fa- 
miliar as possible, a subject that has for a length of time 
remained in obscurity; the want of a work possessing prac- 
tical facts and illustrations, has long been severely felt and 
acknowledged. 

Under this conviction I am induced to lend my aid, in 
bringing forth the present volume, with such alterations 
and additions as an extensive practice in this city may 
warrant. 

To remove long standing prejudices, I am aware is a dif- 
ficult task; still 1 venture to hope, that a careful perusal of 
these pages will excite in some degree, the feelings of hu- 
manity, in respect to the many sufferings to which the 
generous animal is frequently liable from unmerited cruel- 
ty and injudicious treatment, and that mankind may be in- 
duced to view his sufferings with an eye of sympathy and 
tenderness, and have recourse to a rational mode of prac- 
tice, when accident or disease may require it. 

1 am not aware of any publication having issued from the 



Xll INTRODUCTION 

press in this country, in which the Veterinary Science, or 
Art of Farriery, has been laid down in such a manner 
as to be clearly understood; the present work is so familiar 
in its composition, as to render it at once interesting and 
intelligible to every one who may think proper to peruse 
it. 

To such persons who are removed at a distance from those 
places where the assistance of a farrier can be had, in cases 
of emergency this work must prove highly useful, as such 
rules for the discovery of disease, and such a plan of treat- 
ment is recommended, as, if judiciously followed, will res- 
cue from the danger of blind experiment, the noblest and 
most valuable quadruped in creation. 

THOMAS MOORE SMITH, 

VETERINARY SURGEON. 
Philadelphia. February I 1830. 



COIVTEIVTS. 

BOOK I. 

Pag« 
The Origin and Seats of various Diseases in the Horse explained, 
with a view to their Cure or Mitigation. 

Introduction. The necessity and advantages of veterinary know- 
ledge, and the means of acquiring it, as regards prevention and cure 1 
Explanation and practical use of the skeleton ----- 4 

Chapter i. External formation or structure oftho hoxie, and the dis- 
orders originating therein .-.---.- 5 

Chapter ii. Concerning the horse's inside, of its conformation, the 
functions of the organs of lifp, and the diseases to which each is lia- 
ble; together with outhnes of the principles upon which the cure is 
to be eliected ----------21 

Chapter hi. General observations on the animal system of the 
horse, with reference to the origin of constitutional diseases: recapitu- 
lation and further development of veterinary practice, upon the prin- 
ciples before laid down .--------54 

BOOK II. 

The CouJies and Symptoms of various Bodily Diseases incident to the 
Horse ; with the most approved Remedies in every Case. 

Chapter i. Of internal diseases - - _ - _ - 59 

Chapter n. Of external disorders — abscess and tumours - - U 

Chapter hi. External disorders — purulent tumours, diseases of the 

glands -- ---- _-- 129 

BOOK III. 

Of the Leg and Foot of the Horse ; or, Shoeing -smithes Guide. 

Chapter i. Structure and physiology of the foot; mode of studying 

It advantageously .--- .--. 16(* 



XIV CONTENTS. 

Fuga 

Chapter II. Disorders of the foot and leg ----- 170 

Chapter hi. Shoeing -------- 179 

Chapter iv. Diseases of the foot ---.-- 188 

Chapter v. Of strains generally -•-•-•- 194 

On Acute Founder •----••-• 209 



PLATES. 

1. Skeleton of a horse - - Frontispiece. 

aSandS. Anatomyof the foot - • - 169 

Terms used ------- 201 



FAERIERY 



TAUGHT 



ON AN IMPROVED PLAN. 



BOOK I. 



THE ORIGIN AND SEATS OF VARIOUS DISEASES IN THE HORSE EXPLAINED, 
WITH A VIEW TO I'HEIR CURE OR MITIGATION. 

Introduction. — The necessity and advantages of veterinary knowledge^ 
and tlie mearcs of acquiring it, a* regards prevention and cure. 

Although it can not be denied, that "'tis better, in a humane point of view, 
to prevent diseases than to cure them ; " yet, looking at the fact as a veterina 
rian, without forgetting my feeUngs as a man, I do not hesitate to say, " this 
is a consummation we can not reasonably hope to arrive at, whilst the horse is 
compelled to exert himself to the utmost of his power for our daily profit," 
whereby he acquires a constant disposition to create disorders. Nor would I 
be thought to maintain, that "preventives ouffht never to be employed:" 
the succeeding pages fully disprove such a conclusion. I merely mean to in- 
culcate, that, under existing circumstances, they can not be resorted to gene- 
rally : and this 1 say, notwithstanding it will be found 1 have here noted very 
many occasions, when rest, alteratives and regimen, might be often substituted 
for active medicines, more economically, (in my opinion,) both of lime and ex- 
pense. The hour is not arrived, however, for me to insist too strenuously 
upon an entirely new mode of treatment of the horse in health and in disease, 
since that course would appear rather too theoretical for a Treatise designed 
to be wholly practical. 

Those are the reasons which have induced me to keep in view the readiest 
way of enabling the sick animal to return to his work again, according to the 
long beaten track gfifmy practice ; whilst my main purpose is to show, by an 
examination of his powers and his parts (external and internal,) that a mode- 
rate mode of treatment, in sickness and in health, would be not only more hu- 
mane but more profitable, as preventive of many of those evils to which thou- 
sands of horses prematurely fall victims every year. More conducive, also, to 
a profitable result to their labours would it be for the owners of horses, instead 
of studying how to " physic" their property, were they to put themselves in a 
condition, as near as may be, for rejecting, with some degree of certainty, not 
only such horses as are offered to them actually diseased, but such also as, by 
their awkward built or structure, and consequent ill-formation of the internal 
parts, can not fail to possess some inherent bad quality, and thereby a prone- 
ness to its corresponding affliction to the end of their days. This ought to 
2* 



2 HOW TO PROCEED WITH DISSECTION. 

constitute every horseman's first step to horse knowledge, whether he under- 
take it as an owner or as a farrier, the latter most especially; of him 1 may 
justly add, that he can not he said to exercise his callinjj hont'stly as he ought, 
who sullenly neglects to learn those rudiments of art and practice that teach a 
knowledge of the animal economy atid the functions of the horse in particular. 
1 do not hesitate to insist upon the examination of the animai's internal parts, 
as constituting one main item of those rudiments; and I would not avoi() giving 
this operation the {)roper name of dissection, but that 1 fear to alarm the gene- 
ral reader with an apparent difficulty where none exists in reality. How, 
without that previous knowledge, durst he venture to pronounce what parti- 
cular ailment, out of the numerous catalogue that pertain to the horse, his {)a- 
tient labours under? How can he ascertain the degree, or quantity and quality 
of the attack, so as to know when it may be increasing in malignity, or its 
virulence is expended? Least of all can he succeed in the cure, when so much 
uncertainty hangs about his means of discriminating between one disorder and 
another, — to say nothing of the usually attendant ignorance of the mode in 
which medicines operate upon those internal parts that lie concealed from his 
view, but upon one or the other of which they are, nevertheless, destined power- 
fully to act. If it be allowed, that no two horses are ever affected exactly alike 
in those disorders that depend upon the secretions, as 1 shall show at the end 
of this chapter, how is it possible 'hat such neglectful men could ever reduce 
the symptoms of any disorder, without reducing, at the same moment, the 
power or functions of the part upon which their strange and ever- violent mix- 
tures expend their force, and thus entail upon the animal a disposition to ac- 
quire some other disorder. 

Every man who would make himself proficient in the knowledge of diseases 
should open his own dead horses, and as many more as he can obtain access 
to, and attentively examine the state of the stomach, the liver, the lungs, the 
heart, kidneys, and bladder. If the animal be recently dead, this profitable 
inquiry will be far from disagreeable, unless the cause of death has been of 
the putrid kind, spoken of in Book 11. Chuf). 1. as Typhous, but which rarely 
happens. In the })ursuit of this necessary first step to veterinary knowledge, 
he will proceed in this manner. The horse being on its back, two legs on the 
Kame side are to be elevated by a cord passing round the fetlock of each, ajid 
fastened to a nail in the ceiling or elsewhere aloft. Then with a sharp knife, 
of the common shoemakers' kind, he will draw a straight cut all the way from 
the first rib or breast, bone, at the intersection of O with 21 in the })icture, to 
the sheath, or thereabouts. If the cut be not too deep, the skin will recede a 
little, and expose the membrane; cutting through this the intestines will pro- 
trude, and drive forth a thin expansive membranous sac, apj)arenlly unattach- 
ed, being designed for holding the guts, and preventing friction. This soon 
'jursts, and the blind gut (or tfxtum), described at section 48, apy)ears. He 
will slit open this pouch, and examine its contents before he quits the subject, 
probably; but his first business is with the stomach, which is depicted in the 
annexed plate, as situated at the conjunction of IKL with the figures 26 — 29. 
Herein will be found the last drench that sent him out of life, or the last food, 
that gave hopes of a prolonged existence; and on its surface, vulgarly termed 
the coats of the stomach (when turned inside out), may be discovered the havoc 
committed by the farrier's unskilfulness : according to the strength of the poi- 
sons so administered, will the coats show the dilapidation, or at times a hole 
will have been perforated, that is the cause of instant death. 

The young operator will keep in mind what is said of those parts at sec- 
tions 45, 4G, &c., if he do not turn to and read tliem over once more before he 
ukes up the knife. With the same |)recaution as to re-reading section 52. 
Itc he will proceed to examine the state and appearance of the Uver and kid« 



APPEARANCE OF THE INSIDK 3 

neys. The description of these will be found at sections 52 and 53 respective- 
ly ; and they are delineated as situated in the picture, the hver between the 
parallels of J — N, 22 — 28, and the kidneys at H, 29, 30. Returning forwards, 
the operator will find his way to the heart and lungs oirstructed by the niidriff, 
(see plate at 22 to 28, ascending slantwise from L to H) that divides and keeps 
asunder these from the first-named parts, lest the guts and liver should ob- 
struct the action (functions) of the heart and lungs, and zn'te versa. Its ap- 
pearance has been described (sect. 35.) as resembling a drum-head ; and like 
it, if pricked with the knife, the cavity of the chest is instantly laid open — an 
immense vacuity, that proves to what a vast extent the lungs must fill at every 
ins[)iration of fresh air, to occupy so great a space, and further spread out the 
ribs to the utmost extent of the intercostal muscle that holds them together. 
In the plate the lungs are depicted in a quiescent state, at J to N, and 15 to 
22; but when filled they occupy all the vacant space above, in addition to their 
lateral width. Hence, the importance of this viscus (as they call each of the 
vital parts above named), to which 1 have attached such high consideration 
in the sequel, will at once be seen and appreciated. See sections 31 — 3G. 

Concerning the Heart, its structure and functions, — so much has been said 
in another place, and so minute is the description of each, that I shall add no 
more here, than refer to the sections, where the reader may find ample in- 
structions for examining this main-spring of animal life. See sections 37 to 
10. In the annexed picture, it is delineated as lying near the lungs [LMN, 
i9 — 21], to the upper part whereof it is attached, as described hereafter. 

By pursuing this course of inquiry, the operator will discover what is, or 
•ught to be, the healthful state and appearances of the main functions of the 
animal system, — he will perceive the auxiliaries and their uses, — he will have 
.nformed himself (it is hoped) of the treatment any horse has received previ- 
ously to its death; and he may thus store up in his mind, or better still, upon 
paj)er, what dread efllects maybe produced by the drenches, cordials and diu- 
retics that stiumlate but to destroy the vitals of the animal. He will see and 
compare the animals that die in health (accidentally), or after a short illness, 
with those which die after protracted illness; upon the healthy ones that are 
doomed, a few hours previously, he may try the experiment of some favoured 
farrier's celebrated mixture, and subsequently send him the stomach to prove it3 
efficacy in " killing all disorders." 

Happily, the cause of humanity may be served, and the interests of his own- 
«;r promoted at the same time, by our (first) ascertaining the nature and 
amount of the horse's powers by his make, shape, or built; and, thereupon, 
demanding of him no more, in the way of service, than is clearly proveable to 
tie within his power, or putting him to those labours only to which his capa- 
bilities are best adapted. In the neglect of this plain rule lies the root of all 
error as regards [)reserving the health of horses. Some materials for making 
a tolerably good estimate as to this head of information, are arranged -in the 
first chapter : the second being well pondered, and the facts and observations 
it contains rightly stored up in the reader's mind, he will learn what functions 
belong to each part of the animal in health ; or, these being deranged or ob- 
structed, he will know in how much the horse is affected : and the third chap- 
ter being read with reference to both, I entertain the well founded hope, that 
this course will enable the general reader to form tolerably accurate notions of 
the nature, origin, and tendency of the animal's internal and constitutional 
diseases, upon which all the others depend, but which have hitherto received 
but litile attention any where here, and, consequently, are but imperfectly 
known among us. Not only so, but the reader may, b}' these means, by study 
and close observation, enable himself to demonstrate nearly to a certainty, 
when a cure is hopeless ; and further the cause of humanity, and the interesti 



4 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATC. 

of its owner at the same time, by ordering the horse to be destroyed at once, 
rather than by fruitless delay, and at a heavy expense, prolonging the animal's 
fiuflerings to no worthy purpose. 

1 have not confined my researches to disease only: in the first chapter, the 
shoeing-smith will find explained the principles upon which depend deformi- 
ties of the hoof, and he may fashion his work accordingly; whilst the choice 
of a horse may be undertaken with some confidence, ii' the purchaser keeps in 
mind the practical advice and information here collected together from various 
sources, and added to my own observations, and long, extensive, and success- 
ful experience, in all matters of this nature. 



Explanation and practical use of the Skeleton annexed. 

The references that are made to the annexed plate, and which will neces- 
sarily be found rather numerous in the chapter on conformation, are so made 
by means of letters and figures, corresponding with similar letters and figures 
upon the plate. The letters direct the reader's eye across the picture, the 
figures from top to bottom ; when he is referred both by letter, and figure, the 
place of intersection is the point to which his attention ought to be directed. 
Thus [G. 37.] which, by placing a flat ruler, or a piece of paper, across at " G." 
and ruiniing the finger downwards from the figure " 37," would be found to 
intersect each other at the insertion or commencement of the horse's tail ; 
whilst [Y. 40.] would bring us to the hindermost pastern. Again, [K. L. 
M. N. 14, 15, 16.] or [K — N. 14 — 16.] directs the readers atte'ntion to the 
shoulder-bone ; at [M. 20.] is his heart, and at [H. 29.] his kidneys are 
placed. 

The reader will please to observe, that the Frontispiece is meant to be, less 
what is termed " a pretty picture" than a practically useful one, calculated to 
facilitate his comprehension of what is said in this treatise about the living 
horse, his structure, and internal formation; of his capalnlities, and all of the 
diseases arising from their misapplication. To this end, a mere elevation of 
the skeleton was reijuisite ; and, that this should be rendered more practically 
useful, it is divitied into squares, for more ready reference. The figure itself, 
is that of a rather long bodied horse; the blade-bone having been lowered to 
show the continuity of the vertebra), or backbone, between the shoulders, and 
the elbow being bent forward for that purpose, so that the shoulder-bone 
is brought to form its sharjiest angle. This position of the limb, of course, 
rendered the subject of the plate lower before than he would be were those 
bones more straight up and down than they are. See Section 8. 

He will observe, too, that the situation only of some internal parts was re- 
quired for the purpose of elucidation ; thus, the heart seems unsuspended by 
its vessels, as its pericardium and part of the lungs are removed ; and it fol- 
lows, that whoever expected to find a delineation of every viscus, perfect, has 
deceived himself, — if any such there be. Respecting the poll, or bones of the 
head and neck, the reader will find some remarks in Section 16. 

Further, the references my readers will meet with in the midst of the text 
are necessarily as brief as they are useful, and are made to the sections, or 
oarts, into which the first two chapters are divided after the manner of verses. 

This mode of reference will be found highly serviceable in his inquiries by 
the attentive reader, who is unused to study things of this nature, but who 
must soon perceive the great practical advantages to be derived from so inti- 
mate an acquaintance with the subject as this method of learning it will fur- 
oisli him the means of acquiring. If, in the prosecution of his studies, he 



EXTERNAL FORMATION, DISORDERS, &c 5 

happen to forget what has been before said, tending to the same point of in- 
formation, or he be at a loss whereabout he should look to refresh his memory, 
these references supply him with the ready means of overcoming the difficulty. 
By adopting this method, 1 have likewise avoided the repetitions inseparable 
from a work of this nature, and have thus saved room. 



CHAPTER I. 



External formation or structure of the Horse, and the disorders originating 

therein. 

Section 1. — Scarcely any man who is in the habit of seeing many horses 
perform their labour, and observing their capabilities of several kinds, but ac- 
quires, thereby, some insight of the properties conferred on the animal by 
such or such points of conformation. He can tell, at first sight, nearly from 
this habitude, " what a horse can do ;" but few men reduce their observations 
to writing, least of all to principles, upon which we may afterwards reason, or 
draw conclusions with any degree of certainty, as to what duties a horse can 
not perform properly, when wanting those points of excellence, and which 
duties ought, therefore, never to be required of him ; or, being so imposed 
upon him improperly, are productive of certain disorders that invariably attend 
such misapplication of his powers. No doubt it has happened, that a horse 
with a radical defect, — in the shape of his hind quarters, for example, — yet 
having a corresponding defect before, the one makes up for the other, and 
such horses may occasionally perform well for a short time, but then they are 
no lasters ; all the while they may thus be at the full stretch of their physical 
powers, straining to the utmost the immediate coverings of the bones, some 
thing or other is going to wreck — of muscle or tendon, of ligature or sinew. 
Sooner or later so much excessive fatigue of the deformity runs along the 
solids, and reaching the vitals, occasions constitutional disease, or leave behind 
it an incurable malady of the limbs, mostly descending to the feet. Equally 
true is it, that we find out new properties, or hidden powers in a horse, which 
had never hitherto been known to his owners ; but, then, as I shall particu- 
larize by and by, no such latent powers were ever discovered in any horse, 
without his possessing certain just proportions of the bones taken altogether.* 
What these proportions are, as well as what they are not, I come presently to 
la}/ down : the integuments (or coverings) ever adapting themselves thereto, in 
one case produce what is called symmetry ; but if the limb be disproportioned, 
the coverings adapt themselves to that particular defect, and enlarged muscle 
at these particular places becomes visible to the common observer. 

The acquiring a ready mode of discovering when a horse of the one or the 
other formation is presented to our notice, forms the perfection of art in pur- 
chasing a horse. 

2. But the horses's achievements, or " what he can do," under certain cir- 
cumstances of shape and make, would ill employ my pen at the present mo- 
ment — valuable as the investigation must always be in itself — were it not for 
the practical application I mean to make of it shortly, by way of illustrating 
the direct contrary, or defective shape and make, as being the harbinger of 

* Eclipse, a horse whose very name is used as synonymous for speed, had none of the pro- 

S onions generally deemed indispensable to great speed, and he was cast, by the Duke of Cum- 
erland, for his apparent deformities when a colt; but his defects in one particular were amply 
Bupplied by excesses in another, and, taken altogether, composed the very best bit of bone, 
blood, and muscle ever produced. His lineage, lateral consanguinity, iiidlhe L'nd of cross tj 
which he was got, demand the breeders' serious attention. 



6 THE LEGS OF A SKITTISH HORSE. 

poveral radical disorders of his frame. Nor is this all ; some are so evidently 
ill -formed in the chest and carcase, from the moment they are foaled, that no 
art of ours is equal to prevciitintr the return of certain disorders which are sure 
to attend a horse of that particular formation all his life time. As the one is 
knt^vn and inevitable, so the effects of the other may be foreseen, and, in 
some degree, alleviated, if so much trouble and expense be not greater than 
the value of the horse. This is all that can be done for such an animal ; and 
since the resources of art are not equal to the obstacles of animated nature, so 
no man ought unreasonably to expect, least of all, to force his beast, to per- 
form any species of labour or exercise for which nature or the accident of 
birth hath rendered him anywise unfit ; although it must be allowed, as a 
general axiom, that it is only by pushing the aninial to the extent of his pow- 
ers, that we can fmd out the most he is capable of performing at any given 
Work. In this way it was the fast-trotting powers of the Phenomena mare 
(which was before then a butcher's hack) were discovered ; for people of this 
trade generally try the utmost their nags can perform in the trot. 

To be able to judge of a horse's defects as to what he can not do, undoubtedly 
it seems necessary to ascertain what constitutes a fine figure, or a perfect one, 
that can do every thing ; but when it is considered that the exposure of those 
defects is intended to apply wholly to the origin of disorders for which he will 
require medical treatment, if he does not deserve rejection in toio, 1 shall find 
less occasion for adverting to any known horse, entirely without error in his 
form or built. In most cases, however, good symmetry being accompanied 
not only by the power of achieving great feats, but a good portion of health 
also, or, at any rate, the absence of the diseases incident to a bad form, I may 
be allowed, while exposing his faults, to deviate a little, and to contemplate 
some few of his perfections also. 

3. The most obvious physical truths are those which can be explained upon 
the principles of mechanics; upon such a basis, even the most abstract can be 
6^(L'.urely grafted : that intelligence which is derived from experience, from ob- 
servation, experiment, and acute reasoning, is rendered more easily understood 
when conveyed with mechanical precision ; and however strange it may ap- 
pear to some, the gift of speed, if not of all progression, depends more upon 
mechanical jirinciples than is commoidy understood to be the case. See 
farther onward at Section 9, where the details are given. In all compound 
bodies, whetlier animate or inanimate, intended for our active use, it is above 
all other things requisite that they should stand well upon their bases or legs. 
A horse, or a joint stool, evidently defective in this particular quality, would 
be shunned as insecure ; and the one is sometimes endued with niovements as 
little suited to one's ideas of getting on safely as the other, both being indebted 
to their original bad built (or charpente^ as Lafosse calls it) for the defect. 
Cover them both, the one with muscle and skin, the other with drapery, how 
you vvill, the faulty legs are faulty still. A good stable aphorism has it thus 
— "a horse that does not stand well can do nothing well; and by natural 
inference, the horse that walks well can perform other paces well." 

A much better example, however, may be found 
in a four legged table, of which every horseman 
knows there are many of different sizes and ot 
various workmanship), some for heavy or rough 
usage, others more for show and to sustain light 
weights. But, if the fore and hind legs bend 
towards each other upon the ground, any car- 
|)enter may see that this first element of an ill-for- 
mation must sooner or later, produce a fall; he will know that more strength 
tor supporting great weights would be found by making all four legs perpendicu^ 





MECHANICAL EXPLANATION. TREAD OF THE FOOT. 7 

*ar. But a horse not being like a table, immoveably fixed upon its legs, but being 
required not only to bear up but to proceed with his load, — which is sometimes 
effected with difficulty on account of its weight; then must his powers of 
pressing onwards be estimated by the positions in which he can plare the 
bones of his hinder part, the legs particularly, since it is to these the propul- 
sion of his body forwards is chiefly indebted. In 
his efforts to accomplish this duty, the position 
of his hind legs will resemble those of the second 
table in the margin, stretched out constantly as 
these are, and each leg alternately twice as much 
beyond his body ; while his fore legs will bend 
under him alternately also, like those in the first 
table. In both movements his legs are stretched 
to their utmost when the drag is up hill, because the resistance to be overcome 
is then greatest, and we can thus form an opinion how much " he has the 
free use of his legs." When this is the case, all horses step short ; but, upon 
even ground, the hind leg, to be perfect, should come finely forward in the 
walk, and occupy the identical spot which the fore leg had just quitted. See 
further at Section 8. As the horse gets old, is tired, disordered, or over-much 
laden, he ceases to do this as usual, in the exact ratio that he is affected the 
one way or the other. 

4. Mares, occasionally, and skittish horses, frequently bring their legs to- 
gether, much resembling the first figure, and are insecure roadsters as well as 
poor draught horses. The second sketch is the walking motion of an unladen 
cart-horse or a coach-horse standing still ; these, as well as hunters, take the 
same position, which indicates that they have the free use of their limbs. In 
the drag, the former bring their fore legs under their bodies, the principle be- 
ing applicable to any quadruped performing the like task ; and such a horse 
would consequently fall down forward but for the resistance of the load he 
draws. But this accident seems provided for, by the power the horse has of 
contracting the muscles (see Section 10), and drawing up quickly the lower 
part of his limb, in time to get it out of the way of his hind leg, both motions 
forming each a separate effort toward progression. I still have in view a walk- 
ing pace, all other paces being no other than modifications of the walk ; and, 
in fact, " a horse that walks well can do any thing else well," an aphorism 
that is atwin with one equally well founded in the preceding section. 

With some horses, the hind foot, instead of coming forward, as described at 
the bottom of the last section, upon the spot of ground marked by the fore one, 
falls short of the mark. — These never turn out fast ones, although their fault 
does not always consist in the shape or disproportion of the bones, but in the 
contraction of the muscle or tendon (see this tendon described under the head of 
"Foot"); at times it is owing to the relaxation of the immediate coverings of 
the bones, described at Section 16. Such horses may be well enough to look 
at, but can not perform properly. The extreme of this misfortune is termed 
stringhalt; but every approach towards it, however trivial, is good cause for 
rejecting the animal, in case of the hind foot coming too far forward (in the 
walk still) and striking the fore one, the fault lies in want of sufficient strength 
(or quickness) in the fore leg ; besides which see further at Section 10. If the 
hind foot comes down sometimes inside, at others outside, the just quitted 
situation of the fore foot, the animal has a disagreeable rolling in his gait from 
side to side, the fault being as often in the fore leg as in the hinder one, some- 
times in both. Such horses commence a journey with much apparent confi- 
dence, but tiring soon, they fall into their old error, and the security they have 
inspired is found to be deceptions : — many accidents are the consequence. 
This fault I hesitate whether to ascribe to the fore leg or the hind one but it 



8 PROGRESSION. ADAPTATION OF THE LIMBS. 

certainly originates in a disagreement between the fixing of the two upon the 
body, either as to the situation, or want of muscular strength at the place of 
joining. Such a horse is a stumbler, and when he trots away from us, we 
can see nearly as much of his fore legs as of his hind ones ; in the straight- 
built, well-set limbed horse, the fore legs are then concealed from our sight by 
the hind ones. I own this is with me a grand criterion for judging as to a 
horse's capability of going over the ground. In racing, or indeed any run- 
ning, the fore legs are then brought closer together, the hind legs rather wider 
(so in leaping), as we see in greyhounds, hares, deer, and all other fleet 
creatures. 

Such as I have described is the act of progression with all horses, but in 
various degrees, according to their sizes (as with the coach-horse, saddle-horse, 
poney); four such efforts having called into action all the bones of the body, 
including more or less that of the head, tail, and neck, according to the pace 
or other circumstances. — See Section 11. Hence it must be clear, that to 
perform this duty of progression, or getting forward, properly, as regards 
either the length of time he sustains it, or the quickness of performance, 
weight, or velocity, the limbs must be adapted to the kind of work the horse 
has to perform and to each other, whether that be in harness, on the turf, the 
chase, or the road. 

5. We do not find this adaptation of the limbs so much in the amount of 
covering the bones may have on them, as in the size and proportion of these, 
and the suitable manner in which they are fastened together; as may be seen 
in those horses (blood) where tendon supplies the place of muscle, and most 
strength resides in the smallest compass ; and, as may be proved by the ob- 
struction to his paces, which is always observable in the horse burthened with 
very muscular shoulders. Equally true is it, that, after we have approved of 
the proportions of a pair of horses in respect to bone and built, certain powers 
of going or lastingness are frequently discovered to be possessed by one so 
much beyond his match, that we are compelled to admit those powers do re- 
side in something else than in his built. Superior health, sound wind, cour- 
3g6, give this strength, with speed, and lastingness ; the bones being then 
well cased together and strongly supported by their immediate covering, have 
full and fair play.* But wherever they be fundamentally ill-adapted to each 
other, in whatever degree this escapes our observation, the muscles and tendi- 
nous parts adapt themselves in some measure to that lamentable kind of form, 
but which no filling up, or after-accommodation of the parts to each other, can 
completely eradicate, though it may he concealed from our view. The mus- 
cle that is so perverted rises up in the middle preturnaturally, as if some sprain 
or other had caused that appearance ; the contiguous parts, consequently, un- 
dergo greater fatigue than, in the event of finer symmetry, would have fallen 
to their share : and the extraordinary friction or working thereof, occasions, at 
a day more or less remote, the exhaustion of its powers (see Section 21), and 
the lodgement of acrimonious matter in the cellular membrane, which ap- 
pears in tumour, abscess, &c. This protuberant appearance of the muscle 
is most visible at the stifle [N. 30], and on the shoulder [M. 16], just above 
the elbow. 

A more minute inquiry, however, on those points would lead me away — 
too far from my main purpose, at present ; I therefore return to notice, in the 
first place, the structure of the legs of such horses as, by their untoward posi- 

* Firing is supp««eu to restore derangement of the integuments, by causing inflammation 
and contraction thereof upon the bone, soaa to embrace it more tightly. This is effected ty 
much f if the muscle being taken up into the system, or sloughing off in the ciure ; as well as this 
contraction of the flexor tendon (back einew] and ita sheath. 



DEFORMED UMBS. 9 

tion, entail on them the chances of producing some one or other of those evils 
that are known to afflict certain horses, incurably, to the end of their days. 
Thus, some are known to tread on the inner quarter of the hoof, others on 
the outside, without the real cause being ever ascertained, and remedies are 
frequently appried that have not the remotest chance of achieving any good, 
on that very account. Some horses " cut" in consequence of treading on the 
outer quarter ; on the contrary, by punishing the inner quarter in treading, 
others contract a disposition to "quittor and ringlxjne ;" both instances of 
mal-formation, or bad built (as I call it), produce splents, diseases of the frog, 
of the sensible sole, and of the coronet, as the case may be: how the various 
modes o( wrong treading are brought on remain to be examined into hereafter. 
Meantime, it may not be amiss to observe that the right mode and make may 
be discovered by noticing the pn)portions of those horses, that, by the acknow- 
letlged just synunetry of their bones, the agreement in size of one limb with 
another, and the faultless manner in which these are attached to the body, 
go tolerably free from any such diseases, until old age, accident, or the misap- 
plication of their powers, brings on disease. 

6. There are, then, three kinds of mal -formation, or bad shape, attendant 
on the liuibs of horses, which I consider original faults, those others to which 
they give rise l)eing but secondary ones. 1st. That wherein the leg is ill-form- 
ed in itself. 2tl. When it is badly joined to the bxly. 3d. When the fore 
legs disagree with the hind ones in length or quantity. Each, being attended 
by its respective defect in going, as to safety, speed, or strength, and liable lo 
incur one or other of the ills enumerated, as appearing on the legs and feet — 
is worthy of the reader's separate consideration ; although it frequently hap- 
pens that an individual horse is afflicted with all three faults at the same time, 
the two first being found together, subsequently producing the other also. But 
I have generally noticed that one of those faults sometimes accommodates 
itself to the other, amending it considerably; as, when a limb that is too long 
is set higher up on the body than is esteemed right construction, in the same 
manner as a horse lame of a leg may be passed olf for sound should the cor- 
responding leg of his body also fall lame.* Much the same is it with the 
third kind of disagreement, in the opinion of many people; l)ecause it has 
exist^ed in some («lebrated horses, and they would have us believe that this 
very disagreement was itself the cause of the celebrity those individuals ar- 
rived at. This, however, was not the fact. 

7. The Phccnomena mare, unquestionably the first trotter of her inches in 
our days, never did her work in style: nobody could account for her achieve- 
ments upon the view, and 1 had always my doubts whether hers vvas a fair 
trot, though I won upon her. In the trot she had an unaccountable shuffle. 
She was low before, but had the gift of taking her fore feet out of the way 
of the hinder, which fell (in the walk) about half a shoe beyond that of the 
fore ones, the feet reaching the ground in succession. 

Laertes, a grey horse, hunted in Leicestershire, 1818, 1819,+ of no par- 
ticular powers any where, and confessedly clumsy in the f»)r(!hand, without 
much fire, was yet in the habit of taking the ordinary six-feet leaps with ease, 
and clearing a ditch of twenty-five feet with pleasure, often exceeding those 
admeasurements by nearly a fourth. Eclipse is known to all of us (as matter 
of histury) for having had a low shoulder, which gave his fore quarters an 
awkward appearance: but this was comi-ensated for by the fine form of his 
hind quarter, which, being particularly strong and muscular, tlirew his body 

* Certain dealers are known to fiave inflicted lameness on the fool WJUi this view. Horrid 
tnd disgusting us is the relation, 'tis no less true, 
t At ihal time the property of Mr. Miiberly. 

3 



10 ECLIPSE— IVIAKE OF SHOULDER, 

forward at every Ipap, in despite of his low fore quarter, — for riinnin;^ is no 
other than the leap reiterated. One leading characteristic, however, denoted 
all three horses to be of the right stamp in the main : they stood even on their 
leg-bones and tlie soles of tlieir feet; that is to say, straight np and down, 
nearly, from the efboxs [N. 1(>] to the ground Iwfore, and from the stiJle-]o\n\ 
[N. 3()j to the ground behind, respectively; both these parts, viewed sidewavs 
m the plate, being placed nearly horizontal, as regards each other, on the line 
[N] ; at least, this was the relative position of tlie stide and elbow, in the two 
first-mentioned animals, and of the third I do but presume that he was so> 
for " the history" of his form in this respect leaves us a little in doubt. 

But "the shoulder. of Ecii[)se was a low one," say the published accounts 
of him ; yet, as this defect, real or supposed, consisted in the inclination of the 
shoulder-boiie [Iv to Nj above the ell)ow, by reason of the great freedom of 
the muscles which held it and the shoulder-blade in position, he would, when 
stepping out with the tore leg, rise higher than when he stotxl still; a particu- 
larity that is reversed in horses whose shoulder-blades are set on more nearly 
upright than those of Eclipse were. This accounts for the vaulting manner 
he had, as we read in the printed accounts of his explints; arid his running 
greyhound fashion, with his chest close to the ground, for he would thereby 
keep off the ground longer l>etwixt each leap, until the impetus received from 
his hind legs was nearer spent than it would have been but for thus holdincr 
up his fore feet. On referring to those parts in the annexed plate, they will 
lie found thus drawn. 

8. Viewed in front, the fore legs, upon which the safety and ease of the 
animal's going chiefly depends, should, to be perfect, be widest next the chest, 
Fig. 3. a|)proaching each other gradually, until the eye, hav- 

ing compared that part with the pastern, scarc(>Iy 
{K-rceives the dili'erence. Here, the leg, taken by it- 
self, is smaller, though the interval between the knoes 
and the feet does not ditier, on account of the width 
and flatness which ought to exist in the well-formed 
knee, yet, taken on the outside, considerably more 
breadth will be found al>ove than l)elow. Such a 
knee, when flat and linely marked at the joint, is al- 
ways well covered in a healthy horse, (see section 15), 
he then throws it out with great freedom, and takes 
a firm step fairly on the entire bottom of his hoof; 
but, should the leg be ever so good a one in itself, 
yet placed too high u[)on the chest, where it is held, 
,not by a socket or insertion of the l)one, but by strong 
'elastic muscle only, this throws the feet too near to- 
gether upon the ground ; the horse then treads on 
the outer quarter of h:s hoof, and wears away the wall ; and, when tired, is 
most commonly given to cut. Endi'avours are used in shoeing to amend this 
fault, by })aring away the inner crust; but it is one of those defects in the 
built which no art can completely eradicate, and has been termed "pigeon- 
toed." 

JNTor is the matter rendered anv better when, by reason of the knees turn- 
ing ir., the toes turn out, and the horse then treads on the iimer quarter ; and, 
however those of the one or the other deseri|>tion may have the reputation t)f 
great speed, it can \ye for a short distance onlv, because the action of such 
horses must be laboured and imperfect, particularly one of the latter kind of 
make. He must, consequently, fatigue himself more at every step, and tire 
sooner than one of the same size, and formed in every other resj)ect similar 
but having legs that come nearer in shape to those in the annexed sketch [tig. 




SHOn,DERS LARGE.— ACTION. H 

3]. That such knock-knee form is occasioned by weakness, is evident from 
the position of the knees, when the animal stands at rest. This he does oy 
supporting himself at times hke a daiiciiig-inaster, with one loot before the 
otiier; and, no doubt, the twist with wliich his pace is always attended when 
going, occasions certain disorders of the feet, which he seeks to ease by shift- 
ing tlie weight alternately from one, to the other foot. He will, moreover, 
sooner " knock up," and ultimately "get done for" earlier in life, by reason 
of the origin of this species of malformation being seated liigh up on the limb, 
thereby incommoding the action of the shoulder-muscles: the elbow, at N. 
14, by being pressed close to the ribs, having thrown in the knees, receives, at 
every step the leg takes, a kind of double motion, which, of course, doubly 
alfects the action ol those parts; and much fatigue, pain, and anguish succeed 
each other, until it communicates to the cavity of the chest, or other internal 
parts. Such animals have frequently the shoulders uimsually muscular, hid- 
ing, in a good measure, the original defect from the eye and touch of a com- 
mon observer ; but it may, nevertheless, be ascertained to exist, by the symp- 
toms just now mentioned, as well as by the appearance of the protruding 
nuiscie before noticed at Sect. 5. To kncx^ked knees and inside tread, let me 
adil tlie circumstance, that such horses have a broken pace, kicking loose 
stones before them, with a certain rolling from side to side, to the great annoy- 
ance of the rider. All this arises from awkwardness, by reason of the shoul- 
der's bad position, whereliy the leg being thrown sideways removes the foot 
in an increasing ratio from the centre of gravity, and, instead of its being 
thrown straight forward, describes part of a circle, more or less curved, ac- 
Fig. 4. cording to the amount of the original defect. 

The straight dotted line shows the space a well- 
formed foot, such as belong to the leg in our pre- 

^ .^"^ ceding sketch (3), would take, being on papejt 

''^ '«-» just one inch ; the curved line shows the course, 

•- ^ or nearly so, the foot is thrown which belongs to 

v^ ,%a^ an il!-formed shoulder, contracted at the elbow: 

'"■•• •■■" as this line is an inch and an eighth (1 in. ^) in 

length, the horse so formed does an eighth more 
work than one with straight legs would do on going over the same ground. 

In addition to his other evils, a horse with such a shoulder (being muscular) 
is most liable to contract "fistula in the withers;" but, if not so muscular, 
" strain of the shoulder" is likely to attend his twisted manner of treadiiig, when 
hard worked. With such a built horse, "splents" are usually more tedious 
than with a straight-limbed one; and strains of the sinews, i.e. of the tendon, 
as well as those of the coifin-joint, happen oftener, and appear with worse 
symptoms, in proportion as the limbs are more or less cross-built*. 

y. Long and sloping pasterns [Y, 1.3 — 16, and Y, 34 — 31)] partly denote 
the Arabian, are handsome to view, and make easy goers; but such horses 
soon tire, and, 1 may say, are generally weak, having the flexor tendon, or 
back sinew, considerably relaxed. The small pastern, or bone inserted at the 
hoof, always rises in a direct line from the hoof, both being about 45 degrees 
for saddle-horses, as at b, (tig. 5.) and the large pastern is then several degrees 
nearer to upright. These hoofs stand of an oval shape, a.id have small frogs. 
But some, as draught horses, have large frogs, the hoof round, and more 
upright by nearly ten degrees in early life, as at (c) in the annexed scale, in 
wliich case they arc liable, if no change takes place, and they get older and 
weaker in the joints, to " knuckle over." But, getting aged, and the supply 

* I resei-ve un'.il a latter part of the volume what 1 .?liall have to say, respecting strain of the 
back siaevv andof the cofJiii-joint, whicii I have thus named in conformity with liie general 
vui^ahsfi^ in order to make myself intelligible to the meanest capacity.— See /\»o^, a section ai. 




i3 HOOF, nS SHAPE AND MARE. 

•f nutriment for ropairing wear and waste falling short, the horse becomet 
'Jommice-foot^l. The wall or crust is then lower; and as the lH)ttom of 
Fig. 5, the foot grows convex, causing the aiii- 

<e, mal to slip about, so the front of the 
-? hoof (a — c) grows concave, the toe (e) 
I almost turning u[)wanls. Horses ke|it 
for heavy drauglit have short pastern 
i bones, the small one entering the hoot' at 
I the coronet (c) in early life, but aftcr- 
i wards changes, as I say, to {a — d); and 
I this new inclinaiion, it will l)e seen, 
j must depress the bone, as the animal 
I acquires the sort of hoof called pom- 
I mice-footed, and causes a constant strain- 
\ ing upon the coronet ; hence, the crip- 
■■. \ I pling, insecure gait, horses of this de- 
\\ : scription acquire, even before they gel 
old ; and hence those numerous disor- 
ders to which the feet are liable from 
this one origin. 

Contracted heels of this or any other species of horse, being destructive of 
his capability of going, should be guarded against as much as any other in- 
dividual misfortune to which he is liable: a disposition thereto constitutes suf- 
ficient ground for rejection. When this is the case, the interval or cleft be- 
tween the heels, at {d) in the annexed scale, is found to be more or less tender, 
according to the progress of the disease ; the cleft will, in health, receive two 
fingers lain in, the part having in it nothing unusual in the feel. Soon, how- 
ever, the k.c-at increases, the part hardens, and the cleft scarcely admits of a 
small finger ; the horse Hinches as if you touched a sore, and nothing but time 
and proper treatment can restore him, if any thing can. Most commoidy, 
however, the disease proceeds until the clefts of the heels meet and become 
rotten. Pressure upon the frog, is the certain preventive of contraction. See 
*' Foot." 

When the pastern-bones (great and small) rise one above the other too up* 
rightly, the small one receives the whole concussion, and communicates th« 
jar to every minute construction of the internal foot. See Foot, siH^tion of. 
The jarring of his pace is then very great, both to the horse and his rider. 
Such horses are very liable to go lazne occasionally, but they recover by rest. 
The ass and wild hovse (i>oney) are thus formed ; but Iwing hardy, and having 
less blood and less weight of body to carry about, sutler less by it than the 
horse. 

The just form or elevation of the hoof in front, upon which mainly depends 
its form behind, has been discussed by various writers, but remains yet awhile 
uncertain and unsettled. Mr. B. Clarke judges 33 degrees of elevation from 
the ground to be the best form of the hoof, and Mr. White quotes him with a 
portion of approbation, but most unaccountably refers to his "plate iv," on 
which an inscription tells us the fact is not so, but 45 degrees is the l>est pt>s- 
sible elevation of the hoof: whilst those which are higher (lower he writes it, 
or "33"), "approach too near the perpendicular;" the figure on the plate 
itself dirti^ring with the diagram on the {)age of his book (305). 

My ideas, however, on tins subject are not so general; for 1 have found the 
best form of the hoof diflf^r, according to the shape of the two pasterns, as 
they regard the hoof and each other; deeming that the best, in its particular 
case, where the small one follows the same declination as the hoof, and the 
large pastern ascends twenty degrees nearer to the upright, as before stated. 



CAT-HAMIMED, HOW CONTRACTED. 



13 



The preceding figure (No. 5) shows the outhne of tliree feet of different Je« 
grcrs of elevation : b d di-scrihiis the Hoe of the coronet, or orifice, into which 
the thickest enti of th(! small pastern-bone sinks, and rests upon the springy 
£:u!)stance attached to the inside of the hoof, and which bone, we naturally 
exi)e(l, should ascend out of, and take the same direction as, the hoof, whence 
U springs. Any departure from this rule of nature is clearly an approach 
towards disease. In the paragraph above, I showed what mischief might be 
drrived from an upright small pastern, such as would suit the outline hoof 
(c); of course, this elevation, or a greater, would be a mis-shapen hoof as 
Weil as pastern. In like matmer, we know that the pommice-foot is out of 
point and diseased, and it follows that the best possible elevation of the hoof 
must necessarily li«' in the medium of tliose extremes, which we know to be 
diseases in themselves: this it is to determine a contest mechanically, without 
once adverting to the well-known circumstance of the health and free use of 
its heels, which attends the horse whose hoof is, at any time of life, near 45 
degrees of elevation or depression. Did we require more arguments to prove 
this to be the proper elevation, a conclusive one could be found in the well- 
known circumstance of those hoofs of horses which are very upright in early 
life becoming the lowest when the animals get old ; whilst those hoofs which 
come near tlie standard of excellence in youth (45 degrees), retain the same 
form, as nearly as the injuries of shoeing admit of, to an extreme old acre. 



Ficr. 6 



10. So far as the foregoing observations on the fore-legs apply, they do be- 
long, in every particular, and with equal reason, to the hind legs also ; with 
the exception, however, of what is said concerning the elbow of the fore-leg, 
and its adhesion to the chest, for which we must now substitute the stifle of 
the hind-leg [N. 30] ; and add, instead of the kind of defect described as being 
occasioned by the contraction of the part, it is here owing to the expansion 
or spreading of the stifle from the sides. This throws the houghs together, 
and forms " cat-hammed horses," as they are termed ; the mode of going such 
animals are constrained to adopt, the circle their 
hind feet describe, at every step, the additional 
fatigue they undergo, the awkwardness of their 
tread, and the consequent diseases communicated 
to the sole, lately described (in sec. 6.) as pertaining 
to the fore-leg, — most undoubtedly afflict the hind- 
leg also, with the additional fact, that this one is 
more liable to "grease." At rest, if an animal so 
built does not place one foot before the other, his 
houghs not unfrequently touch each other, — po- 
ney's and low horses more particularly so ; and it 
geems worthy of remark, that this species of mal- 
conformation seldom appears on the fore and hind- 
legs of the same animal. Indeed, I can not recol- 
lect having seen one instance, and I am thence led 
to conclude that this twist of the legs is a contri- 
vance of Nature to accommodate itself to the dis- 
proportionate length of legs before or behind. But, 
when it so happens that the strength of the parts 
resists this bending of the hough or of the knee, 
such horses walk higher behind than before, and 
vice versa, i. e. when one pair of legs seem to have 
dutgrown the other pair; a defect which, though 




^4 FORE LEGS SHORT.— LEAPING. 

often overlooked, is no le?3 deserving of notice. The wound termed "over» 
reach" is inliicted by the hind-leg of this formation upon thi; fore one. " Forg- 
ing" is, Ukewisc, occasioned by the hinder tot^s striking the shoe or shoes of 
the fore-feet ; and is sometimes brougnt on by injudicious shoeing on feet of tlie 
very best construction, and a loose rein ; it is, therefore, to be corrected only 
by the contrary [)ractice, keeping the hind-toes short, and the heel of the fore- 
foot low, and drivir)g with the reins borne vip. By these means, the fore- 
hoof will spread at the heel, and the animal he enabled to take it out of the 
way in time for the hind-foot to occupy the identical spi>t on the ground it had 
just quitted; for very few horses have the greyhound tread of Eclipse Ivfore- 
noticed, wherein the hind-feet tread much wider than the fore-feet. Neither 
is such a gift desirable to any but racers, perhaps: nor is it, indeed, compati- 
ble with the duties the generality of horses have to perform. 

The great additional lalwur horses with lioughs so formed undergo, added 
to the paui and anguish of continuing it, occasion irritation of the whole hind 
quarter, that communicates itself to the region of the kidiieys and intestines, 
and superinduce inllammatory complaints, which frequently terminate unfa- 
vourably. Constitutional diseases appear on the leg and foot b»;hind oftener 
than before; and those of the Coronet, with Curb, Thorough pin, spavin, 
strains, vvindgall, scarcely till up the catalogue of evils caused by, or receiving 
aggravation fron), too much ex[)ansion of the stille, with its attendant, the 
cat-hammed hough, and, cor>sequently, a twif^ted tread of the hoof. No doubt 
exists in my mind that Eclipse would have been a cat-hamn»ed horse had he 
been raced at two or three years old, as our practice now is: both he and 
Flying Childers were live years old before they stiu'ted on the turf. Heavy 
loniT-letraed children of our species, in like n^anner, become knock kneed men, 
by being put on then* legs too soon ; this torm ot their knees deprives them 
of calves to thin iil-formeil legs, and the thigh, too, seems wasted, wiien the 
deformity is great. 

11. When the fore-legs are shortest, the horse, whilst going, nods his head 
up and down a good deal, as he does when these are either weak, tired, or 
tender of foot : when they are very feeble, without any other aihnent, he car- 
ries the head high constantly; but he works his head from side to side when 
the same subjects of com[)laint assail the hind legs and feet. Poneys being 
ever out of point in one or other of these respects, atiord unerring proofs of 
those remarks. The value and advantage of the straight position of a horse's 
houghs are never more apparent than when he rises upon his haunches to take 
a leap, a service which never was performed satisfactorily by a cat-hammed 
horse, because he seems to hesitate about what sliall be the distance between 
his feet at the precise moment they are to leave the ground: a blunder which 
is most visible in the standing leap, when the feet are seen tirst to straddle to 
their utmost; in an instant tliey are brought so close together as to lose all 
purchase, and he goes over from an intermediate spot, the whole transaction 
occupying as much time as does the counting of one, two, three, and away ! 

The motions of the head are always good intlications of pleasure as well as 
pain. A horse will frequently throw up his head, almost m his rider's face 
(as if to rebuke his barbarity,) when he has been hit on the head or ears. (See 
Section 16.) He looks at his tlanks dolorously when atlt'cted by a dull pain 
in the intestines; if it be sharp pain, he turns about quicker : he thrusts his 
nose towards his chest, when pain assails his lungs generally ; but wiien one 
lobe otdy is atfected, h(! turns his head only to that side. If a horse be girthed 
too tiirlit he will sometimes (justly) bite his tormentor, for this operation re- 
tards the action of the muscles between the ribs and of the ribs themselves, so 
that the lungs do not get room to play. (See Section 31, and introduction, 
page 4.) Old horse* coptrive to avoid this punishment by " iiolding theii 



LEADING LEG. FOUNDER. GROGGY. 15 

wind" (keeping the lungs filled) during the girthing; a fine proof this of Na- 
ture's dealincrs, for which they usually either get kicked under the belly, or 
hit about the head ; but both kinds of punishment are the harbingers of further 
disease, viz. tlie first of the blind gut, as described at Section 48 and 49 ; and 
the other leads to poll evil, as described in Book 2. 

A horse is frequently found to have contracted lameness in the fore-ieg 
without .showing any visible sign of its exact situation, and a})plications to the 
Bhoulder is the usual remedy in the hands of the generality of conunon far- 
riers. Some of them imagine the strain is situated lower in the leg ; but they 
are no nearer the fact, though they are to the spot. A defect in the conforma- 
tion of the limbs occasions the foot which leads to come upon the ground with 
more force than its fellow: the concussion of the hoof is greater, and is un- 
equally placed when the leg is a-twist than in the upright form ; the leading 
tires sooner, and the sensible sole becomes inflamed when the horse is con- 
stantly urged to step out with it, the affliction barely showing itself between 
the frog and the toe, if any where. If a horse receives the impulse to proceed 
from the right hand or heel, he will step out with the fore-leg of that side, ac- 
companied by the hind-leg of the near side; but his rider, or driver, should 
early teach him to change the leading-leg, by sometimes touching him upon 
the contrary side. It is worthy of note, too, that the horse which executes 
this change with the least trouble, and oftenest, has most power and command 
of his limbs. [See Index — Fever in the feet.J When both legs before are at- 
tacked, the horse exhibits a crippling uncertain gait, not unlike that of a 
drunken man, whence the term "groggy" has been applied, and, if he is not 
timely indulged in rest and a run at grass, he is a ruined horse, and becomes 
soon what is termed "foundered," of which disorder there are several kinds. 
The mistaking one kind of founder for another generally costs the animal his 
life, sooner or later, and the studious inquirer had better turn to the next 
Chapter (at sect. 21, paragraph 3), where he will find a few words on chest 
founder, many of the symptoms whereof are not unlike this of the feet. 

Horses full of feed, and requiring purgative physic, stand with the legs 
stretched, more than our second cut, at page 7, — inordinately at times. Old 
Gibson attributed it to vice, and a disposition to kick, when a horse holds his 
toe scarcely resting on the ground ; this is not always the case, for his fore- 
leg is as frequently so held a-trip as his hind one; and I consider it the token 
alike of either sore feet, or of incipient founder. 

12. Besides the disproportion the fore and hind legs bear to each other, 
another series of defects in construction exists between the length of the fore 
limbs and that of the trunk, being sometimes most apparent at the belly and 
flank, at others on the back, its tendency always depending on the turn taken 
by the latter. Although this is the old English way of judging of long car- 
cased horses, Lafosse (an old French farrier) took the measure of proportions 
more properly from the breast-bone to the buttock, in the annexed plate being 
from the parallel line 11 to 38; then comparing this with his height, he tells 
us " a good horse, as we can learn from experience, should be a tciUh longer 
from the breast to the buttock than he is high from the top of the shoulder to 
the ground." The latter admeasurement will be found upon the annexed 
pbte to extend from the line [D to Z] and, with the former, will compose a 
square rather wider than high, — the integuments being removed from the 
bones on all sides. My notions of just proportion, however, differ from the 
French standard, though they do not run into the contrary extreme ; for I can 
not help thinking inordinate length of body, as compared to a horse's height, 
a very great defect as regards his health, that form being invariably attended 
witli meagre, washy flanKs, and a painful manner of going. But the Fian- 



16 



ROACH BACK, AND HOLLOW BACK. 



ders and Norman breeds have all this tendency; and they are invariably of a 
elugiiisli nature, when the belly, also, hanffs low^. 

I'he m^jor part of our horses of this built have their sides falling in, more 
or less, towards the hind quarter, some few of them to such a degree that the 
flank a{)iiears as it it were fastened to the loins. These are remarkably poor 
feeders, have a good deal of short-lived vigour, without the gift of keeping it 
up at any kind of thing. Nutritious food, but less in quantity, does for horses 
v^'hich arc out in the first-mentioned point all that can. be done, and that is 
very little : those of the second species of bad form can not bear long journeys, 
nor long privation, or they contract flatulencies and spasmodic cholic. 

Another species of disproportionate length, as comjjared to height, consists 
in what is called "high mounted," the limbs having then much more length 
than the body ; a defect that is rendered still more apparent when (as gene- 
rally liappens) the horse is also roach-backed, like the first sketch of back- 



Fig. 7. 




bone in figure 7 ; and it is still more striking when a h'ttle man is mounted 
upon it with a saddle that is ever sliding forward upon the withers. Such a 
form always denotes weakness of limb, and want of freedom in the fore-hand ; 
nor can a horse of this built take a long step, or trot well, or thrive in the field, 
by reason of the difficulty he has in reaching the grass, which induces him to 
bend one knee forward, whilst the other leg is drawn back under him. A 
ludicrous story is even told among horse-dealers of a horse so formed having 
starved itself m the fields, while the food lay within an inch of its nose ; and 
tfiough such stories are no argument, they, nevertheless, convey the general 
feeling of the narrators, which is seldom completely wrong. 

13. But a horse may be short in the carcase, which is not exactly " high- 
mounted," in my view of the term ; since much will depend upon the shape 
(or bend) of his back-bone, to bring him under the one or the other descrip- 
tion. We huve seen what sort of character a roach back bestows on a horse, 
the direct co itrary form, or hollow back -bone, [see the lowermost sketch in 
the last cut (c)] is no better, though built upon long limbs, horses with this 
shaped back being in all cases weak in the loins ; and, therefore, are they more 
liable to contract inflammation of the kidneys, and to resist the cure longer 
than those of any other shaped back whatever. Yet are they preferred by 



SHORT BACKED ; HIGH IMOUNTED. GRINDING. 17 

timid horsPiTien, principally on account of the easy seat a hollow hack affiirds 
Great caution in administering strong rejteateci diuretics should lie iinprt-ssed 
upon us at the sight of a very hollow-hacked patient. See Sections 53 — 5(). 
When the hend in the hack-hone, or " hollow hack," is restricted to the fore 
part of the animal, the loins heing well filled up, his huilt in other respects is 
less material, to he "short in the carcase" heing then an advantage; and it is 
much greater when the hend is confined to a gentle curve, scarcely distin- 
guisha!)ie, just hehind the withers, [See middle sketch in the last cut (h)]. 
This is coiisi<lered a straight hack, belonging to a light made, compact horse ; 
he is invarialily ribbed home ; and, as there then exists but a small space be- 
tween the last rib and the hip-bone, as seen in the })late at 30 to 32, so is it 
always a'companied by the dee[) chest, good hind quarters, and wide loins 
(i. e. not pinched together), and his ribs finely curved. Horses so formed are 
always healthy, and esteemed at first sight super-excellent, heing supposed, 
with justice, capable of doing more work than those of any other built what- 
ever. But the gift of leaping or of great speed do not always belong to horses 
of this form, however perfect in other respects, though health, vigour, strength, 
and lastingness do. Such horses always feed well and retain their condition. 
The inquiring reader would do right to turn back to what is said under Sec- 
tion 10, and draw his conclusions from what is there stated. 

14. Low-buttocks generally accompany roach backs [see sketch a.] and are 
always attended with another fault — "hind legs too straight," ami incapable 
of step|)ing out. A horse so formed can execute no pace tolerably, and trot- 
ting worst of all. In the drag, such a horse steps short, and is always upon 
the bustle, as if his legs were tied. A large head, with short thick neck, de- 
notes a sluggish horse, heavy in the hand, and usually "carrying low:" these 
are faults generally attending his entire breed. When the neck is longer, the 
ease is not bettered, for then the animal is of the long-bellied kind, with thin 
flanks and washy. As a small light head, but wide at the forehead, with ex- 
pandi!ig nostrils, and bold prominent eyes, denotes (blood) strength of body, 
and vigour of constitution, so the contrary may be looked for in horses which 
have narrow foreheads, small or sunken eyes, and small arid nostrils. I 
never saw a fine well-turned head that did not belong to a good set of legs, 
well fixed upon the body; the correspondence goes still further, inasmuch as 
the quantity of white in the face is commonly attended with a proportion of 
white upon the heels, thus: a star, one white foot; a blaze, two white feet; 
white face, four white legs, &c. Horses with large jaws are given to keep 
open their mouths while at work ; and, when aged, grind their teeth more 
than is necessary in feeding. The manner of breaking his food being, with 
the horse, different from that of other animals, viz. by rubbing his under teeth 
from right to left against the upper ones, — a motion to which Uie term "grind- 
ing his corn" has been applied, — an old horse will sometimes continue it when 
he has nothing to eat, thereby wearing away his teeth ; a circumstance that 
occasions imperfect mastication and its consequences,* besides subsequently 
leading us into error in examining his age. Hard-mouthed horses, and those 
which champ the bit much, fall into this idle habit. 

Flat, or narrow-chested horses are sul)ject to those attacks which lead to 
consumption (see Section 30), and, consequently, are liable to show bad con 
dition ; or, it may be, that disorders of the chest do contract its capacity. In 
some horses on the contrary, the cavity of the chest seems too great for its 
contents; they are short-winded horses of one description (there being several) 

* Indigestion, flatulency, chollc, &c are all produced by animals swallowing their I'ood im- 
broken. 



18 STALLIONS AND MARES, ADAPTATION. 

tiiat are afflicte<1 with tliose kinds of mal-conformation, or disagreement in size 
bftweeii the parts containing and those contained. 

15. My purpose in making tins ex|)osition of the ill-effects produced by 
mis-shapen hnihs, &c. on the horse's healtli and usefuhiess, would be incom- 
plete, were the original causes tliereof left unnoticed. The most remote, or 
more general one, resides in the breed, or the manner of breeding the animal, 
whence we are sometimes led to say, "what is lired in the bone will never go 
out of the tiesh." As regards the kind of stock from which to raise a supply 
of young ones, breeders may undoubtedly suit their own fancies; but it must 
be seen that a brood mare which receives too much of the horse for her capaci- 
ty, will produce a foal all father, as it is called, being at the same time larger 
than she can conveniently carry; it then bids fair from the beginning to be a 
mis-shapen animal. This ha[)pens oftener than is commoidy imagined ; but 
it is easily prevented by adopting a horse for her whose strength comes tole- 
rably near that of the mare. Disregard of this [)recaution is found to produce 
the first foal much smaller, though more lively, than the next and subsequent 
ones, especially if care be taken in the latter case to give her a horse more and 
more vigorous as she becomes more roomy. For it must be clear to any body 
[upon mechanical principles again] that if the fcetus, growing too large for 
the cavity in which it is generated, originates too much bone, it must determine 
towards some {)articular part of the young animal ; an^l the colt will be brought 
forth with that deforn)ity, and carry it tlirough life, after [)laguing two or three 
of its owners with fruitless endeavours to physic off its ills. 

I say nothing whatever of the cross to be adopted ; that, being contrary to 
my plan, would carry me too far away from my main subject. But 1 may 
observe, in passing on, that no breeder iti his senses would think of employ- 
ing a horse to raise stock that has served half a dozen or more mares in the 
course of the day ; and yet nothing is more common, nor more inevitable when 
the payment for covering is low (say a guinea or two), than that the small- 
liess of the sum must be made up by the number of mares served, the price, 
keep, and attendance, upon stallions being expensive. This error must be so 
palpable to any man who calls himself a father, as to render any further argu- 
ment upon that topic utterly unnecessary. Some twenty-five years back in- 
to the last century, I recollect reading a well-attested account of a celebrated 
horse's dying in consequence of twelve or fourteen successive efforts in pro- 
creation ; and if such be the deplorable case with the parent, what strength, 
bottom, or lastingness, can be hoped for in the {)rogeny so begotten? Never- 
theless, 1 am of opinion that a vigorous horse which may have been freely 
engaged (if early in the season^ may be in a better condition for raising large 
and lively stock, than under any other circumstances whatever, except recent 
exhaustion. Aged stallions produce hard-mouthed foals, and further pro- 
claim the ill-adapted ages of sire and dam by extraordinary hollowness over 
the eyes. 

Much depends on the country, the climate, or kind of land, in which the 
gestation or breeding may be carried on; and it may be presumed, that no one 
in his senses would clioose such a situation as is known to be disadvantageous 
to the [)articular kind of breeding he may have in contemplation to pursue; 
whilst those who may already be so placed, have no right to complain when 
they engage in a branch of business thus ill adapted to their plan o^' farming, 
and they get disap|tointed. As both objections lie at the option of the parties 
concerned, they require no further remark; but another })oint of consideration 
well worthy our careful attention is, the treatment the mare ought to experi- 
ence at our hands while she is breeding; this being a matter of some momentj 
and within every one's control, should not be neglected. Though a brood 
Uiare in foal requires no pampering at any period, yet it is clear that, from the 



MOUNTING COLTS: WELL BRACED LEVroS. 15 

third or fourth month, she should not be worked so hard as usual, and from 
this period to the day of her foaling, the duty to be required of her should be 
Jess and less every week. Nor, on the other hand, is complete idleness be- 
fitting her situation : in cases where she has not been used to hanl labour, a 
run at grass, in a paddock, with access to an outhouse or stable, as it leaves 
to her option the quantity of exercise her strength is capable of sustaining, 
would be found most conducive to the best purposes of nature. Her food 
should be of the first qualitv, and regular, and, though full enough, should not 
be too much. Occasionally, she may be otf her feed, during the "time," hut 
ehe does not therefore require " physicking," nor coaxing to eat. Great care 
should be taken that her body is emiitiod regularly, that no derangement take 
place either way ; and that if opening physic is required at all, aloes is not in 
her case the best that can be prescribed for that pur|)ose, since they act most- 
ly upon the intestines lying immediately in the vicinity of the foal. An 
opening draught or drench should be substituted for the pill, as its operation 
begins sooner. 

A very general cause of mis-shapen limbs is the placing upon younkerstoo 
great weights at first, whereby the houghs or the knees are thrown together, 
particularly when the animal is constructed with the fore and hind legs dis- 
proportioned to each other, as noticed at sections 9 and 10. Splents and 
sprains are the inevitable consequences of mounting colts,* &c. too early in 
Hfe; and hollow back is oftener induced by this premature error than existing 
originally. As if all this were not enough, many breeders nearly starve their 
young ones until they are brought into use; whereby they become deficient 
in solidity of bone and quantity of muscle, if they do not imbibe some internal 
or constitutional malady, and the event of their Umbs growing mis-shapen is 
no longer left to chance. 

16. Notwithstanding all that has been said and done, little would avail the 
finest pro])ortions of the bones towards the formation of fine- shaped limbs, 
least of all to symmetry of the whole horse, but for the seemingly adventitious 
circumstance of the covering with which they are immediately invested; and 
which, embracing tightly several bones, and coimecting them together, con- 
stitutes a limb. Some of these coverings are confined to the joints only, hold- 
ing them in position as near as the Creator designed them, unless accident 
(of parentage, of birth, or misusage), as before described, should induce them 
to a perpetual strain, and they enlarge at these joints in spite of the next or 
universal covering of the bones: this is membrane (of which more shortly,) 
the uses whereof on the bone may be illustrated by taking a stocking of good 
length, and having filled it with pebbles of its own size, and tying the end 
tightly, a stick or club is produced of some degree of fiexibility resembling a 
limb and its joints. If the tying be not performed well, by bracing the stock- 
ing to its utmost, the flexibility of certain parts (or joints) of the limb will be 
greater: it will possess less strength at the joints when bent, and be liable to 
give way or break unless supported by some other covering. It is easy to per- 
ceive that the horse which has those coverings in the highest perfection would 
move his limbs more correctly after the fashion they were designed tor, than 
he which constantly strained them outof their places. He who was endowed 
with the first- mentioned quality in perfection would be considered a sinewy 
tight-built horse; the second kind I have already depicted in section 10, where 
the houghs are described as keeping those integuments in a perpetual state of 
derangement, straining or twisting them in such a manner that constitutional 
enlargement at the joints is the consequence. 

At the ends of all bones, a yielding substance, in appearance like bone it- 
self, prevents friction, and by its elasticity rives a spring to the animal's steps. 
The ease of a horse's going mainly depends upon this substance, which le 



so SINEWY HORSE. CARTILAGE. 

ceives the name of cartilage, and is liable in some measure to be absorbed or 
taken up into the system, or, in cases of diseased joint, to become stiff and 
bony. Consult sect. 23, &c. on those points of information. We may notice 
this absorption in very young animals, whose bones are all substituted by 
cartilagej until the blood furnisheth the means of forming a more substantial 
frame, such as I have been describing; and teaches the validity of some re- 
marks 1 uiade in a preceding section (15) on the kind of attention we ought 
to pay to our brood mares vvliile the foetus, or unborn animal, is being formed 
in the womb. 

Not only between bonrs, and embracing ever joint, but at the termination 
of the four legs in their horny feet, is this springy substance to be found, the 
whole being liable to wear out, to contract or to harden with age or disease. 
Besides this casing of the joints in cartilage, the ligaments connect or tie the 
bones t(tgether. I'hese ligaments are seldom troubled with any ailment but 
that of great lassitude when the animal is tired, and occasionally to sprain. 
This accident takes [ilace when the horse steps aside upon uneven ground, 
and the ends of the bones press laterally upon the ligaments. It ft>llovvs, of 
course, that mis-shapen horses whose feet are always constrained to take an 
uneven tread must be subject to a constant strain, and nuist be more liable 
than others to incur permanent accident, — every step forming a trivial one. 

But the ligament demanding the student's most serious attention is that 
which suspends the neck bones, on the same principle as our old fashioned 
laii>[)irons are susf)ended by a small one from above, ordy that the ligament 
lies closer, and covers the intervals of the upper side, as at a — b of the annex- 
ed sketch.* So placed, and passing from the skull to the backbones, to both 

of which it is fastened, it has the power, at 
the will of the animal, of bending down or 
drawing up the head, which would, in fact, 
but for this support, fall to the ground. Horsea 
in their last moments, when that will may 
be supposed to have left them, always cast 
back their heads considerably, by reason of 
the contraction of this strong ligament dur- 
ing the paroxysms of departing life. At a, however, where is the seat of 
poll-evil, it is usually thin, the cavity there found between the bones being 
mostly filled with muscle (s. 27); but this does not happen invariably, as some 
horses have little or no cavity to be filled with ligamentary substance, or with 
muscle. Our frontispiece is the portrait of a subject of this latter kind ; but 
the reader is referred to some subsequent observations and cases on "poll-evil-' 
for more detail on this hitherto-neglected point of conformation. 

17. At the joints formed by the bones and covered by cartilage, the whole 
are surrounded by a strong membrane, which wraps the bones tightly, and se- 
cretes an oil at the joints for its further defence from the effects of friction. 
Of this secretion, and of the membranes generally, some further notice is given 
in the second chapter at section 22. 

This strong meml)rane is not, however, confined to any particular part, but 
continues its close attachment, or embracement of the bone, over the entire 
frame of the horse. Throughout its extended course it serves as an excellent 
holdfast for the sinewy ends of the muscles (see sect, 27), which are attached 
to it above and below joints, whereby they act as levers to raise the lower bones 
of the limbs, as described hereafter. 

* Called by the learned "cervical ligament" and "the cervicular." In operations for the 
pol'.-evil iliis liganu'iit is iVequcnily divided by the unskilful fai'iier cutung ii across rather ihau 
lengiliwise, wliicii is the only right practice. 




MEMBRANES. THE HORSE'S INSmE. ORGANS. 21 

According to the parts this memhrane may cover, it has received from the 
learned in hard words and many, a separate name for each, as it that course 
would further the cause of science; and whenever they speak of it as being 
fuund upon the joints, and skull, or the bones generally, they term it perichon- 
drium, pericranium, and periosteum, as the case may be: why, no one ex- 
plains. It has been considered insensible, because in health it has not the 
sense of feehng so fine as other parts of the system, which are furnished with 
more nerves (s. 30) ; but, the very few of these fine organs with which the 
membrane of the bone is furnished, renders the pain occasioned by disease, 
whenever it may be attacked, the more acute; when flying from one nerve to 
another, those well-known shooting pains are felt (by us) that are universally 
mistaken for pains in the bones themselves. We do not go too far in infer- 
ring that the horse is similarly affected. This takes place in splents and spavin, 
when the bone enlarging forces its way through this tightly-braced membrane, 
and causes inflammation, temporary lameness, and, at length, those well- 
ki'own appearances I have just named. In the living horse tliis membrane is 
red, by reason of the fine blood-vessels with which it abounds; but in the dead 
subject, the supply of blood being withdrawn, it then turns white. 



CHAPTER II. 

Concerning the Fforse^s Inside, of its Conformation, the, Punctions of the 
Organs of Life, and the Diseases to which each is liable: together with 
Outlines uf the Principles upon which the Cure is to be effected. 

18. SacH, as I have endeavoured to teach, being my view of the external 
frame or structure of the horse, which I have termed its built, I come, in the 
next place, to speak in a more particular manner of his inside; noticing, as I 
pass on from one part of him to another, the seats and causes of his diseases, 
with a view to their cure, l»ut referring you to the second book for the separate 
treatment each requires. In the third chapter will be found my reasons for fol- 
lowing up the principles herein laid down, by a line of practice, at variance, in 
some material points, with the present mode of treating the animal in health 
as well as in disease. 

Organ.s. — But, before 1 proceed to describe those several parts of the horse's 
inside, there appears to me an absolute necessity for previously makiniT the 
unlearned reader better acquainted with a few general topics, that we may 
proceed with the details smoothly and more intelligibly together; viz. the 
names, uses or offices and powers, of that infinity of small organs which lie 
spread over most parts of tlie body, and belong in common to several of these 
parts in nearly equal degrees. The large organs, having the power of carry- 
ing on the animal system, first, as regards digestion, secondly, those employed 
in the circulation of the blood, and third, those of respiration, are too well 
known to the sight and touch to require explanation here; yet are they (the 
heart, kidneys, lungs, liver, &/C.) composed or made up entirely of those minor 
organs 1 mean first to describe. But the precise way in which these act in 
and upon the large ones, the great share they hold in furthering the system of 
animal hfe, and the eminent rank their services maintain in restoring health 
when the system is any way disordered, has not rec^nved, in the practice of 
horse-medicine, that share of serious consideration tlje importance of the sub- 
ject im|jeriously demands. To these points, then. 1 shall shortly call the 
reader's undivided attention ; meantime, as some cramp words and phrases aru 
4 



22 FUNCTIONS. SECRETIONS. 

applied by most people (writers and others) to those offices of the animal's or- 
gans, they stiiiid in need of previous explanation. 

19, Each kind of organ, whether small or large, was designed by the great 
maker of all tilings to perform some office towards the ])reservation of the 
animal in healtli. When such office is jieiformed properly, as ordained, the 
organ is said to " j)erform its functions well." For example, the lu'art is 
given for the j)urpose of sending the blood through the arteries, all over the 
body ; but when tlie pulse beats low or irregularly, that organ is said to " per- 
form its function badly ;" when it ceases to beat, this function is lost or gone. 
So, certain of the organs are said to secrete something or other that is liquid : 
the doing this is their function ; the [jower of doing so, that of secretion ; and 
the article secreted or collected together, is called the secretion of this or that 
organ. Thus, the kidneys secrete urine, and it runs oif (sect. 53): the glands, 
under the jaws, secrete spittle (saliva), which passes otl' with the food by the 
intestines; therefore are they properly considered as excretory also, seeing 
both the secretions are drawn together for the express purpose of being so sent 
away, this last by the grand canal (or gut), as the first mentioned is by tlie 
bladder, and the perspiration is through the pores of the skin. But some se- 
cretions are found that have no outlet visible to us weak mortals, though tliey 
find their way through the skin, sensibly enough at times ; and tiiis then be- 
comes the sensible persjaration or sweat, but when we do not see it, this 
third species of evacuation is termed the insensible perspiration ; and in 
health, one of the two is always in action, — in disease not so. 

When, however, it happens such functions are obstructed, or, on the other 
hand, too much of either secretion is furnished to the systeni, then disease be- 
gins; as does, also, our duty of finding out what part of the vast machine has 
ceased to perform its office })roperly. For, without this previous information, 
nu man can possibly know how to apply the remedy in restoring the disor- 
dered organ to the proper exercise of its function ; nor can any one hope to 
arrive at this desirable point of veterinary knowledge, uidess he has acquired 
the means of ascertaiinng wdiere, when, and in what degree the mischief has 
taken place, by patiently examining the action of those organs while in health, 
and comparing their appearance, after death, with the ])articular symptoms 
which preceded that event. 

20. Skcrktion. — Although, as I say, the secretions just spoken of are im- 
portant in themselves, and of several sorts, as bile or gall by the liver, urine by 
the kidney, &c. yet the chief object of our present notice is the secretion of a 
fluid, more or less watery, which pervades the whole system. Jt diifers in 
quality a little, and very little any where, being adaj)ted to the nature of the 
j^arts requiring its aid : 1st, In softening and enabhng them to move freely 
over each other (as, between the ends of bones); 2i!, Acting as a defence 
against injuries from extraneous bodies (as on the inner coat* of the intes- 
tines) ; and 3d, To prevent the parts from growing together (as the liver to 
the midrifi'), &.c. Misfortunes these which invariably happen when the sup- 
ply of this duid falls short of the quantity required for a long while together; 
and this is the case whenever the animal is worked until the tluiil, at some 
part or other, is exhausted : a circumstance that strongly bespeaks the j)ro- 
priety of allowing the worn-up poor creature more frequent su[ij)lies of water 
although this be done in smaller quantities, infiannnation, or fever, which 
Js occasioned by suddenly checking the secretion , eventually exhausts this 
moisture by its great heat. Both tlntse disorders are theretbre referred in the 

Tlie purgeon?! of human practire will observe, that I here transsre?? (he doclrine of the sur- 
faces ; bii! tlu7 will please tu recollnct tliat iny object is lo make myself understood by a ceriaiu 
class of readers, of which they compose a very smalJ ai't. 



1 



USES OF SECRETIONS: REDUNDANT; AND DEFECTI\'R 33 

eequol to the same ori;Tin ; the first being local, or pertaining to some particular 
organ or j>art, whilst lever |)ervacle.s the whole system, and tiie solids in par- 
ticular. The total aliseiice of perspirable matter marks both diseases. 

On the other hand, when too much of this tluid is secreted, and remains 
unHl)sorbed, disease ensues : upon the heart it forms " dro[>sy of the covering 
of the heart ;" on the co\eriiig of the lungs it becomes "dropsy of the chest ;'* 
in the membrane of the belly it forms " ascites," or dropsy of that part, and 
usually falls into the scrotum. The powers of medicine have hitherto proved 
of no aviiil in the tirst description of ailm<Mits; and are but partially ajiplicable 
to the last mentioned ; the operation of tapping too frequently disappoints our 
ho[>es, to induce us to rely upon it as any other than a temporary relief, and 
it is, therefore, seldom or ever ajiplied to the horse. Thus, in whichever way 
we view this important secretion, its eminence must strike us as quite equal 
to any other. Whenever ol)struction in this part of the system takes plav'e 
in the horse, the consequent adhesion of the parts being invisible, he gets 
Worse useil by his inexorable master for his inability to perform his usual 
work, and he soon falls a victim to the lash, the spur, and the bit. At the 
joints, this Huid is considered to be an oil (cynovia); at the heart it is con- 
fessedly nothing but water: whilst it partakes of a mucous, or slimy nature 
at souie other [jarts of the body'. This is the case with the membranes of the 
throat and gullet; on those of the nostrils, the heat of the horse's l)reath con- 
verts it into a "viscid 7)iucus ;" when the secreted watery particles come oif 
by sweating, it assumes a white or milky a])pearance, after a little time ap- 
pearing thicker and more slimy as the sweating continues, and the watery 
particles becoming less and less, its fluidity is also lessened. See membranes, 
sect. 26. 

21. in all animals, the secretion of this watery fluid is carried on by the 
membranes, which are thin tihns i)laced between the various organs, over the 
bones and among the fleshy parts. These not oidy secrete, but sustain the 
fluid in its place, for the purposes above mentioned, and being of various tex- 
ture or tineness, the fluid that is so secreted and held to its purpose by each, 
partakes more or less of water, is more or less slimy, or consists more or less 
of an oily nature, according to the use it may be designed for. Each kind of 
membrane, and its proi)er secretion, hiis received a learned name, — the first 
being called serous, the second nmcous, the third fibrous; but, having re- 
solved to abandon learned words, whenever the thing can be understood as 
well without them, I find less occasion for introducing them here than is ge- 
nerally practised. For, the peculiar nature of the horse having assimulated 
togetlier, l)y its action, the three kinds of secretion more so than is the case 
with other animals ; and its habits contributing as much more to the hasty 
calling oil' of one kind of fluid from certain parts to the assistance of another 
part, which may have been exhausted of its kind ; and as the treatment of the 
horse in all cases of a disordered secretion of these fluids is the same through- 
out, the action ol' medicine U[)0ii one always aflbrding the assistance to ano- 
ther (as 1 shall prove shortly), there is no such necessity for carrying the 
distiiuttion farther in horse-medicine, although it may be so in the human 
practice. 

Perspiration is always at a great height in the horse; it is one of the 
chief means of cure in most of his disoalers, and consists in drawing the 
Watery secretions from all parts of the body. These pass to the surtace 
readily, coming through the membranes from the joints, the solids, the bowels, 
ami their covernigs ; as may be noticed in the case of hide-bound, upon open- 
ing the animals that die in this state of exhausted nature; the me-^entc-ry 
canal (hereafter described) is invariably discovered with yellowness, being, at 
times, ahaost orange colour; but i have as constantly found the lacteais of a 



24 EFFUSION. INSENSIBLE PERSPIRATION. 

fine coated horse shine through as white as milk. Again, on over-working 
the horse, so much of the joint-oil is sometimes drawn oil' by perspinition, that 
he becomes stiti' in the knees, for want of that softening quality which kept 
the parts su|)ple; we feel the same ourselves U{)on siicli occasions ; and in 
taking off the knee or the hough of a permanently "stiff-jointed" horse, 1 have 
invariably found the joint-oil aiTected ; in very bad cases it no longer existed. 
During life, the escape of this oil, by reason of wounds (as bad broken knees), 
leave the joint stiff. Further comment on its uses is unnecessary ; but those 
facts should teach his owners a {)ractical lesson of moderation. 

On thesubject of absorption of these secretions, I noticed many years ago, a 
very ingenious reason assigned for " lameness of the fore legs, of English 
horses particularly," in the great work of La Fosse, the elder, on what he 
calls " Hippo-patliology," or the diseases of horses. He says, " The iluids 
which did lubricate the parts (the shoulders) and keep them supple, oeing 
reduced in quantity, the food Hying off by sweat, the remainder gets thicker in 
consequence, and the solids of his limbs become stiff and dry." It happens, 
mostly in the fore limbs, and he calls it a cold or chill, and says, l)age 2(37, it 
resembles a " stroke of the shoulder," — " Ciievalfroid et pris clans Ics epau- 
les." A species of founder, that is clearly not to be cured by external appli- 
cations, (as the oils, firing, &,c). but by restoring to the part the function of 
secreting a sufficient supply of the fluid which had been so exhausted. In 
these few words are included the whole secret of my method of cure in such 
attacks; and, in this case, gentle sweating is that remedy which is best calcu- 
lated for restoring the function. 

22. When the skin does not permit evaporation, and sends forth the secre- 
tion by perspiration, disease has begun, the hair lo()ks staring near the jiart 
ttffected, and not a stable-boy exists, who, when he sees a horse with a rough 
coat, can not tell that "something or other is the matter with him." Tliis 
arises from want of moisture within ; the skin itself not having the power of 
secreting or drawing towards it, by effusion, the moisture which is necessary 
to keep it sup{)le, it shrivels up, and this important evacuation, which is 
second only to the urinary, is then stopped, so that even the insensible jierspi- 
ration ceases. Some idea respecting the amount of this insensible evacuation 
may be formed, by placing a horse, that has been exercised, between ourselves 
and a well vvhite-washed wall uj)on which the sun shines: when the shadow 
of the insensible perspiration may be seen uptni the wall ascending in tolera- 
bly thick volumes, something very like steam from a boiling pot. Indeed, the 
insensible perspiration is, when compared to sweating, the same as warm 
compared to boiling water. 

Yet, although we do not know the exact workings by which this internal 
effusion (as it is called) of the watery particles from one part of the animal to 
another takes place, we do know, accurately enough for our purpose, that 
abundantly perspiral)le matter lies in and upon the intestines; as any affec- 
tion of the heart, arising from the organs of sense (sect. 30), causes a suildeu 
suffusion of blood in the skin, and induces heat and irritation there ;* so do 
the intestines send forth their watery particles ui)on the slightest occasion, to 
the same place of exit, in order to moisten and render it more supple. 
"Whether tlie very transparent membrane, called perUoneum, which sustains 
the bowels, or that other large part of it which covers these and all parts of 

* Fear, for instance, of the dealer's whip often occasions the skin to contract and expand, so 
8s to cause the tail to shake v/ith every ahernaie vibraliou of the heart ; and I once rode with a 
lellow, a right-uut journey of forty-four miles, who whipped and spurred his horse to such a 

egroe, that the hairs actually fell offfrom his tail, except a few at the end, an occurrence that h 

eually ascribed to scrojihula on the horse's hide ; a disorder it niiahi Ixave also laboured uiijer, 

r aught I know to k'is contrary. 



PERSPIRABLE MATTER, S5 

the inside, is most concerned in this secretion and efTnsion, is not worth the 
trouble of inquiry here. But, in addition to what is said in the last section 
respecliug the colour of the lacteal duct, as it passes along the mesentery in 
cases of hide-bound, 1 may be allowed to observe, that we may daily witness 
the sensible perspiration from young and healthy horses to contain more of wa- 
ter than is fuund in feverish, old, or generally inihealthy animals; and that 
■with these the sweat is more frothy, or becomes so much sooner, liis mouth 
gets clammy, and his tongue dry and hot underneath, with less work than 
they; and that horses so affected are always found insatiably craving after 
water. Moreover, as regards the connexion that sidisists between one part 
of the animal and another, 1 have many times found pvu'ging j)hysic, given in 
the usual doses fail of the effect intended, and come off in the shape of profuse 
pers[)iration. Not only in those large and decided doses that are intended to 
produce much effect, but even milder ones, as alterative-laxatives often turn 
out of their course, and, as well as diuretics, not unfrequently disap[)oint us in 
the same way, the latter also coming off by the skin instead of urine.* It fol- 
lows, of course, that the less sweating a horse has got, the more he must stale, 
and accounts for the profusion of the latter kind of evacuation in winter, when 
he scarcely ever sweats, and perspires, but little, com|;aratively speaking. As 
a farther proof of this connexion between the secretions and evacuations, let 
any one notice a horse when he first stales in consequence of taking a diuretic, 
and he will rind a transparent water hanging in little globules at the end of each 
particular hair ot his coat all over his carcase. 

23. We come now to speak of glands, nerves, membranes, absorbents, (be- 
ing 1st, lymphatic, 2d, lacteal,) and muscles, which are the names writers and 
practitioners of eminence have agreed upon to s[)eak of those numerous minor 
organs that are employed throughout in carrying on the functions of animal 
lite, and the uses whereof 1 shall come shortly to explain. The reader is al- 
ready aware of the sinews, of three kinds, that more immediately cover the 
bones and keep them in their places (sect. 16, 17), to which if we add the bare 
mention of the nmscular, or fleshy parts, and refer to the "circulation of the 
blood" (sect. 37 — 44), for a description of the veins and arteries, he will have 
before him the names of all the integuments of a horse's body beneath the 
skin. Detailed particulars respecting all these follow next in their order; the 
larger organs of the inside being reserved to the subsequent sections of this 
chapter. By this course of proceeding he will be better enabled to comprehend, 
as we study those things together, why and wherefore these were given to the 
animal, and what functions each has to perform in health ; or these ceasing, or 
being obstructed, we shall be led to consider in the next {)lace, what species 
of remedy is proper to be applied for removing such ol>struction, and thereby 
of restoring health; for he may rest assured, that not the least atomy of mat- 
ter has been conferred upon the animal form without intending that some good 
and demonstrable end should be answered by its creation. In addition to all 
which, there are many causes, incessantly operating towards the simply grand 
purpose of j^rolonging life, and of providing for the waste which is constantly 
going on in the animal system, that are for removed from our sight, and others 
almost surpassing our comprehension, but which are nevertheless known to 
exist by their effects; but, of all these several matters, more in their proper 
places; one instance of the insufficiency of human knowledge having been 
already adduced in the preceding section, as regards the unknown mode in 
which the watery secretions penetrate from one part of the body to another. 

* Te.'irs or any other evacuation of the water that moistens the animal system, are liable to tb/a 
same kind of compainlive remark. In man, when excessive salivary secretion attends die 
todthach, the glands of tiie mouth and jaws carry off so much water as to afiect the quantity ol 
urine voided, and we may infer that a diuretic would reduce the inflammation of the jaws. So 
Biuch for the cojiipar-uivs practice: but not worthy of rejectiou on ihai. account alone. 

4* 



26 SYMPTOMS— HOW LEARNED. TITE TIIORAX AND ABDOIVIEN. 

24. All those important points of knowledi^e in the first principles of onr art 
lie within the compass of every man's capacity, who can read ; they are cer 
tainly open to his inquiries; and he who is constantly among horses can no* 
fail to learn (after studying the subject in the manner I now propose) to mak< 
himself as well acquainted with the symptoms or signs of approaching diseasesi 
as the generality of veterifiarians. He certainly may render himself much 
superior to the old, ignorant set of farriers, who were bred up in the days ot 
stu[)idity that are just gone by — never to return. Let such an inquirer after 
knowledge bring to the task industry, patience, and good common sense, and 
he may soon acquire knowledge enough of the outlines of the art to be able to 
pronounce when a pretender is at work, or when it is that a man of judgment 
and real sound learning in his art has undertaken the treatment of this valua- 
ble animal in the distressful hour of sickness. On this head I am not ashamed, 
after the lapse of nearly half a century, to own that 1 once wept over the suf- 
ferings of a sick animal which died of the medicines administered by a stubborn 
self-willed farrier, who could read, and write, and talk, give a drench, and 
drink himself — and nothing more: he could not think, of course could not 
compare one disease with another, nor mark the difference that exists between 
two or more that are frequently and fotally mistaken for each other. And 
here, once for all, 1 can not refrain from thus early insisting most strenuously 
on one point, which therefore I shall not have to re[)eat when I come to notice 
certain barbarous practices perpetrated by some such men, and the not unguilty 
practice of other physic-giving horse-doctors ; and this is, in short, whoever 
of them dares to undertake the administering of medicines to this incompara- 
ble animal without paying especial attention to the subject matter that is 
handled in this chapter, commits an unpardonable act of inhumanity on his 
suffering patient, and of gross dishonesty towards its owner. The remedy 
for a disease is not always to be found in medicine ; preventives never. Pur- 
gatives are not only the most obvious means of cure, but the best, the least 
dangerous, and those which promise in the readiest manner to dispose the 
most vital function to resume its wonted action. Alteratives are the safest and 
most etlectual remedy for valuable horses, and those which can not be spared 
from labour; they are indispensable in all cases of vitiiited blood, and where 
found ineffectual nothing else can be of service. Bleeding is the very best, or 
the very worst auxiliary we can employ ; its efficacy and precise periods of 
utility may be learned in the sequel (see sect. 37 to 44), where " the circula- 
tion" comes under consideration, also in the first pages of Book II, where the 
pulse is justly made a subject of primary consideration. 

25. For the sake of making myself more clearly understood, 1 shall, when 
explaining the formation and functions of the horse's inside (i. e. as much 
of it as will answer my purpose), consider it under two distinct heads; 
namely : 

1st. The fore part, or throat part, as it is called from its neighbourhood to 
the throat, or gullet; and, 

2d. The hinder part of him, being his belly, properly speaking, &c. 

Both of these parts have obtained learned names ; but that is no business 
of ours. 

The fore part of a horse is that which lies between the rider's two knees, 
within the chest and true ribs. To the farthest of these is attached, as well 
as to the middle of the back bone, a natural division of the two parts, stretched 
tightly across his inside, like the head of a drum ; and it is also fastened to his 
breast bone, but admits of the gullet to pass through, as it does of the great 
vein and great artery which carry on the circulation of the blood of the hinder 

Eart. With these exceptions it is air-tight, and it bears resemblance to the 
ead of a drum in another particular — it is membraneous, except round the 



MEMBRANE. 27 

edge next to the ribs, &.c. where it is found somewhat fleshy. From its situa- 
tion in the middle, this natural division is termed the midiiif, or skirt, and ap- 
pears to have been desitrned for keeping back the stomach and l)()wels of the 
hinder part, which as it is, when full, press it out of shape, not unlike tiiat of a 
Watch glass, and would, but for this barrier, interrupt the action of the heart 
and lungs. But by the present contrivance, as we shall see presently, this 
pressure from behind soon recedes, the midriff returns to its level, and the 
ribs, no longer contracted towards each other by the aforesaid |)ressure, ex- 
pand, thereby enabling the lungs to perform their function, of drawing in a 
fresh supply of air. U[)on this principal agent in the function of respiration, 
see more in detail in the 35th section of this cha[)ter. 

2G. After this necessary preamble, let us proceed, as before proposed, to 
consider the construction of 
The Membranes, 

Muscles, 

Glands, 

Absorbents, (i. e, 1st lymphatics, and 2d lacteals,) 

Nerves.* 
Of these the most universally dispersed over the frame, those which occupy, 
defend, or embrace every part, are the membranes. As well behind as before 
the midriff, not only inside, but on the outside and every part of the animal 
are these skinny films placed, for the purpose, 1st, of keeping those parts which 
they encompass in a compact state; 2d, to secrete a fluid for protection (see sect. 
21); and 3d, to prevent those parts from rubbing against and injuring each 
other, or adhering together. The better to accomplish these })urposes they are 
admirably calculated for the secretion of a fluid, as I observed belbre (sect 20); 
but whenever the property of secreting such fluid is suspended, then disease 
begins, and according as the secretion may prevail, being either too little or 
too much, will be the kind and quantity of disease. Hereupon may be calcu- 
lated the importance they hold in the animal system: but of those matters I 
have already spoken higher up. 

Mf.mbraNEs. — To ai)pearance they are nearly transparent, web-like, and 
of a strong texture; some are simply film, having more or less of feeling ac- 
cording to their uses, and are those which, being interposed between one or- 
gan, or part, and another, prevent the interruption which would otherwise 
ensue; as the midriff, for instance, which I have just above adverted to (see 
sect. 31 and 35), which is the thickest of all, or the loose membrane that covers 
the lungs and divides them into two parts, so as each may act separately (see 
sect 32). The second species of membranes are finer, more transparent, and 
paler than the first mentioned, and possess the quality of containing in their 
cavities, resembling sponge, the matter deposited within them by the arteries 
for the purpose of repairing waste and adding new flesh ; these we term cel- 
lular membranes, from their sponge-like texture, and they are, moreover, so 
infinitely thin as to pervade all over the solids, or fleshy parts, without being 
in every case visible to the eye. They are nevertheless {)roved so to exist, 
from the circumstance of those being greatly distended, when the subject dies 
of being " blown," as 1 have shown lower down (sect. 35). Then, not only 
the forehand, but the hinder quarter, even down to the hocks, become inflated 
with the wind, which, by reason of the animals being strangled, the lungs had 
no power to discharge, and the cellular membrane admits it into its cells or 
cavities. Any one may perceive this membrane and its numerous cells to 
advantage in a buttock of beef, or leg of mutton, after being dressed ; upon 
taJving a slice between the fingers and straining it nearly asunder, tiie mem- 

• For ligcuiients, cartilages, tendons, &c. see sect 16 17. 



28 DISEASES OF TIIE CELLULAR INIEINIBRANE. MUSCLE. 

brane appears, but more evidrntly at the corners where two or more muscles 
meet; and in summer time, particularly with over-driven beasts, the mem- 
brane l)etween the muscles will be found charged with a dull brown sort of 
matter, that may be, and frequently is, scra])ed away with the knife. Anothel 
familiar illustration of the uses of the cellular membrane, first mentioned by 
old Dr. Bartiett, of Windsor, in 1704, is that of "the inside of a shoulder of 
veal, which butchers blow up with a tobacco-pipe, or quill, to delude their cus- 
tomers." When the animal becomes adult (or full grown), the membrane 
that is so capable of being blown up is filled with meat, and shows the im- 
propriety of pushing young animals in their work before those solids havo 
IJached maturity. 

When once divided, membrane of either species never again unites, but in 
case of a healed wound the granulations of new flesh hold the divided parts 
of membrane to their respective places; the obstructi(m thus occasioned in 
tlie de|)ositeof hlood causes pain upon change of weather, when the new fiesh 
cither expands or contracts, as it may he elTected by heat, cold, or humidity. 
In the human phvsiologv, another kind of distinction is made between the 
kinds of membrane (as I said before), tending to show whether their respective 
secretion is more or less watery, slimy, or oily ; but this view of the alfair is 
not appllcahle to the physiology of the liorse. My reason for abandoning that 
course was given at section 21. I may, however, here aptly observe, regard- 
ing that species (the slimy or nuicous) which lines tlie nostrils, throat, and in- 
testines, that its chief disorder is a cold, which shows itself in the cessation 
of the secretion; soon after this, the ])arts being inflamed, throw forth a thin 
acrid discharge, which is greatest when the inflammation arrives at its height, 
sometimes producing a little blood, either U[)wards or downwards ; when the 
inflanunation wears of!:', these appt^arances are also lowered by the mucus be- 
coming more and more thick, until it reaches its usual consistency. The cure 
IS to be eifected by lowering the inflanunation ; but this is most frequently ef- 
fected by the natural discharge of the mucous matter just si)oken of. 

27. Muscr.Ks are fleshy bodies of various sizes and shapes, according to their 
Uses; reddish, of a fibrous texture, easily separated, but more stringy at some 
places than at others : the last-mentioned are termed "coarse parts," or pieces, 
in the animals sent for our sustenance, and are those where the greatest strength 
lies. These fibres formed into bundles, and surrounded by the cellular mem- 
brane, are visible to the eye, if there be not attached to each fibre a continua- 
tion of the same membrane that is not visible. Several of those bundles, 
being further enclosed by a stronger membrane, form a muscle; each whereof 
is attached by its tyvo farthest extremeties to some other, or, to two difierent 
bones, upon one or the other of which it acts as a lever. A muscle accom- 
plishes this motion of the bone by expanding its belly or middle part, and con- 
tracting it towards the centre; whereupon the bones to which the muscles' 
ends are so attached are drawn towards each other, and that which is farthest 
from the trunk is drawn forwards or backwards, at will. Thus, if we wish 
to bend our elbow, the muscle which is situated just above that joint, inside, 
contracts in length, and expands in breadth, till the fore-aru) is brought up to 
touch the muscle itself. Fighting men (boxers) exhibit this muscle, as indi- 
cative of their strength ; and horses of good action shovv the same sign at every 
movement, whilst with those that are over-fed, the muscles are concealed in 
fat, that obstructs their movements ; whilst, with those which are impoverish 
ed, the muscles dwindle away, hang slack, and ill support the wonted action 
of the bones. When much compulsory exertion, in hot weather, has exhaust 
ed the secretion? that keep these i)arts su[)ple, aridity and stiil'ness follow, and 
the action becomes impeded, diflicidt and uncertain. 

All muscles of the liinbs are long and narrow, when t[uiescent; those of 



TENDON: RnJSCI.E— ITS CONSTRUCTION. 



29 




the hixly are more wide than long; in a good measure, squarish, oval, or tn- 
aiiguliir, according to their uses. They have been compared, vvitli good reiison, 
to the slia[)e of flat fish, some being long and narrow, like the sole, others 
wide, hke the i)I;uce. At their ends, muscles often t(>rminatf' in a much stron- 
ger su!)stance, closer in texture, inelastic, bending with facility, and insensible, 
ansvvcring th(; same purpiises, but occupying much less room than muscle. 
These are tendinous, and the horse which is well kept, having the tendons 
strong and vigorous, is bold, strong, and "sinewy," moves his limbs with 
agility, and gets over his work to admiration, by picking his feet off the ground 
well and re()lacing them (as you see while he is going) within a hair's l)rcadLh 
of the spot you may mark out for them to pitch upon. On the legs, tendon 
supplies the place of muscle, wholly so in blood-horses, less in the cart-horse 
breed. Muscle is constituted of blood deposited in the membrane, innu-ne- 
rable small arteries, some of which are scarcely visible, terminating within 

each nuiscle, by a kind of doubling uj), or curl, 
as shown in the margin ; within each of these 
a correspondent vein is twined, and the whole 
being covered with the finest membrane, con- 
stitutes a gland. Herein it is that the veins 
commence their share in the work of circulat- 
ing the blood afresh, as we shall see in the se- 
quel, and the lymphatics obtain the watery particles into which the morbid 
matter of those solids are converted : those figures receive the name of " glands." 
In blood-horses (natives of hot climates), as we have seen, tendon sup|)lies 
the place of muscle, or flesh, upon the limbs particularly, which are always 
finer than those of other breeds; this accounts why our fleshy horses in sultry 
weather, or hot stables, feel the greatest lassitude, even to weakness, whilst 
those of full blood seem invigorated by the same circumstance. When, how- 
ever, the atmosphere of the stable be moist as well as hot, both breeds sutler 
equally in one way or another; laxity of fibre and profuse perspiration, with 
weakness, follow, and this producing an obnoxious eifect upon the excrema- 
tory organs, occasions in stables those stinking ammoniacal vapours that de- 
stroy the lungs, by disposing them to contract inflammation. 

28. Besides the Glands just alluded to, they are situated in and about tne 
solids and more secluiled parts, and so small and concealed as to be scarcely 
exposed to the sight or touch, unless when inflamed and enlarged by disease, 
other larger and more evident ones occupy the hinder part of the animal, of 
which 1 shall speak in their place. They are, 1st the liver; 2d, the kidneys; 
ano 3<1, the testicles ; the functions of each being tolerably well known. See 
sections 52 — 55. All glands, of whatever size or shape, are employed in se- 
cretion, taking uj) and se[)arating from other matters that quantity of watery 
particles which is constantly escaping out of one-part of the system into 
another, by means of the cellular membrane, as described at sections 21 and 
22. The smaller glands, just now described, have each a small tube attached 
toil, which seems intended to hold the acrid, or otherwise noxious, matter 
which its Iyn)i)hatic had refused to take up, as being at variance vvith its func- 
tion ; here it remains concealed, until the proper occasion arrives for carryinor 
it off, which may be found by one of the three natural evacuations; hut these 
failing, it is clear disease of one sort or other must ensue. Perspiration seems 
to be its most natural mode of passing off, unless the demand for that kind 
of evacuation ha[)pens to be low, and then it is drawn to the kidnevs, (sect. 22). 
But, if the discharge by dung has been so copious as to alford too little of this 
acrid matter (essential probal)ly in a certain degree) by means of the absorb- 
ents of the intestines, then, and in that case, it is taken up once more. When 
the aiuuial's spirits are low, the absorption imperfect, and tliis oilc usive maltei 



30 ABSORPTION AND CIRCULATION. 

lies a lonrr time in the tiibos of thrse small jjlnnds, a fjoneral lnn<xnishmrnt of 
tlie boast tfikt's place (called lentor by the old farriers); he perspires u[)on the 
least exertion, becomes unnerved, sliows a rough hide, and refuses his meals. 
This consiitutes " low fever," when the wdiole animal system is aifected. This 
state of things, which is very coimnon, {)oints out the impropriety of now re- 
porting to diaphoretics (sweating powders) ; for it has been neglected so long, 
that tired nature, being ollended thereat, refuses to part with those particles 
which occasion the greatest injury. " By the urine," be it said. I'his way 
oilers the same ditlicultv, and the answer resolves itself into my plan of open- 
ing the princi]>al evacuations first. (See what I shall oiler concerning bleed- 
ing and purging in a subsequent page.) So much, however, seemed necessary 
to be advanced here, that the reader, who reads straight an end, should he at 
no loss as to what lately passed between us concerning secretion and elfusion 
at sections 21 and 23. Of all the smaller glands, the best recog)iised are those 
termed salivarv, situated near the jaws for the secretion of spittle, wherewith 
to moisten the food while descending into the stomach, and thus assisting di 
gestion in its first stage. The strangles and vives are disorders of these 
glands: the swelling at this part is a corres|)onding symptom of glanders, and 
sometimes attends farcy. But the largest of these minor glands is situated in 
the sohds, and lies within the buttock, concealed near its centre, into which 
passes an immense quantity of bktod for its size, since it is found in the dead 
subject most disposed to putrify, especially when the animal has been driven 
hard, as is the case with all the cattle killed in London tor food. 

29. Lymphatics are one of two species of absorlnng vessels; the other 
specLPS (the lacteals) being reserved for description under the head of "diges- 
tion," at sect. 44. They are small tubes, with mouths that suck up or absorb 
the thin watery particles of the solids, one or more being placed on each gland 
of these parts. Some idea of the iuiporfant nature of this part of the animal 
system may be formed from the circumstance that mercury applied to a glan- 
dular part of the body undergoes immediate absorption by the lymphatics, and 
is conveyed by this means through the jugular vein to the blood. Persons 
who may be unfortunately ordt>red to rub in mercurial ointment on the thighs 
will feel a fulness under the left ear in the course of a few mituites, according 
to the previous state of their bodies. How mercury acts upon the second spe- 
cies of absorbents — the lacteals, remains to be seen hereafter. The tendency 
of both is towards the heart, or rather the left coilai'-bone ; increasing in size 
and diminishing in number, until the lymphatic duct meeting with the milky 
juices of its co-absorbent in the thorax, the mixture soon becomes blood by 
the action of air in the lungs, as described at sect. 3i). As the lacteals, it will 
be seen, absorb only nutritious juices, so the lymphatics absorb none but of- 
fensive ones, as the matter of diseases, wounds, spavins, broken bones, ulcers, 
and the useless part of the deposite made by the arteries as said at section 
27; these being mixed, pass through the heart, there receive fresh vital pow- 
ers, as hereafter is described, and thence to the liver, there to be purged of its 
bad qualities, which, passing incessantly into the intestines is soon ehminated 
with the dung. At least, such is the natural course in health. ; a change takes 
place when these organs do not perform their functions aright, and we cau 
perceive tliis misfortune in the dung, when the absorbents are at fault, par- 
ticularly in the yellows. The importance of stimulating the lymphatics in 
all disorders of the outer surface, as mange, surfeit, farcy, &c. iimst be evi- 
dent: as it is, also, in cases of tumours, as poll-evil, fistula, &c. 

30. The NKRVKs, like the glands, run in pairs, mostly, to all parts of the 
body; they are the organs of sense, communicate immediately with the l)rain, 
and are thus priiicii)ally concerned in th«! function of voluntary motion. That 
tlw) horse entertains likes and dislikes is certain ; he has a memory too, both 



THE NERVES. RESPERATIOIS. THE LUNGS. 3| 

for persons and places, as pvory one knows ; he must, therefore, have percep- 
tion, and he is kind and docile in his nature, which entitk^ him to a kinder 
return from his master than he usually receives. 1 have often lamented that 
he was not endowed with one more faculty, even in the smallest derrree, that 
he might distingviish hetween those who really love him, and those empirics 
who make a profit of his suderings ; he would then be induced, probably, to 
kick some among them, as an example to all the rest ; and I never hear of one 
of those fellows, or their employers, being unhorsed, but 1 thiidc of retributive 
justice. So, when the horse is girthed up unmercifully, in such a manner as 
to obstruct his respiration, he frequently attempts to bite the oj)erator — and, 
"serve him right,' 1 say. As the nerves of a horse are the seat of no dis- 
tinct disease, 1 shall content myself with adding, that they consist of small 
cords, white and roundish, like thread; and are certainly the vehicles of pain, 
which vibrates from one to the other, pleasurable sensations lieing conveyed 
by the sanie means to the sensorlum, or brain.* The nerves ^'-e closely con- 
nected with the circulation, and with the brain, where they originate. 



31. Rfspiratiok is the act of drawing in the air by the expansion of the 
lungs, the cells whereof thereby become iilled to their utmost, the ribs are dis- 
tended, and the midritf i)ressed back upon the stomach, liver, &c. This is in- 
spiration ; the expulsion of the air, farming the re-action, being termed expira- 
tion ; both together constitute what we call breathing or res[iiration, and the 
matter was before introduced (in section 8,) when I noticed that powert\il 
auxiliary of this function — tlie midriff. Now, as I have alwavs attached nnicli 
importance to tlie act of respiration, seeing its close coimexion with the for- 
mation of blood, and the almost constant state of disease in whicli are found 
the organs that contribute to this great function of animal life, i shall enter 
into more minute i)articulars respecting these, than 1 have thought necessary 
for any of the preceding organs. By tliis course, the reader will be enabled 
to form more distinct notions respecting the forming and "circulation of the 
blood," and its concomitant, the formation oi chyle, commonly called "the di- 
gestive powers" — botti of them functions most essential to health ; but un- 
happily, both together become, by contravention of those j)owers, (he fruitful 
source of numberless ills, we thence call constitutional or bodily disease, as 
fever, abscess, fircy, &c. To this point tends all that 1 have hitherto said con- 
cerning the insi<lc of the horse; and the inquirer after veterinary knowledge 
will find his labour in studying this portion of it amply re})aid, by the just prin- 
ciples ui)on which he will subsequently conduct his |>ractice. 

32. The LUXGs, or lights, are two well-known spongv bodies (called lobes), 
having at their conjunction a small lobe nearer to where the })ipe enters that is 
to inflate them. At the same place is fastened the ends of a thin membrane, or 
rather two membranes, that enclose each one of the lobes: this membrane is 
termed the pleura, and seems designed to admit of one lobe performing its 
functions whenever the other may at any time be diseased Between the two 

* Conscience (coa'^cioupness), which agitates tlie nerves by the faculty of tliinkino;, when ap- 
plied to the evils tiiat are in the world, does sometimes cause tlie accession of fever to those deli- 
cate organs in Iranian nature ; but brute animals being denied thoi^e powers (or of memory, 
except as regards tlie means of prolonging life) are little likely to contract " nervous fever;" 
although that st^ite of freifulness some hisih-bred horses are prone to, partiikc of a good many 
symptoms of the l\uman ailment, and may be cured by the same means. Sedatives, quiet, and 
a cooling regimen are those means. The loose stable recommended liy .John Lawrence, and 
now much adopted, contribiues much to sooth the fretful horse. When the same fie: full less 
or despondency comes over a JKjr.se, one of condition, or whase condition \\:\s been recently re- 
duced he acquires slow lever. t;ee what is said under tliis head in Book 11. 



32 TIIE PLEURA. THE WIND-PIPE. 

lobes, the mpmbnne (plpura) is double, and, from its situation in the middle 
(t>(, medio) is called nu'diastinum : it forms a passage for the great blood-vessels 
running near the spine, and it is very liable to contract disease, which shows 
itself in "thick wind," or ratlier shi)rt wind. Sect. 36. In the pleura, tlien, 
are wrapped up, as in two silk handkerchiefs, the two lobes of the lungs, the 
upper part of that membrane being fastened to the spine and ribs ; and on its 
surface is generated or secreted some of that fluid I bef)re s[)oke of (sect. 20, 
21), which is designed to keep tlie parts moist, and prevent their adiiering to- 
gether. His powers of secretion, however, and those of this organ in par- 
ticular, often fill in the horse, in consequence of his very great exertions, com- 
bined wirh the heat of his blood, exhausting more than the secretory power 
can supply; and we frequently find the pleura growing to the ribs, tiie lungs, 
or the midrilf, by reason of its wanting a due portion of this fluid : from the 
same cause (a defect in the secretion), we sometimes find the upper orifice of 
the stomach partially attached to the midriff, evidently caused by inflamma- 
tion of the parts. But whichsoever of those misfortunes attend the horse, he 
is invariably " hurt in his wind," suffers much pain at the commencement 
of a journey, and subsequently, if pushed hard, dies of a locked jaw, through 
excessive suffering. Disorders of this nature were hitherto unknown to fur- 
riers of any descrii)tion, l)eing mistaken for the worms by every one who has 
written a book upon horse tliseases; and. by the most eminent veterinary au- 
thor of modern times, the last stages of this mal-conformation are vaguely no- 
ticed by the erroneous term of " debility," and "general debility," which may 
mean anything amiss. Whenever the animals that are slain for our suste- 
nance turn out to have been so affected, their flesh is rejected by the Jews, 
under the (hmomination of irijler; for the whole animal system is entirely af- 
fected by the horrid circumstance; the secretory functions in general refuse to 
perform their share in the production of good and sufficient animal matter, and 
lentoi; or slow fever, is the consequence, as mentioned higher up, in Sec- 
tion 28. 

33. The WIND-PIPE, as its name imports, is the pipe or tube for conveying 
to the lungs the air which every act of ins[)iration draws through it. Extend- 
ing from the throat to the lungs or lights, at their conjunction this tube di- 
vides into two branches, one penetrating to near the bottom of each lobe, and 
these again, having a dozen holes a-piece in their sides, inflate an infinite 
number of little tubes, or pipes, which compose the lungs much in the fashion 
of sponge. Except eight hlood-vessels, which enter the horse's lungs, the 
intervals are filled with cellular membrane, and these being also connected 
with the same kind of membrane in all other parts of the body, accounts for a 
phenomenon, I shall take occasion to notice shortly (sect. 35), in the case of a 
blown horse. At his upper end, the wind-pipe is composed of strong cartila- 
ginous plates, connected together by ligaments, and put in motion by small 
muscles for producing the sounds expressed by the animal. Next to the 
throat these cartilages, which are there strongest, form a curii)us kind of cham- 
ber, termed epiglottis, over which is a lid or valve, placed there to defend the 
passage into the air-tube, from the entrance of victuals, drink, &c. For, upon 
the descent of any such substances, this valve shuts down like a trap-door, and 
they pass over it. No sooner, however, are they gone past, than up rises the 
valve again, lying back towards the mouth upon the palate, and being very 
large in the horse, accounts for the gulps with which he takes in water, and 
his peculiar mode of feeding. For the same reason it is, that the liorse 
breathes only through his nostrils, between which and the wind -pipe there is 
close affinity in some diseases, and accounts for his incapacity for bellowing 
like the ox, or vomiting like man. At this spot it is, that certain savages in 
human shape press tlic finger and thumb with brutal force, iii order, as it is 



CODGinNG. A COLD, ITS PROGRESS. 33 

called, " to cough him." No certainty, however, lies in this imaginod test 
of his wind ; for, although a thoroughly broken- winded horse will not cciigh, 
yet one which is partially affected will do so in most instances; whilst the 
soundest horses do most obstinately resist the coughing ; and in a few, the cir- 
cular cartilages so well defend the muscle, as to defy the inhuman effort, and 
seem to rebuke the ignorant attempt "to prove the goodness of his wind." 

34. Farther towards its lower extremity, the wind-pipe becomes more mem- 
branous, but less sensible of injury, and the cartilaginous rings gradually lose 
their form: they no longer describe a circle, being com[)osed almost wholly 
of strong elastic membrane, that it may Itend out of the way when the gullet 
is distended with swallowing. Its internal surface is lined with a membrane, 
which incessantly secretes a quantity of the mucous fluid spoken of in sec- 
ti(ms 20 and 21, hereby defending its coats from the action of the air in pass- 
ing to and from the lungs. But this secretion Ix'ing exhausted, sometimes by 
the very great exertions of the animal, he then coughs so as to shake his en- 
tire frame, as if to incite the membrane to make fresh secretions of fluid for it3 
defence; or, in default thereof, the cold air still rushing in at each !ns[)iration, 
he contracts a permanent eol<(, or catarrh, which, if suffered to continue, in- 
creases and runs along the membrane to the lower branches of the pi[)e, atid 
ultimately communicates its baleful influence to one or both IoIr's of the lungs. 
If the attack be trivial, small green spots are found on the surface of the lungs, 
which afterwards form ulcers, increasing in size and number, according to the 
number of small tubes or cells that may be affected. These tubes lose their 
functions in consequence of the first attack, the animal's wind becomes worse 
every time he is hard pushed, and the cells burst into each other, until, per- 
haps, one lobe or half of his lungs is rendered useless. In process of time, it 
turns black as one's hat, infects the other lobe, and mortification ensues, 
which is rather accelerated by the cordials with which the poor creature is 
usually punished, and it dies. 

But when it so happens, that too much of the fluid is secreted in the wind- 
pipe, the animal snorts or coughs it off by a sudden natural effort ; wherein, 
the midriff being made to press forciltly upon the lungs, by the siulden con- 
traction of the muscles of the lower ribs, out flies the wind through the nos- 
trils, carrying with it whatever may have adhered by the way. Whenever 
this is the case, the membrane that lines the nose inside becomes irritated, and 
fresh acx-ession of its own secretion, thickened a little, is the consequence; in- 
flammulion of the part, ulcers, and a running of foul matter ensue — and this, 
if the blood be not in a good state, soon becomes that obstinate malady — the 
glanders. 

An instructive experiment may be made upon the pluck of a sheep — the 
relative situation and functions of these parts in all quadrupeds being the 
same, except that the sheep's lights, compared to those of the hoi-se, are not 
so King in proportion to their thickness. Take a pair of bellows, and having 
introduced the nozzle tolerably well into the wind [)i[)e, tie it round with a cob- 
bler's end; then, blowing hard with one hand, while the other is employed in 
squeezitig the pipe, to prevent the escape of the air back into the bellows, you 
may furnj an accurate notion of the effect of ins()iration. 'i'lie liglits or lungs 
at first give out the whole of the air which has lieen driven in, and may be in- 
flated to an enormous size; but, if much force is used, the ceils burst into each 
other, some appearing on the surface thin and transparent, and refuse to give 
back their wiml; this forms "broken wind" of one description, and is that 
wherein the expirations are slower than the inspirations — the pleura being 
then affected in its thickest part, and t.he midrifi' also. Out of the first part 
of this experiment may, likewise, be derived a more accurate knowledge of 
wliat is termed "second wind," among s|)ortsiuea: when the animal (oriuaa) 
5 



34 MIDRIFF PALPITATIGN. INFLAMED LUNCa 

has made wrrat exertions, so as to fill all the cells of his lungs to their utmost, 
and then relaxes iVoin the l:ibour, he finds himself renovated, the cells bemg 
rendered more capable of distention and exjuilsion, when each inspiration and 
ex|)iration also o(x-upies more time and less labour. 

Sportinrr nien, who are fond of our bear-baitinors, Pecora-fights, and mon- 
ke\' scratches, may daily witness a practical natural illustration of ine same 
doctrine, in the conduct of the bear towards his antagonist. Seizing the dog 
between his paws, he squeezes him up till he gasps for breath, when Bruin, 
being muzzled, rams his nose tight into the dog's mouth, and, blowing with 
all his might, you may hear the wind whizzing : the dog swells all over, by 
reason of the air entering the celhdar membrane, and he dies unless timely 
pulled off. A dog which has " had a hurt" of this sort seldom regains his 
proper wind; he must be "a good one" to face the bear again, "as long as 
he crawls." Such is the polished language at those elegant })iaces of town 
amusements. 

35. The MiDRiFr has been already mentioned (ss. 25 and 31). It is term- 
ed diaphragm by the learned in hard words; and we have seen how materially 
it is engaged in the business of respiration. But for the action of this drum 
head -like membrane, m-itber tlie lungs on one si»le of )t, nor the stomach, 
bowels, and liver on the other, would obtain their full d(^gree of motion, which 
is thus kept in tune, as it were, by those organs acting alternately upon each 
other; the action of the heart, too, is in uuison with that motion ; but when 
through agitation (occasioned by great exercise, affright, &c.) it does not 
keep time, the temporary disorder, termed j)alpitation, is the consequence. 
We may infer that, wlien the lungs have discharged their contents, the lower 
or thinnest end of lliat organ, falling upon the muscular border of the midriii) 
is by it repuiiitHl and excited to action. Any man can feel, when he has ex- 
pired all his wind, a kind of throbbing internally, low^r down than the heart, 
until he inspires a fresh portion of an\ When the lungs are in such a state 
of supineness, those ot"the horse are about three or tour inches thick at tlie 
conjunction with the windpipe, antl ten to thirteen inches from thence to each 
extremity, according to the size of the subject; but, when fully inflated with 
air they together fill up the whole cavity of the chest, obstructing in a t.nvial 
degree the vibration of the heart: then do they reach to the enormous ditfer- 
ence of twelve or thirteen inches in thickness, and somewhat more in length. 
At least such were the dimensions of this organ in a horse which v\'as opened 
by me in May, 1820: he was of the cart-horse breed, under sixteen hands, and 
healthy in other res})ects than having been blown by eating too much corn ; 
whereby nature was compelled to leave the hmgs quite full at the moment of 
his death. The same subject is alluded to in the i2()th sect, where 1 intended 
to illustrate the foruiation and functions of the cellular mendirane. 

"No part 4)f the animal has been formed in vain," as 1 before observed 
(s. 23): quadrui)eds and bipeds both press the earth which wave them birth, 
and which affords them the means of prolonging life; accordingly this order 
of beings is lurnished with a midrilf, but fishes and insects, having no such 
occasion for this organ, are without it : neither have bir<ls a midrilf; but Mr 
John Hunter was of op'inion, that the want of it is su|)plicd by the hollowness 
of the bones, which not oidy increase their buoyancy, but the air contained in 
them re-acts upon the lungs in the same manner as a midrilf would do. 

36. In hi'alth, as in disease, the midriff is liable to be alfected by its neigh- 
bours, both before and behind it, the stomach often communicating its state 
of ieeling to the lungs through tlie midriif; for it is by this medium that me 
dicines im|!art tlieir l)eneficial effects upon the lungs, as may b<> ex|)enenced 
upon our swallowing cold water at a time when our lungs are heated — 
the relative situation of those organs being much alike in man and in the 



NAUSEOUS EFFLTTVIA. STGN3 OP DISEASE. APPEARANCE. S5 

horse. Immediately hereupon, a sensible difference takes plaeo in the num- 
ber of respirations, and tlie <}Liality thereof is also changed from a hot to a 
cooler temperature ; well he it, if the suddenness of the check do not occasion 
innan'!niati(Hi of the lun<Ts: ai!;ain, \vhoe\er tiwallovvs spirituous liquors feels an 
immediate disposition (jf the lungs to refiel the heated air of the cells which lie 
contiguous to the midriff; the first breath which escapes the mouth beiiicr 
less heated than that which follows and finishes the expiration, and imparts a 
<5ensation wholly difi'erent from the vulgar belchings of an overcharged sto- 
'nach. These come u[)by way of the gullet, and carrv forth a nauseous effluvia; 
whereas air from the lut»gs is ever sweet, unless this organ be already in an 
advanced state of decay. This state of the case leads me to make one })ractical 
observation, which shall not be set down, as more curious than useful ; out 
of seventeen subjects, which successively fell to my lot to examine as to the 
immediate cause of death, only two, tolerably sound at the lungs, presented 
themselves; which I take to be the fair proportion of sound horses, as respects 
the lungs of all that live or die. All those cases occurred from February to 
Mav, a season when such an affection might not be considered most prevalent. 
Henc(^, (my reader may smUe!) I conclude from all that has been said, that a 
tolerably good guess at the state of a horse's lungs mav be formed, by smelling 
at his breath after a canter, in like manner as our Smithfield dealers smell the 
animal's nostrils in order to detect the glanders. 

From what has been said, it follows, that a diseased stomach may be pro- 
duced by diseased lungs and vice versa, and that the midriff suffers in either 
case: then does the midriff become livid, purplish and infiamed, with dark- 
coloured stripes, as if thickened at such places, the muscular border thereof as- 
suming a putrid appearance, and sending forth a villanous stench. When 
this is the case, or any other ailment prevents the midriff from performing its 
proper function of inhaling and expelling the air from the lungs, that species 
of " broken wind" takes place which is known by the sort of breathing where- 
in the expirations are quicker than the inspirations; being thus contradistin- 
guished from that other species of broken wind, which is occasioned by rupture 
of the air cells. A paralysis of the midriff, or the adhesion of the stomach to 
its lower side, is equally obstructive of its reaction upon the lungs: and I 
have this day (May, 1820), cut away an adhesion of this sort as wide as the 
palm of a man's hand. 

Unfortunately for the horse which is affected, either in the midriff, the 
lungs, in the pleura, or covering thereof, his doctors heal the whole series in 
the same manner, not unfrequently including in their uniformly mistaken 
practice, the affections of the stomach, liver, pancreas, &.c. In all, the inflam- 
matory symptoms are predominant, and a cooling regimen presses itself upon 
our notice as more proper than the best of medicines, although having the same 
tendency; whereas, the direct contrary is the practice mostly followed, and 
heating medicines, under the fascinating name of cortlials, made of spices, ale, 
wine, &c. are administered daily. Or, at most, if a sedative or opiate, by 
chance, finds its way (properly enough) into the animal's stomach, this organ 
is thereby only rendered more susce[)tible of the heating mixtures which are 
again had recourse to immediately thereafter. 

The organs op respiration are liable to seven or eight several kinds of 
disease, mostly originating in the horse's having caught cold; they are de- 
nominated according to the particular place where he may be affected, and in 
one respect, according to the degree of attack. A cold (sim[)ly) or catarrh, 
produces that affection which denominates the patient "a roarer." Chronic 
cough brings on " broken wind," of which there are two sorts; and consump- 
tion usually follows the long continuance of either. When either has con 



36 TOSEASES OF THE LUNGS. CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD, 

tmued awhile, and rpcluced the animal's strength, he is said to b*) in a con- 
sumption; "worn out" is also a common phrase, as is "rotten;" " dcbilitatea," 
and "done for," stand a little higher in gentility ; but all mean, that there is 
small chance of his recovery. 

Pulmonary consumption is the only kind which may be attributed to con- 
stitutional defect ; i. e. heated blood, with viscidity, causing over-much action 
of the parts (see section 32), when the pulse becomes powerful and quickeneci, 
and the horse seems anxious and fearful. Should it subside by judicious treat- 
ment, or the natural strength of the horse, he commonly retains so much of its 
effects, as to cause great danger whenever he may catch cold, or he worked 
too hard. This attack is too frequently neglected, or put off with the remark, 
"only a little touched in the wind," unless by the addition of a cold, the dis- 
order comes on rapidly, when it is termed " inflammation of the lungs," and 
the animal goes off in f^ur or five days, if he be not promptly relieved. On 
dissection, the parts are found spotted with a livid colour, and evident gan- 
grene; every variation indeed, is equally appalling to humanity, and I have 
often wondered how the horse could have lived an hour under such horrid 
circumstances. 

A cold, simply, or catarrh, commences by inflammation of the lining of the 
windpipe, which may be confined to S43me given part of it, or extends itself 
generally from the nostrils to the lungs both inclusive, much resembling " a 
cold" in man ; in either case, much matter is secreted, and thrown off by 
snorting: when the attack is confined to the up[)er part of the pipe, and lasts 
some time, the horse becomes a confirmed roarer, his groan bearing great re- 
Eemblance to the roar of some wild animals, and he is equally iBcurable. 

Chronic cough is that obstinate cough which remains and plagues the horse 
long after vain attempts at curing his cold ought to have taught his tormentors 
the inutility of their endeavours and the dishonesty of their pyescriptions. 
Broken wind is of two sorts; the first is caused by the rupture of the air cells 
of the lungs by over exertion, in which the exf))ration being slower than the 
inspiration, he is, aptly enough, said to be "broken winded j" the second kind 
of broken wind is ki>own by a breathing the direct contrary, and is ocrasioned 
by the cold having settled uymn the perforations of the brasiches, amd enlarged 
them, so that the air escapes too readily. Thick wind, on the other hand, arises 
from the secretion of the pipe getting into the cells of the lungs, and affecting 
the orifices or perforations by thickening them, so that the air passes through 
with difficulty. Similar symptoms attend inflammation of the pleura (section 
15), particularly when it reaches to the vtediastinum, or double part ; as they 
do when the muscular Iwrder of the midriff is affected. But these, though 
perhaps considered two different diseases at the commencement, in the horse, 
very shortly become one common affection, mare or less, of all the organs of 
respiration; inflammation predon>inates over the whole series; and if the per- 
formance of his duties does not render them fatal, an injudicious treatment witl 
fix upon him an incurable disorder, until the knife terminates his usefulness. 

Lafosse, junior, observes, that " flat-chested horses, are almost always subject 
to consumption, whilst (again) consumption narrows the capacity of the chest, 
and re- produces itself — there is no remedy for misconstruction." He farther 
says, "Short wind is either produced by disorders of the chest, or it is a fault 
of construction, and both are irremediable. Such a horse is generally of Jess 
use than one that is thick-winded." 

37. Thk circulation of thk blood is carried on through all parts of the 
body, to which it affords the meansof life and health ; or, being ill performed, 
is the fruitful source of lingering, obstinate and incura]>}e diseases, S(nne 
whereof almost baffle our skill and care; and, while they induce us to admit 
that the practice of veterinary physic never will reach perfection, inspire the 



ACTION OF THE HEART. • ^ 

hopp that, by pntient investigation, we may at least find out the means of alle- 
viatiniT tlu'ir evil tendency. These considerations stiould excite particular 
attention to the subject in hand, being that to which all other functions aro 
but subservient or conducive; respiration and digestion being more closely 
connected with it thmi any other, and requiring a corres})ondnig degree of at- 
tention. Tlie heart, jointly with the lungs, occupies the cavity of the chest, 
rather inclining towards the left side, against which its point may be feltbea* 
ing, whenever the animal is agitated by exercise, or internally affected by in- 
flammatory complaints. Its figure is too well known to render description 
necessary : in size it approaches that of an ox, and, like it, is enclosed in a 
membraneous sac, but very thin, not unlike a tight purse. Another sac, 
called the heart-hag, less tight, surrounds the former, but is never so large, 
nor encumbered with fit like that of the bullock. On opening this sac there 
issues forth a fluid which turns to water, if it were not so already ; in the ox 
It is confessedly water, and rather more in quantity than in the horse ; — the 
reason for which ditference I will show presently. So great is the stimulus 
of this organ, that its contractile power often exists long after the animal is 
dead, and the arteries cease to flow: a phenomenon that occurs when the 
horse is killed in full health, hy an accident, or otherwise, while in full pos- 
session of its functions. In animals of much mettle or courage the heart at- 
tains to a great size, that of the famous horse Eclipse weighing 181bs. In 
some horses, the vessels that nourish this muscular organ lie exposed on the 
surface; with others, they lie wholly concealed ; a fact from which I have yet 
found no opportunity of making any sure deduction, but apprehend it may 
arise from the breed, and conclude it must have considerable effects on his 
dis[)osition. 

As the heart is the principal organ employed in converting into blood what 
is drawn from the finer particles of food sent into the system for that purpose, 
as well as in renovating that which has been exhausted of its vital prin- 
ciple in the circulation, it may well be sup{)osed full of small blood- 
vessels. Four large ones meet at its thick end, and suspend it, by being at- 
tached to the bones of the back and ribs : two of them, bringing the dark vi- 
tiated blood from the extremities of the fore-part and of the hind-part, are 
veins ; the other two large vessels are arteries, which, receiving the blood from 
the heart, just now refined by the process of nature, convey it with rapid con- 
tractions to every part of the system, there to give fresh vigour, and to impart 
health to the whole. These contractions constitute the pulsation, or pulse ; 
a criterion of health as of disease, which we investigate with primal anxiety, 
as from it may be deduced the best prognostic of the state of disease, espe- 
cially of inflammatory ones, to which this noble animal is more than any other 
suhject, from causes to bcex[)lained hereafter. 

38. Two large chambers (as I call them) and two small ones, each of the 
latter appended to one of the former, mainly contribute to the process of cir- 
culation ; these, by their co-action, aid the contractile power of the heart, com- 
pelling the contents of the larger chambers to issue with much force into the 
arteries. But, before the blood can be thus again fit for circulation, nature 
has provided the means of rendering it so, by the action and re-action of 
these four chambers (or cavities) in the heart, contributing to refine it for 
that pur[)ose; one large chamber, with its small one, being placed on the right 
side of the heart, and the like pair on the left side thereof. The blood from 
the veins flowing into the small chamber on the right side, irritates its inner 
coats, and they each contract upon its contents with nearly as uiueh strength 
and quickness as we can open and shut the hand ; — but certainly not so much 
oj)en, although there is a flap on the entrance of each small chamber, which 
they liken to "a dog's ear," and call by the Greek word auricle, thai being 
5* 



3ij RE-CONVERSION OF VENOUS BLOOD. 

an ear. At earh of those closings or contractions, the lulood is forced out of 
the small chainber into its large chamber on the same (right) aide, through a 
small tloor-way, or valve, which opens only inwards, the door being too large 
for the door-way. By the way, these valves are very numerous in the anin)»l 
sysjtem, [frincipally as regards the circulation of blood in the veins; and th« 
reader will do well to nxTollect, when I speak of valves in future, the illustra- 
tion just given by comparing the same to a door-way, which bears a near re- 
semblance ti) the valve. In the performance of this otijce, the heart may be 
said to have three several motions In^longing to it: Ist, a quick one, l>y thfi 
contractions of tlie smaller chambers upon their contents; 2d, the contractions 
of each large chamber upon its contents, being just half the numWr of lhrol)« 
made by the first n>entioned : and, 3tl, the vilVation or tremor of the whole 
heart in consequence of all those niotions. 

Well, on the right side still, the large chamber being filled with venous 
blood through the valve, or d(X>r-way, from thesn>all one, becomes in like man- 
ner irritated so as to contract ujion its contents', and to drive it out somewhere 
or other. Back to the small chaml>er it can not possibly go ; the valve does not 
open the vvay, as 1 have just now said ; and therefore it issues with much more 
force through another valve into a short artery, which soon opens into two, 
like the letter Y, the heart being supposed at the bottom of the letter. Up 
rushes the blotxi to the top of the two branches — where it meets with — Whatl 
What do you think it meets with, gentle reader? 

Here, however, let him stop a little, and consider awhile ; for, tipon his right- 
ly understanding what now Ljecomes of the blood (thick, dark, and unservice- 
able as it is), and how, in a trice, it becomes healthy, of a bright scarlet colour, 
and invigorating, mainly dej)ends his being able to comprehend, by-and-by, 
what i shall have to olfer concerning the diseast^s to which a vitiated or cor- 
rupt state of the bkxxl gives rise. He will not, otherwise, make out sufficient- 
ly clear in what maiiner the blo«x3 of an animal can contract and retain that 
morbid state which shall predispose it towards acquiring a constitutional dis- 
ease that, however dilierei.tly named according to the parts whereon it may 
fix, has but this one common origin for the entire series. To this page, ther>, 
I shall frequently ret'er him when speaking to these points more in detail, here- 
after; and he had best, also, keep the Iwok open at this place, whenever he 
may be endeavouring to comprehend what the Jearned veterinarians of the 
present day are striving to say resj>ecting "the circulation," as they quaintly 
term it. Another of them, speaking upon the topic I have just brought to a 
conclusion, says, " The heart is divided into two cavities, termed ventricles, 
each having an auricle, resembling a dog's ear. The blootl-vessels proceed 
from thesp [those] cavities, the arteries from the ventricles, the veins from the 
auricles, &c." All which is very true, but not very intelligible to the gene- 
rality of readers; and yet is the author, who thus speaks, (Mr. White, in vol. 
1. p. 63) Saul to be the plainest s[)oken among the moderns; indeed, were he 
any thing else than a good one, 1 should not have deemed him worthy of this 
rebuke. 

39. The Bloo<l, as I have said, rushes out of the large cbamlx'r on the right 
side of the heart into an artery that soon divides into two branches; wheri-of 
one enters each lobe of the lungs, atid there disperses, through certain cells, 
the blood with which it is constantly sup})lied. Here lies the the secret! At 
this point it is, that health or disease (at least a predisposition to one or the 
other) is imbibed and engendered in the blood. The lungs having received 
the thick disi^oloi'.red blood from the right side of tb.e heart, and being the re- 
ceptacles of the air we all breathe, do, by means of that air, bestow upon the 
blood afresh the principles of life, and health, and vigour. The cells, or tubes, 
tlii'^aijh, which the blood i)asses iii tlie lungs, termed puluionary, are eight in 



EFFECTS OF AIR ON THE BLOOD. 39 

number, being double the quantity given to man, and show, from that circum- 
stance, the iumiense circulation of which they are the agents, A cruel and 
almost incurable malady, that attends most horses at this part of the organs 
of respiration, with many and variable symptoms, was alluded to higher up, 
at sect. 36; and is what we term from those vessels, pulmonary consumption. 
But then, it is clear, that the air which is so brought to cllect those beneficial 
changes upon the blood in the lungs, must be fit tor the purpose : — that is to 
say, it should be vital or atmospheric air, uncontamiiiated by any noxious 
stench (as the ammoniacal smell of the stable, or the stench and smoke of 
cities); no poisonous vapours (as burning brimstone, the gaseous fluid, smelt- 
ing of minerals*), nor infectious effluvia (as of cesspools or stagnant waters, 
producing fevers, glanders, &c.) can give to the animal's blood that healthy 
vigour which was designed for his well-being; but, on the contrary, every de- 
parture from purity, in the air he breathes, nmst be an approach towards dis- 
easet. Yet, how constantly is this simplest law of nature transgressed ! And 
what, in such a state of things, can be expected, but that the blood will assimi- 
late in character with the kind of air the creature is compelled to inhale?? 
Accordingly, we find in the domesticated horse, that previous disposition to 
certain diseases which we endeavour to meet by correctives and repellants, 
but which by better treatment might have been prevented. Of these evils, 
abscess, or ulcer, is the most prolific, showing itself now on the head, atothers on 
the heels, under the varied denominations of poll-evil, quittor, fistula, <fcc. ; 
but more frequently attacking, and making the greatest ravages on the in- 
ternal organs, where it is generally mistaken for the worms, and erroneously 
treated with hot and burning remedies, when evidently a direct contrary prac- 
tice would best assist nature in casting off the evil.§ Ulcer upon the lungs. 
as it produces a staring coat, is too frequently mistaken for worms, and if the 
animal be not physicked and cordialled too much, a j)artial cure sometimes 
takes place, tfiough in what way it is carried otTis most inscrutable ; but, upon 
opening the dead subject, I have often noticed spots which had been corrt)ded 
and gangrenous, where the cure had l)een effected in this spontaneous manner. 
As for ulcers upon the liver, also arising from the viscidity of the blood, if 

* Scarcely any truth is easier proved than this : Horses that are constantly kept in close 
Btables, in large numbers together, very soon hecoine unserviceable, by the cmistitution Liirovv- 
ing of! some evil or other upon the surface ; as one proof whereof, thoije which are occasionally 
placed in tiie under-ground stables, at the Swan with Two Necks, Lad-lane, show evident 
eigns of distress which subside upon being brought into the air. I hear from good authority, 
tiiat at New Orleans, in North America, where the atmos()here "exhibits a blue misty appear- 
ance," nothing is more common than a disease which affects the knee, hock or pastern joint, 
with abscess, or near those parts with cancer, and the limb actually rois off. The like kind of 
attacks were found formerly most common in Cornwall and in Wales, and are attributed by 
all to the arsenical vapour of the copper mines being inhaled: they are, however, much less 
frequent at the present day, owing to the higher state of cultivation to which the land has been 
brought, and to the change of situation horses now enjoy. Tiie free use of sweet oil is a good 
preventive of this poison in human as well as in cattle medicine. 

1 This is not the place for a finished disser.ation on the communication of the glanders; hut 
1 nuist observe, in illustration of the text, that horses which have eaten glanderous matters 
w/thout receiving the infection, no sooner smell it tiian they beco)ne diseased. 

I In cases of much sorrow or grief, oiu' respiration is much increased ; and the presentiment 
of death awaiting them, occasioas all animals to take harmful substances into the lungs. Pigs, 
oxen, and even sheep, show signs of uneasiness, horror, or madness, at the elliuviaof ijla>d ot 
their own kind : and I have found in each kind of animal, upon sliitmg the trachea as fai' ;is the 
bronchia, dust, dirt, or other rubliish, which they had snorted up in the last paroxysms of 
despair. 

§ Four ounces of spirits of turpentine have been given with partial success: but such a dise 
must go near to destroy not only worms, but the horse into the bargain, whilst it is not very 
clear tome that tiie small worms we sometimes meet with are hurtful to the animal, but ara 
designed to act as a stimulus to the intestines : and, if the doctor mistakes for worms sonie mtn 
faerious di^jorder, the horse dies of this monstrous medicine, as sure as fate. 



40 THE HEART; ITS SHAPE— PULSATION. 

thpy take place near its thin extremity, the common natural process is, that the 
part of the liver attaches itst-lf to the gut, and the olFeiisive matter will then 
slough otY into the intestine, and come away hy stool: a partial cure is the 
consequence: not produced liy medicine acting upon the part, as is very clear, 
Dul by a common natural effort, aided by a more vigorous and healthy state 
of the blood than when the disease was engendered. To assist the circula- 
tion in regaining this state is clearly the duty of the medical attendant, and is 
the only manner in which he can be of any service to the animal in restoring 
it to health. 

40. In the lungs, then, does the blood receive from the air its invigorating 
principle, and no sooner does this take place, than it drops into another short 
blood-vessel (a vein), and, by it, is conveyed again to the heart: not the same 
small chamber on the right side, of course, but to a similar one on the left 
side. Here the contractions go on as before mentioned, only that the blood 
differs in quality; this being now properly fitted to promote the purposes of 
life, and for imparting the vital principle, occasions the heart to assume that 
twisted shape we see in some animals, while in others whose bodily exertions 
and arterial functions are less laboured than those of the horse (the sheep's for 
example) it is more round : and, indeed, the heart of this last mentioned ani- 
mal is, from this circumstance, usually termed, in the London district, a "round 
heart." Out of the small chaml)er on the left side is the blood driven through 
a valve, as before, into the large chamber of the same side ; which in its turn 
contracts, with much force, ui)on its contents, expelling the same into the great 
artery. This periodical rushing of the blood into the arteries, imparts to these 
vessels a motion we term pulsation, whereby the blood is proj)elled forwards, 
to the remotest parts of the body. Lessening in size, and increasing in num- 
ber, the branch-arteries, which receive this blood, become more sensitive as 
they are farther removed from the heart, and afford us, at certain places, the 
means of ascertaining by the touch the degree of heat at which may at any 
time be the state of the animal's blood ; the contractions of the heart being 
regulated, in quic;kness and force, by the degree of stimulation the heat of the 
blood may occasion it. This is termed the irritability of the heart, and the 
medical test of which I speak, is called " feeling his pulse." Even in the tail 
may this contractile power of the arteries, and its effects, be seen to advan- 
tage ; when a colt is being docked, the blood squirts forth with frequent gushes, 
answering in a tolerable accurate manner to the state of his pulse, although 
the artery at that remote part is very small. But the blood that is so changed 
in the lungs, as 1 have just said, is still found to contain certain parti- 
cles or properties, which would render it unfit for the purposes to which it is 
to be a{)plied, or those particles are required to effect certain purposes else- 
where in the system. Accordingly, the major part passes into the liver, there 
to be refined of its bitterness; whilst a portion is attracted to the kidneys, 
where it leaves its saline qualities, that pass off by staling, as the former is 
voided by dunging. See "Liver," larthcr onwards. 

41. These purposes, however, are not always effected alike regularly, from 
several causes. Frequently, the blood comes to those organs in a state too 
vitiated for their utmost activity to cleanse; sometimes a diseased state of the 
blood, at others, languor of the parts, indispose them to the performance of 
their functions, and the blood is suffered to circulate, filled with humours that 
war with the constitution, and form what is termed " constitutional disease," 
or predispose him to receive disonlers of varied malignity, according to cir- 
cumstances. 1 shall come to advert to this point when, shortly, the liver and 
kidneys claim our attention; but, the chiefest cause of disorders incident to 
the animal by reason of defective liver, is the great exertions he is put to, and 
tiieconsequentrapidityof thecirculation, whereby the blood is propelled through 



CONSTRUCTION OF ARTERIES AND VEINS. 41 

it with tremendons velocity : it then acquires inflammation, and becomes ul 
cerati'd (see sect. 39'); a disposition which must be increased whenever tho 
blood has been formed imperfectly, either as regards the lungs or the lacteals. 
So much is this the case, that the blood drawn from a very aged patient of 
mine lately, that was incapable of grinding his corn properly, showed evident 
proofs that particles of ill-digested food had entered into the circulation, and 
is an answer to those writers who aver that the lacteals reject the bile and 
suck up only the fine parts of the chyle ; whereas, all inquiring persons must 
know, that they take up the lighter parts of all substances whatever that pass 
through the intestines. It this were not so, how is it that the slow poisons 
just spoken of enter the blood 7 or how would it come to pass that so much 
good is performed by alterative medicines, that, ni like manner, insensibly in- 
troduce themselves into the blood, and produce invisibly those permanently good 
effects we so much admire 7 The opposition of a few is no obstacle to this 
commendation of an obscure but safe and certain class of medicines, — to say 
nothing of an alterative regimen, which is more safe still, and certainly more 
natural, though slower and less positive in its effects than active medicine. 
How much longer is the horse to be treated with nothing else but violence ? 

42. B1-00D-VKS.SELS, or tubes, I have already observed, pervade every part 
of the body, and are of two kinds, whose office is directly the reverse of each 
other. Arteries, it will be recollected, convey the vital fluid to all parts of the 
body, and the construction of these, it may easily be conceived, from what has 
been said, is simply that of a tube with great contractile powers : they are 
large near the heart, but soon branch out of a lesser size, until, entering the 
smaller organization of the solids, they become very minute, infinitely nume- 
rous, and more sensitive, thus affording the means of renovation, or growing 
to the flesh, bones, skin, hair, hoofs, &c. The large artery communicates with 
minor branches, soon after leaving the heart, by two rows of openings, like 
perforations, in its lower sides, at two or three inches asunder. Some one has 
likened the arrangement of these vessels to the stem, branches, and twigs of 
a currant-bush, and so might the veins that run nearly parallel to the ar- 
teries, through every part of the animal, but are so constructed and arranged, 
as to take up and reconvey the blood (which the arteries constantly deposit) 
back again to the heart; and the similarity will still further hold good, if wj 
extend it to the leaves of the bush, and compare these to the glands (see Sec- 
tians 27, 28), in every one of which an artery terminates, and deposits its nu- 
tritious contents, and where every small vein begins the absorption of what 
the artery has so left behind. This absorption, when obstructed, lax, or other- 
wise imperfect on the surface, may be restored by stimulating the parts with 
spirits; when it is too high, and labouring greatly in consequence of the vis- 
cidity of the blood, local inflammation is engendered, and one or other of those 
diseases I shall hereafter treat under " abscess," is the consequence of this 
constitutional derangement. Blood that is thick, heavy, or viscid — call it 
which we like — causes heat, which being general, is fever ; the rapidity of the 
circulation increases violently, and the blood becomes more fluid than when 
the animal was in good health. Arteries may be distinguished from veins 
in the dead subject, by the property they possess, of retaming their tubular 
shape after the blood is discharged ; whereas, the veins collapse, when empty. 

43. If the arteries are plain tubes, lying for the most part concealed, the 
veins, on the contrary, are more frequently found exposed to the sight under 
the skin, next to the muscle. But, more delicate and more numerous, the 
veins perform their part of the circulation by a totally different means than ia 
found in the i)ropulsion and contraction of the arteries. One of the ineana 
of effecting this |)urpose is by the obvious and simple movement of the body 
and limbs, as well as by the act of breathing, whereby the blood is pressed jut 



42 EFFECTS OF RESPIRATION AND EXERCISE ON THE BLOOD. 

of some one part or other of the veins into the adjacent part; but these vessels 
bcitijr furnislied with innumerable valves, withni an inch, or less, of each 
other, tlie doors whereof open otdy towards the heart, the blood must neces- 
sarily force ilself out that way, and no other. If we suppose that any given 
portion of the vein is Iiereby emptied ; what follows from the circumstance, but 
that the next-door valve, which liept back the blood contained in the adjoining 
portion below, while it was pressed upon from above, being thus relieved from 
the pressure, will now o[)en ? Then, in rushes the blood, and the space is 
again filled, but only to be emptied in a similar manner. It is with a view to 
accelerate the circulation through the veins, and to keep the blood warm in 
winter, that mankind betake themselves to forced exercises, as hunting, run- 
ning, or beating the arms athwart the chest, and that beasts with the same 
propensity gambol and frisk about, or rub themselves: both promote the same 
ends, by l3rea hing short, so as not to cool the lungs too much, or by drawing 
in the same warm air over again, in sheltered situations. 

44. By the process just described, the blood being once admitted into the 
minuter veins, finds its way to the larger ones, which convey it to the heart; 
near to winch, as the quantity becomes great in the large vein, it receives a 
powerful auxiliary in the filling and em[)tying of the lungs, and the working 
forward and backward of the midriff, as described before. Passing through 
it near the back bone, and, consequently, as its more muscular part, the great 
vein must at every inspiration receive from the midriff considerable aiil ia 
pouring forth its contents — to say nothing additional of the pump-like action 
of the heart itself At this part the vein acquires the ap])earance of a double 
tube, the outside thickened and muscular, the inner one membranous and col- 
lapsed, as if too big for the space in which it is placed. But the curious flict — 
how the blood which had been sent into circulation through the arteries, gets 
into the veins at first, deserves consideration ; as this must be effected labori- 
ously, when the fluidity of the blood is lessened, or else accelerated with fright- 
ful rapidity, whenever it so happens that fever [)revails ; local inflammation, 
by the same rule, must cause an unusual flow of blood to the part affected; 
and, as most of the impurities of the system will then be drawn towards it, at 
that |»lace must they leave the occasion of the most direful effects. In })roof 
of this doctrine, it happens frequently, that when an animal is attacked with 
inflammatory complaints at two places at once, the greater evil of the two in- 
creases, while the lesser one " runs ofl^," as it is called, or gets cured of itself. 
So, on the contrary, when a diseased horse (glanderous, for example) is well 
fed and well kept, he not unfrequently overcomes his disorder without medi- 
cine, to the great wonder of the unknowing; the solution whereof is, that the 
constant supply of new blood has quite changed the nature of the animal, his 
disease has been "taken up," or absorbed, by the animal system, and ulti- 
mately carried off in the common evacuations. In short, absorption and effu- 
sion are the great internal secrets of animal life ; although we can not say with 
certainty how they are carried on, it is no less a positive law of nature, that 
the veins at their commencement in the glands absorb or suuk up, the blood 
that is deposited there by the arteries, and separated by the lymphatics; 
equally well known is it, that effusion takes place, of arterial blood, into much 
larger veins, as well as from one part of the system into another, internally. 
These points are deducible from a multitude of facts and well-known opera- 
lions, some proofs of which the reader will find more in detail in the course 
of this treatise. In some parts, a positive connexion of the capillaries, or 
smallest blood-vesssels, is found to exist; in such a manner, that the section 
of one or more of these, and the consequent obstruction of the means of 
life to all the parts below it, which some would naturally expect, is herebj' 
jemediei. 



DIGESTION.— TIIE STOMACH. 43 

45. The Process or Digesjtion, whereby the food is prepared to be con- 
verted into blood, is no less curious than "the circulation" itselt, is equally 
conducive to the support of life, and being obstructed, is also the harbinger of 
disease. If, on the two other great functions of animal life, depend his imme- 
diate existence, no less does the horse's capabilities, his present health, and 
the engendering of future obstinate, incurable, and often mortal diseases reach 
his vitals by way of his stomach and intestines, that comprise the organs of 
digestion. 

Every one knows that oats and hay are the chief sustenance of the horse in 
a domesticated state, and these, together with one or two other similar j^roduc- 
tions, and water, are given to him for nutriment alone ; it therefore follows, 
that whatever substances are taken into his stomach, which act not to the same 
end, must operate injuriously, even though containing nothing hurtful in them- 
selves : these must obstruct, if they do no more. But, when matters obnoxious 
in their nature, and possessing strong powers and effects, are being adminis- 
tered to the horse, it seems but fair to examine whether such things are likel}' 
to agree with his common nutriment, v\ith the blood that is made from it, or 
with his constitution, his hahits, or the tasks he has to perform. Or whether, 
on the other hand, they do not prove destructive of the food itself, of the ves- 
sels that contain it, ami of those which draw up its liner particles that are to 
be converted into blood. 

Let him who practises by violent means consider a moment the natural 
structure, formation, and functions of the organs on which his medicines are 
destined to act, and compare their altered state, that has been brought about 
by reason of the treatment the animal has received at his hands. Some jiro- 
tection, doubtless, is alForded by nature in the secretion of the fluid so often 
mentioned, which defends the several organs against ordinary injuries; but 
these are often found insufficient in quantity (notwithstanding the supply 
which may be drawn by effusion from other parts of the body), and the fre- 
quent re{)etition of the monstrous mixture of the doctor's skil-less art. ulti- 
mately effects its purpose in destroying the tone of the fine vessels just ailudcd 
to (the lacteals), and then the symptomatic disease of the skin, called hide- 
bound, follows, as a natural consequence. 

46. The Stomach is a bag, or pouch, with two lioles in it; the one receiv- 
■ng the end oftlie gullet, the other opening into the small gut. See it; plate 
I — L, 26 — 29. It lies behind the midriif, inclining a little to the left, having 
the lungs contiguous on the other side that membrane, and the liver next be- 
hind or under it. This main organ of digestion is but small in the horse, a3 
compared to that of any other animal, being so designed to assis,t his fleetness, 
but which would be impeded by his receiving large quantities of food at a time, 
and points out the reason why he requires to be fed and watered frequently : 
the larger and more distended the stomach of any animal may be, the more 
sluggish and vicious he is. As one proof of this i)osition, 1 formerly obtained 
the stomach of a man which was lai'ger than that of any other subject 1 ever 
saw or read ot", and its possessor ni life had a heavy, slow and sordid manner, 
together with one or two other bad qualities which brought hiu\ prematurely 
to his end. 

At the up])er orifice of the stomach, a membrane, nearly insensible, commg 
fi'om the gullet, enters it loosely, and sprea-Jing alo:ig lis lower ^lart, lines about 
one half of it, thus defending it from acrimo/iiuusor poisonous substances, whilst 
the coat of the other parts thereof consis.s of striated muscular fibres, very 
sensible and given to contraction, and ruining transversely to those <4" the in- 
sensil)le coat, a circumstance which has :^iven rise to the fanciful notion, that 
digestion proceeds in the horse's stomach by whist is termed "trituration," or 
pounding; but, upon reference to tire figure which illustrates another organ, 



44 INFI.AMMATION OF THE STOMACH.— INTESTINES. 

(at section 56), the reader will be able to form a more accurate notion, neai 
enough for his purpose, how the stomach contracts its sensible part upon its 
contents. This sensible coat secretes a juice which, from its strong gastric 
nature, not onl}' digests the food, but would also corrode the stomach itself 
(insensible though it be), were it not supplied with another fluid for its pro- 
tection, in the saliva or spittle that descends the gullet along with the food. 
This saliva is also secreted, in some measure, when the animal may not be 
feeding: hut, whenever this sup[)ly fails, the gastric juice predominates so 
much as to cause a galling pain in the stomach, and occasion in the aninial a 
ravenous desire for tilling it, if not with food, at least with some substance that 
may keep it distended, and perhaps carry off the painful superabundance. 
Horses so circumstanced, when in harness, gnaw the pole or shaft, or bite at 
each other, and soon learn to become crib-biters, gnawing any thing they can 
come near, as well as the manger; litter, bits of old wall, and dirt, at length, 
are found by them agreeable to their palate. See further at section 49. 

The insensible membrane I spoke of, by its loose folds, forms, at the entrance 
of the stomach, a kind of valve, which prevents regurgitation of the food, hke 
that of ruminating animals; and a similar contrivance at its terminatiiin in the 
lower or right orifice occasions a short obstruction until the pulp is mixed; 
for, when the stomach is tilled, the relative position of the two orifices alters 
in a great degree. From these premises it seems apparent that any substance 
entering an empty stomach does not act upon the sensible part of it, but being 
soon mixed up with the gastric juice, it proceeds into the intestines, there to 
communicate its effects — whatever these may be. Whether nutritive or 
medicinal, poisonous or beneficial, the intestines receive all with but little al- 
teration.* But when it so happens that the food does not pass readily out of 
the stomach, a fermentation connnences, and the sensible part thereof being 
then distended, the ill effects ascend the gullet, reach the head, and cause ver- 
tigo, staggers, &,c. At times, a specific inflammation takes place, and com- 
municates itself in four or five days to the whole of tliirt surface, taking its 
conrse downwards or upwards, according to the orifice that may be most af- 
fecttd ; tliis l)euig all tlie way down through the intestines, blocking up the 
influx of gall (as described sect. 48), and causing yellowness of the eyes, until 
its a[)pearance at the anus; or, in the other case, it ascends up to the nostrils, 
making its appearance first about the head, and communicates either way to 
the skin and its coat. 

47. Of the intestines, guts as they are usually called, it is important to keep 
in mind, that, notwithstanding the a[)pearance of great tenacity they assume, 
they are, nevertheless, extremely irritable, being composed of two coats of fine 
muscular fibres that cross each other, the one circularly, the other lengthwise ; 
and having a lining which secretes a fluid for its protection, they admit in their 
intervals an innumtrable quantity of absorbent vessels, that are constantly 
sucking up the finer particles of their contents. This sort of conformation 

* At this place, for the infonnntion of those who would practise the veterinary art by com- 
parison, it uidy be usetul to observe, that in the human stomach is digestion principally per- 
formed, in the horse's very little; in both, the small intestines appear to mix the food with the 
bile and oilier digestive juices ; but man having no ccB^cum, or blind gut, like the horse, to re- 
ceive the heavier p.irts of the food as they escape from the small intestines, his lactcals begin 
higlier up than those of the horse, which lie wiiolly on the large intestines. It fellows that, 
whatever is received into the stomach of man is felt through the system immediately ; with the 
horse this does not fake place until it h is reached the intestines. One other dis;?imilarity in tho 
mode of digestion is worthy of no;ice: in man, the work of digestion is nearly finistied when 
the bile is mi.ved with thelood — say at an average of twelve hoars from its being taken, whilst 
the horse p;i.sse3 his feed into the intestines inaljout two hours, before it has well assumed an 
homogeneous appearance, whi.:h the bile seems to eifect for him. Willi us litiuid remains in 
the stomach ; the horse passes water immediately into the cascum. 



INTESTIiSES— DISEASES OF. 45 

renders the intestinal canal obnoxious to repeated strong drastic firges, par«« 
ticularly ^loes of the BarbaJoes kind, that heat and irritate the parts by their 
coarseness. Indaiiimatioii is most hkely to succeed such irritation, in sum« 
mer-time especially, and the animal is usually destroyed by the pretended re- 
medies of tlie farriers; or, being pressed forward in his work during the attack, 
goes until he drops down and dies. At the fundament may be seen the ear- 
liest indications of this species of over-physicking, in the disgusting protrusion 
of the inner coat whilst ex[)eliing the contents thereof; an ordinary ellort of 
nature to get rid of wliat is oti'ensive to it, which, considering the horizontal 
position of the horse, might appear wonderful to us bipeds, but for the well- 
known double o[)eration of the coats of the intestines. From the top to the 
bottom of the canal a s[)iral motion is kept up by the alternate contraction of 
the two coats thereof, the one in circumference, the other lengthwise, resem- 
bling that of a worm, and appearing as if a corkscrew agitated its inside. By 
this means the mass is pressed backwards, and as it increases in quantity and 
bc^coines less and less clearable, the offended nerves excite the guts to renew- 
ed efforts for its expulsion, in which the lower part of the belly, with its cover- 
ing, from the coecum to the sphincter, concurs with all its powers of contrac- 
tion. Partial retention of the breath, and consequent pressure upon the mid- 
riff, and parts behind it, contribute to lessen the longitude of the intestine at 
every effort. This kind of excitement, if repeated too often, it is [)lainly to be 
seen, must keef) up the irritation of the parts concerned in it, and dispose them 
to contract inHammat(»ry com|)laints. 

48. In length about tlurty yards, the intestinal canal has in it'< course two 
or three dillerent otlices to perform towards digestion, whereof the smallest 
gut nearest the stomach is for receiving the gall, or bile that has been formed 
in the liver for that purpose. At the termination of that small gut, at the end 
of twenty yards, an immensely large one occurs, called the sac (coecum), or 
blind gut, where the contents are prevented from issuing too soon, bv reason 
of the internal coat of the small gut getting into folds, as it were. We may 
as well consider this as another valve ; and that it was provided by the Author 
of Nature to correct the animal's propensity for transgressing his laws against 
re|)letion, as Vvell as to prevent the contents of the coecum from returning up- 
wards, when this latter is compressing the large intestines backwards, in the 
act of dunging. But inOammation sometimes, obstructions oftener, produce 
at this place more tedious affections than is generally imagined. When it so 
hap[>ens that the stimulus of the bile is insutficient (as in diseased liver), and 
acrimonious {)articles are left behind, or the half-masticated food inflicts in- 
juries on the very sensible surface of this passage, then the noisome effluvia 
reascends to the stomach ; the bile, too, enters it soon after, by reason of the 
intestines having lost their power of compression and elongation, when the 
corkscrew moti(»n downwards is changed to an upwards motion, and all be- 
comes disorder in that region. Loss of appetite, fever and dullness, with droop- 
ing as if in pain, and a staring coat, follow each other in succession; for the 
secretion of bile, which I shall come presently to describe, as affecting the 
skin, is thereby vitiated. These appearances it has been a fashion to consider 
"symj)tonis of the worms," or of "debility" (another term for low fever); and 
the practice of administering bitter medicines, that are supposed to kill the 
worms, is only successful on accountof their restoring the tone of the stomach, 
and by supplying to the intestines a congenial stinmlus in the place of bi^e. 
This was the case with Mr. White's statement, in vol. i. p. 170, where he 
says, " 1 have sometimes succeeded in destroying worms by giving aloes, one 
dram and a half, every morning until purging was produced." That is to say, 
"the horse became well ;" but whether he had any worms to be destroyed ia 
auuther question; and then, if a dram and a half would succeed sunittirmSf i 
6 



46 BLIND GUT; ITS USES. CONCRETIONS. GREAT GUT. 

should apprehonil a larger dose (as eight drams, his favourite quantity) would 
more inevitably have poisoned all the worms his horses may have had, of 
whichsoever kind they njight be; but this mode, as will be perceived, though 
more destructive of worms, would not have acted as a tonic restorative on the 
Btomach and intestines, like small rei»eated doses. 1. however, who am a man 
of no fashion, generally have found those kiml of attacks accompany a repeti- 
tion of irregular feeding ; that is to say, very little one dav, very much ano- 
ther; now all, now none; the attack varying in degree, and changing from 
simple obstruction to the infiannnatory, as the animal may or may not have 
been allowed water with his food. 

49. To supply this deficiency, in some measure, does the ccecum, or blind 
gut, seem to have been [)laced at the termination of the small intestines. In 
this second cavity digestion is supposed to be completed, nuich liquid being 
found therein; and we know that here, in a corner, termed its "appendix," 
are frequently deposited hard matters, as earth, stones, and other substanct s. 
little compatible with the pur[)oses of nutrition (as noticed at sect. 46); hut 
whether these ever pnss ofl'by stool remains iu doubt, and we are left to con- 
clude that it is much less sensible than the other intestines. In size it may 
be about thrice that of the stomach of the individual ; and it is placed near the 
surface of the belly, lying on the left, about midway between the fore and hind 
near leg. Here it is exposed to damagenient from a variety of causes : the 
groom, while dressing him, often hits the horse here with the curry-comb ; the 
dealer tries whether his new purchase is a roarer by striking him hard with 
his lash whip, whilst he holds up his head short; and I have frequently seen 
one of the most noted jo])bers and breakers in London terrify his "restive cus- 
tomers" into obedience, by a kick of his foot skilfully phiced on this part. 
The facts are notorious; what is worse, they long remained uncorrected. The 
consequence of all this hard usage is, that the ccecum* loses its functions, 
more or less, certain heavy particles are not expelled as they ought, but, re- 
maining b<hind, attach to their sides some earthy particles of the food which 
would otherwise pass into the colon, and the heat of the animal's body causes 
them to become stones of great magnitude. Six or eight pounds in weight, 
and nearly as many inches in diameter, are quoted as by no means uncom- 
mon sizes, in certain parts of the country, where humanity is at so low an 
elib, and the jiolice equally unmindful of tlieir duty, as in the district of Lon- 
don before alluded to. 

50. The colon, or large gut, commences at the only orifice of the last-men. 
tionedsac; then, turning underneath the small intestines, and proceeding for- 
ward to near the stomach and liver, it turns about, and, in its course back- 
ward, makes a great number of zig-zag turnings, by means of two ligaments 
that run along its whole length, and coil it up. Such a sha(>e, or rather 770- 
i/iapc disjiosition of its folds, W(juld inevitably obstruct tlie progress of its con- 
fents, but for the fore-mentioned double motion of its muscular coats, with 
«/hich it is furnished, as well as the smaller intestines. Being heavy, it is sus- 
pended the wiutle length of the horse's hinder part, by a strong half-transpa- 
yeul membrane (called mesentery), which being fastened to the bones of the 
back, and hanging down in folds, or plaits, admits of the gut's filling up the 
same from side to side, in the semi globular marmer we may perceive when 
the animal is opened. But where the mesentery embraces the intestines the 
tightest, as if to prevMit the too ready escai)e of the food, there is placed along 
the whole length of the depression, between the folds of the gut, a white vessel 

*The niusclcs of the cnecum lieing stronger than any other part of the intestines, are coin- 
pelled by the blow to contract forcibly, as do the intercostal muscles of the lower rilis, wiiereby 
[he air in the lungs is suiklenly expelled, and, if he be aflected, the horse gruaiis as iJie uir 
pa-iies the upper pai't of the wind-pipe. 



PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES : HOW COUNTERACTED. 47 

havincr nmncrous branches to the right and left, full of nutritious juice, making 
its way towards the foro-|)art of the animal. 

This is the lacteal duct, which, tVom its situation between the folds, formed 
by the mesentery, is by some termed "the mesenteric canal," and liy and by, 
fill Gi!)S()ii) "the tuesenteric artery." Mesocolon and 7nc.9orec/'t/?7i being the 
names of parts which usually merire in the general term "mesentery," for the 
whole, I have made notlistinction. But all this does not signify so much as the 
nr.mnerin which this duct gets tilled at first by the lacteals, how it constantly 
fl()ws in health, or is obstructed by disease, and what is the mode and the elfect 
of discharging its contents near the heart, as before alluded to in sect. 37, 
second itaragrajth, as well as just below in sect. 51. Herein may be found 
much matter for pleasi'ig reflection and study, by him who aspires after ob- 
taining a more accurate linowledge of the curative art than is generally pos- 
sessed ; and to attain to perfection wherein, he must study the tiling itself by 
iiispectiDn, since nothing that I can find room to set down here can give him 
any thing like an adequate notion of its importance ; nor, indeed, was it ever 
my intention to employ strict anatomical descrii>tion, or to enter into learned 
delinitions, any farther than should be found necessary to illustrate what I 
have to teach, res|)ecting diseases -in general, and some long standing errors 
of respecta!)le veterinary surgeons in j^articular. On no other point, through- 
out my present labour, do i so much desire to be rightly understood, as on this 
one of the absorbents, ar.d absorption altogether;* for it is only when this 
function takes place wuh regularity that health can be preserved ; when it is 
disordered, our business is to restore it, too much or too little being equally 
productive of a disposition to diseases, though opposite ones. An indolent or 
an impoverished absor()tion requires our care no less than a too rapid or fever 
isli performance of this function: the fleam an(i cathartic medicines reduce the 
latter kind of sym[)toms; a generous mash, tonic alteratives, and good groom- 
ing, are the best restoratives of a languid system. Pulsation is the test of either 
state of derangement ; and he who is the cleverest at discovering, by this prog- 
nostic, what is going on in the system, will always make the most humane, as 
Well as the most successful, horse-doctor. 

51. Towards its termination, the colon makes a short turn, as if to pre- 
vent the too easy escape of the dung into the rectum, or straight-gut, with- 
out an effort of nature to straighten the curve at that place; as we see it per- 
formed when the animal strains the part, while contracting the lower muscles 
of the belly, together with the coecum, in order to produce a stool — the whole 
transaction being most intelligibly termed "a ini.tion." Several such im- 
pediments occur in the course of the intestinal canal, and some of them are so 
abrupt, as no after-art is ever capable of reducing to a straight line: the reason 
for which kind of contrivance is, that its contents still possess some nourish- 
ment, which it is ilesirable should be extracted, arui they are thus detained 
that nothing might be lost: to say nothing of the existing opinion, that the 
food which has thus lain some time in the anitnal must impart a juice differ- 
ing considerably in its pr(^[)erties from that whicli was but recently received 
into the stomach. No operation in the svstem is more beautiful than this one 
of drawing from the fooil, now pro])erly mixed and softened, what becomes 
the milky thud called chyle, first, and blood immediately afterwards; the first 
mentioned bi'ing pe'-formed by innumerable transparent vessels, whose fine 
mouths open every where on the inner surface of the iritesiines. From the 
word lacta (nulk), these vessels are termed lacteals^ their function being ab 

* Gciiernlly termed " the absorbent system," and nnlil liitely, v/!iolly unnllended to in voteil- 
nary praciice : CUison, in hi.« lengi'iy particularities resjicciing the liorse, not havia!^ urice 
mentuiiie^l. the lacicals (a.s if they existed not), and conieniing hir.isell' with just loosely naimi^ig 
" lympliatica " at page 55 ol" his lii'si volume. 



48 *,Et1ir.T0RY ORGANS— TIIE LIVER, 

Borpfion (like the lymphatics); tne largest whereof lying along the mesentery 
(as I said before), sends out smaller branches, and tliese again more minute 
ones, to encircle and penetrate the gut; in this their mouths do incessantly 
suck up, or absorb, and convey to the larger vessels the material for replenish- 
ing the system with new blood. Passing along the spine, the large tube, lilied 
with this milky fluid, at length reaches the fore part of the animal, and ac- 
quires the name of the thoracic duct ; here it mixes with a portion of lym|)h, 
and is conveyed inunediately bv a large vein to the heart. Ascending the 
pulmonary artery, as descri!)ed in a former section (37), the air entering the 
lungs, changes its colour to a fine healthy scarlet, and at the next pulsation it 
is driven into the circulation to mingle with the mass, to im|)art its newly ac- 
quired properties, and to returji again and agiiin, wasting away, until at 
length it Ix-cumt-s used u[)and extinct, its place bt-ing sup[)lied with other new 
matter by the continued process of digestion. A change of substance this, 
which is said to take place with the whole body of the horse in the course of 
every year and a half, or two years : so that at no time has he a particle of flesh, 
bone, hair, hoof, or other matter which formed his body two years before, and 
affording a fit suliject for reflection and admiration in us, as it invites those 
who have the care of providing for his health to take advantage of the well 
known circumstance, the more securely to elTect those changes by gradual 
means, which too frequently are attempted by violence, and fail. Nature will 
not be forced, rather seek her in her recesses, and humour her ways. Those 
who act diirerently, generally induce some lasting disorder to appear upon the 
surface, wliich they treat as if local; when, alas! these arc seated in the vc"' 
vitals of the animal, sometimes in the most delicate parts of the mesentery. 
Heating, or cordial medicines, as well as those other untoward mixtures, 
which corrode, or blunt, the mouths of the finer lacteals, thereby dispose thein 
to receive materials improper for the making of good blood; the consequence 
whereof is, that tubercles frequoilly are found, which fill up the cavities of the 
lacteal duct. The matter of these tubercles is usually hardened, and resem- 
bles the yolk of a hard boiled egg. The disease ap[)(>ars in a staring coat, is 
commonly considered to be the worms, and treated as such, with more heating 
or drastic medicines, which but increase the evil. Other obstructiojis are 
thereby formed, and if a solitary worm or two are found on dissection (as fre- 
quently hap[)ens), they have been generated in the obstructed part, but have 
not caused any disorder. 

Of the mesenteric canal, it may be useful, as well as curious, to remark, 
that 1 have always found its state of health or disease to correspond with the 
appearance of his coat; when this is smooth, the former is full and free from 
obstructions; when rough, the contrary. In hide-bound, thiscanal is yellow; 
in farcy, red, as well as the bowels; these appear bluish, when the horse dies 
in consequence of being worn out, though at the same time, the flaccid lac- 
teals still [)reserve their healthy white, if no other cause to the C(Mitrarv pre- 
vails. But, upon such further particulars as are connected with the study of 
digestion, as influencing or influenced by respiration and circidation, 1 sh.ll 
take occasion to say more hereafter; adding thereto a few cursory remarks, 
that were not absolutely necessary for the present illustration of the animal 
systemj but will be found more in place in the succeeding section. 

The LiVKR with its sweetbread, the Kidneys, and the Bladder, being liable 
to certain diseases peculiar to each, besides the property of affecting one ano 
ther readily, as well as being at all times mainly instrumental in maintaining 
atm restoring health to the other parts of the whole system, now claim our 
undivided attention. I shall, therefore, proceed at once to a brief description 
of the uses and functions oi each, and accompany the same with a few gene- 



THE LTVER: ITS SITUATION. 49 

ral, hut pertinent remarks on the present received mode of treating the disor- 
ders incident to the several parts that impede those functions, reserving par- 
ticulars regarding the causes, sympsoms, and method of cure, to a subsequent 
part of tlie volume. Consult the Index. 

5'2. The Liver is a very important and immensely large glandular body of 
a dusky red colour, almost divided, like the lungs, into two lobes, having two 
smaller subdivisions ; and is attended by its pancreas or sweetbread, a small 
flat part thereof, which has the property of secreting a sweet kind of saliva. 
This secretion was noticed before, as entering the gut near the stomach, along 
with the bile from the liver: both are therefore conveniently situated under- 
neath the stomach and behind the midriff] to the skirt of which the upper 
part of the hver is attached ; but the exact functions of this pancreas, or its 
diseases, are no farther known to us, except that it partakes a good deal the 
appearance of its joint neighbour, and that it is indeed sweet to the palate. 

Before he proceeds farther, the reader had better consult the place of a skele- 
ton as to the situation and extent of this imjiortant organ (important in a 
curative point of view), as relates to the midriff, stomach, and kidneys, where 
it will be seen included between the squares marked K — N as intersected by 
the lines numbered 21 — 27. The side view therein presented is necessarily 
the left or near side, but the other lobe or right is of greater length and more 
substance, it touches the right kidney, and its upper surfiice is contiguous to 
the diaphragm, which presses upon it at each inspiration of the lungs. This 
tendency of the liver to the right side seems to have been designed by nature 
to counterbalance the leftward position of the heart, and of the lower part of 
the stomach ; the pyloric orifice of which is seen at the intersection of the 
lines K and 26. In a former page (sec. 27.), 1 took occasion to describe the 
minute glands with which the extremities are furnished, and to advert to the 
secretory glands, all which are formed by arteries that deposit their contents, 
and which is again taken up into the veins ; but the liver, the largest of all 
glands, and a secretory organ, differs from the others in one great and signal 
res[)ect : it is formed of an assemblage of veins only. Its structure, in other 
respects, is much the same as that of the smaller glands. 

Into the liver is brought the blood which has been sent from the heart to 
circulate and nourish the whole system (except a portion which the kidneys 
attract) ; a service that is performed by means of a great blood-vessel they 
call vena porta, that passes along the right side of the spine. In size very 
large, and always filled in health, a sight of this vessel shows how busily em- 
ployed the liver must be, in separating from so great a quantity of blood the 
bitter qualities it has obtained by having passed through the animal's system, 
and imbibed whatever might there lurk of the offensive, the diseased, or the 
infectious. It proves, also, that any disease with which it may be attacked, 
must be proportionably violent in its progress, and tedious to cure, inasmuch 
as both will depend upon the state every other viscus may be in, through 
which the blood happens to have passed. Are the kidneys, or either of them, 
inflamed? the blood which has recently passed through them comes to the 
liver to get rid of its noisomeness, in the form of bile. Is an abscess to lie 
dispersed, and the acrid matter driven from the part, to be taken up by the 
lymphatics (see sect. 29), at the liver it is strained off", and here must l)e im- 
parted a portion of its baleful qualities. It follows of course, that whatever 
medicine is directed towards the liver must go thither by means of the circu- 
lation, i. e. through the absorbents : for schirrous liver this is best accom- 
plished by the lymphatics ; for inflamed liver by means of the lacteals ; in 
other words, these am the internal and the external modes of exhibition, and 
the preparations of mercury are here mostly kept in view. 

The secretion of too miK-.h bile, and the consequent inability of the vessels 
6* 



60 OF BILE— EXCESS AND DEFECTIVE ; SY:\IPT0MS AND CURE. 

to carry it off it may easily he foreseen, would be the harbinger of jaundftcc; 
and its afiproacli may be discerned by the yellowness of the eyes, by the in- 
creased numlter and thinness of the animal's dungings, and the constant emp- 
tiness of its belly, which both feels and looks loose and iial)by. On the con- 
trary, too Uttle bile, must leave the intestines without the requisite stimulus 
to exiie! their conten'^j, which, soon gettin<j dry and hard, a constipation 
usually follows, that defies the remedy liy purgatives: nor is the operation of 
backraking with clysters always of effectual service. Whichever extreme af- 
fects the liver, the patient becomes weak: but in case of deficiency, though 
he may look more brisk for a few days, stretching his hind legs out when un- 
employed, he afterwards becomes feverish, hot uiuler the tongue, sluggish and 
dull in the eyes. Schirrous liver — a corrosion or rusliness of its fine surface, 
accompanies this deficiency of bile, and when it recurs often, the disease he- 
comes permanent; but whether caused by, or causing the same, I am unable 
to ascertain. Ulcerated liver is occasioned by a too great heat in this organ : 
if occurring upon its thin extremity, the disorder cures itself by a natural 
operation, i. e. by adhesion to the gut, and passing off by stool; but when 
seated higher up, it terminates fatally, by wholly debilitating the system, and 
sooner or later destroys the patient. 

The preparations of mercury, before alluded to, act variously upon the sys- 
tem, according to the mode of exhibition the practitioner may adopt: in the 
form of calomel it assists the liver to discharge its functions by lowering its 
tone ; the blue pill (pilul. hydrarg.) is finely adapted to solve the crudities of 
stomach and bowels in carnivorous animals, but has never been extensively 
tried on the horse. For any disease of the whole system, or "bad habit of 
body," as Richard Lawrence properly calls that [)redisposed state of it which 
ultimately produceth tumours, grease, fistula, farcy — mercury, in all its va- 
rious shapes, is the only specific. 

Too great a secretion of the bile, although it pass oflf, produces a roughish 
meagre coat first about the belly ; the patient becomes languid, esj)ecially after 
being compelled to any great exertion, when he pers])ires too readily on the 
carcass, his manner is uneasy, and after a while, partial hide-bound connnen- 
ces under the chest. Should the bile be of a less acrimonious nature, those 
symptoms are then perceptible lower down (i. e. farther back), and when his 
eyes appear yellowish, it is then a confirmed jaundice ; l)ut in very bad cases, 
producing death, people vulgarly call it "broken hearted," because commonly 
brought about by bad usage*. 

Inflammation of the liver generally accompanies those appearances ; but 
we can not be certain, though it is to be presumed, that inflammation is always 
consequent upon an over-quantity of secretion. After much procrastination, 
medicinal remedies are of little avail when tried on the most extensive scale, 
although no disorder to which the horse is liable is easier of cure, if it be 
taken in time : the patient requires only a treatment directly the reverse of 
that which brought on his ailments, and he gets well, almost of course. 
Regular work, moderate feeding, and tolerable behaviour comprise these na- 
tural remedies : they are usually found efficacious in the earlier stages of the 
disorder, and then only. But those natural remedies being neglected, and al- 
teratives (the assistants of nature) never thought of, languor of the whole 
system prevails sooner or later, and the best of medicines fail to act by reason 
of that languor. The absorbents are then accused of not performing their 

* Since writing the above, I have ascertained upon the view, that a horse, rankling under 
the effects of maltreatment, absolutely broke the ceils of his heart tiimugh high-spirited cha- 
grin. The case is described much at large in the "Annals of Sporting," for July lb22, a iiapei 
which I was induced to draw up at the iiistance of my irieiid Jolui Bee, Esq., who was present 
at ibe death aiid the ilissection. 



FOUL HABIT, HOW PRODUCED; HOW CURED. KmNEYS. 51 

function properly ; or, if they do so, then the liver and the kidneys fail in re- 
fining the blood sufficiently, so that, at its getting to the extremities once 
more, those particles which ought to have been carried off are there deposited, - 
and form the nidus of those external maladies that are mistakenly considered 
local diseases, and treated as such, instead of correcting the foul habit of body 
which is thus ()Iaiuly indicated. Of the whole series of tumours or abscess, 
grease is the only one which people in genera! think of taking up into the 
system ; the matter that proceeds from the pustules that form grease is so pal- 
])ably composed of urea, or the principle of urine, which ought to have been 
attracted to the kidneys, that every body who would cure the grease, very 
properly, as if by instinct, administers diuretics ; and when this means of 
cure is ado[)ted early, always with a proportionate degree of success. But of 
these things more in the following sections. 

53. Thk Kidnkys, although the seat of only one disorder (inflammation), 
yet are they so intimately coimected with the cure of other diseases, which 
are constitutional, that a right knowledge of their functions can not but prove 
highly serviceable in the judicious administration of the universally approved 
method of cure, by the urinary passage. Diuretics, or urine balls, are so con- 
stantly in the hands of grooms and others, that I would admonish them thus 
early to reflect Ji little on the consequences of going on from day to day in 
urging these tine glands to over-exertion, whereby they are kept in a constant 
state of irritation, arc rendered incapable of acting their part, or literally be- 
come rotten. They are situated, one on each side of the spine, close to the 
last two ribs (see plate G, H, as intersected by figures 28 — 30), where they 
are attached as well by the blood-vessels which L)elong to them, as by stout 
cellular membranes which cover them underneath. With this exception the 
kidneys of horses seldom have the covering of fat, termed suet, which we find 
in other animals, owing, no doubt, to the very great action of the parts. Mr. 
Richard Lawrence nnjst have been thinking on the ox or sheep's kidneys, 
when he wrote his 289th page. For my part, so little of this fat on the kid- 
neys has been noticed by me, that this book was already at press before I was 
convinced they were ever covered ; and yet I have assisted in opening 
and noting the state of as many horses, 1 believe, as any man in England 
who ever wrote a line on this subject : in France, I have reason to conclude, 
they are more industrious in this respect. The left kidney lies close to the 
ribs; the right one farther forward, is loose, and is connected with the right 
lobe of the liver; which being much longer than its left lobe, seems to extend 
itself backward for that purpose. Excitement, no doubt, is the mutual intent 
of this connexion ; and that deviation from her true system, which nature al- 
lows in the effusion from one part to another, takes place, when either the 
one or the other may be diseased, obstructed, injured, or destroyed. On no 
other grounds can we account how it is brute animals so long survive the total 
destruction of some vital part, as we frequently find.* One consequence of 
this loose situation of the right kidney is, that inflammation generally makes 
its appearance upon it earlier than on the left, a circumstance which is partly 
derived from its proximity to the liver ; it also imparts some of its own feel- 
ing to that organ, when inflamed ; two facts these which ought to be well 
kept in mind, when we wish to excite unusual secretion in either. In shape, 
the left kidney approaches the angular more than the right one ; from which 
I infer that, although the functions of the two must be so nearly the same, 
in affections they differ ; at least, a gall or slight blow will affect the left much 
sooner than the right kidney. 

'Latterly, Mr. Travers has given the public the lesults of many curious experimenis en 
ddd subject. 



52 THE PRINCIPLE OF URINE. 



1 



54 The section of a kidney, which should be performed lengthwise, will 
show ill the centre its pelvis, in which the tube (or ureter) that carries otf the 
Water to the bladder takes its rise : in this pelvis stone is sometimes formed, 
tliat ol'ten rinds its way to the bladder, utdess it remains in the ureter, or comes 
away entirely.* The ureters communicate immediately with the bladder, and 
the water they convey is formed by the outermost red part of the organ draw 
ing the blood into it, and through which it is filtered by the vascular or whitish 
part which lies next wilhinside ; here numerous little tubes convey it to the 
centre one, or ureter, that enters the cavity of the pelvis at H 1, 33, 34, of the 
plate of a skeleton. 

The blood, which has been so filtered of its water, is absorbed by a vein, 
which is plainly visible in the section of the kidney ; and the whole function 
shows how rapidly circuitous any medicine must act, which being poured into 
the stomach is found, in so short a s[)ace as two or three hours, to have work- 
ed its passage through the bowels into the lacteals, thence through the heart 
and arteries into the kidneys, filled the bladder, and caused a staling of the 
noxious water, which is to carry off disorders of one sort or other. Here it is 
worthy of remark, that the operation of internal medicines is much more cer- 
tain in the horse, when directed against the absorbing vessels and the kidneys, 
than when intended to act chiefly on the stomach ; for, as hath been observed, 
nis stomach being one half of it insensible to stimulants, we are not certain of 
producing upon it any effect whatever. In all swellings of the legs, the good 
properties otdiuretic medicines may be discerned almost ijnmediately, by reason 
of the connexion which subsists between the functions of Iym|)hatics and of 
the kidneys; so likewise, diaphuretic medicines no sooner excite the lacteals 
to a {;erforniance of their function, than the skin shows evident signs of its 
good efftcts. But both means of cure may be abused, as 1 sliall show more 
particularly in the sequel : the first, being administered too often, wears out 
the functions of the kidneys; the second, being carried on loo long, at length 
refuseth to act upon the skin. 

55. An idea respecting the deposition of water in the membranes was 
thrown out in the twentieth section ; and another, as to variation in the pro- 
portions of urine and perspiration in summer and winter, at the bottom of 
section the twenty-second, to which the reader may refer. On this to[)ic a 
foolish notion having got abroad as to the small quantity of acrid matter con- 
tained in the urine of the horse, induced Dr. Thomsont to submit a portion 

* T was called in to examine a horse, whose diseases had baffled the skill of many clever 
farriers. He liad been long declared to have " a complication ; " that is to say, none knew hig 
disease, lor he occasionally voided blood with his urine, in great pain; they had therefore given 
hiia diuretics to such an excess, that he could not bear the hand's passing along his back over 
the kidneys: his sheath showed signs of oedematous swelling, and ujwn that region being 
pressed he became unruly. I, however, saw enough to ascertain, by the heat and tension of 
the part, tliat it was inflammatory, and as his pulse was high, his tongue hot and dry, I pro- 
posed to bleed him, and to foment the part; the operation, however, was scarcely performed 
when its owner resolved to take no further trouble, and the horse was slain. On examination 
I found his kidneys were rotten, and as pervious as dough: ulcers ajipeared upon both lobes of 
the liver, and tlieneck of the bladder was inllamed a little. The sheath preserved its sii;e ; and 
on the top of the penis a small shapeless stone, the cause of all this mischief, lay buried under 
the cuticle; and would, I should apprehend, have come away in the course of a day or two 
Bjhjntaneously. How it cot there is most inscrutable. 

t Ol Edinburgh, in his Annais of Philosophy, for August, 1820. By the wny, on this sub- 
jsct It is worthy of remark, that for seven or eight years past, the French and Itcdlan doctors 
nave niatle a great fuss about this l'u7-ee (urea),'or proportion of the principle of urine, calling 
it "a discovery ; " whereas our own people, in every branch of medicine, have been acting up- 
on die same doctrine for better than forty years, to my certain knowledge. Some have regu- 
'uted their practice (human) by the appearance of the water, with various success; and I have 
B. great notion, that this test of the state of the horse's heulth may be added <o those other symp» 
torns by which we endeavour to ascertain the ailments of an animal which nature has forbidden 




GLANDERS. CONSTRUCTION OF THE BLADDER. 53 

of it to chemical analysis in order to decide that point. "The result was, that 
il contains an unusually large pro[)ortion of that principle, so that without be- 
iiil!; concen4rated by evaporation, it yielded crystals of nitrate of urea, very 
readily on tlie ad(Ution of nitric acid." This fact being thus satisfactorily as- 
certained, accounts for the strong ammoniacal vapour of stablt>s that alfects the 
eyes of the attendants, and being inlialed (as said in sect. 31).), is clearly the 
harbinger of several diseases in the horses confined in them — glanders among 
the rest. 

56. Thk Bladdkr, or receptacle for the redundant water of the whole sys- 
tem, as it is separated from the blood by tlic kidneys, is situated within the 
hollow of the pelvis, at the intersection of II 1 with 33, 31 on the plate of a 
skeleton, with its outlet or neck turned towards the place of 
exit, varying a little according to the sex. It consists of three 
coats or layers, the outer two being nmscular, and having 
tht'ir fibres crossing each other — (as may be seen ujion s|)lit- 
ting asunder a stale bladder), the better to enal)le it to contract 
U[)on and expel its contents. The inner coat is membrane- 
ous, sensible on distention, and secreting a mucous fluid to 
protect itself against the eifects of the urine. When, how- 
ever, the bladder becomes full, the secretion is insufficient for 
its protection, and irritation commences in order to induce the 
muscular coats to concur in the expulsion of the urine. This 
desire must be very great in the hor.se, for the reason assigned 
at the close of the preceding section, and shows the necessity 
of permitting him to void his urine upon liis first intimating an inclination 
thert'to. The shape of some horses' bludders dilfers a good deal from that of 
others, — particularly about the neck, those of the female being considerably 
wider, and shorter, than those of the male, a circumstance to be remembered 
when I come to treat of the disorders incident thereto; since in inflammation 
of its neck, f)r exam[)le, in one sex we are obliged' to have recourse to instru- 
ments, in the other the urine may be discharged by the fingers. But it so 
happens that horses are more liable to the disorder just named than mares. 
My reader will also please to note, that the thin memltrane which defends the 
whole intestine against the friction ofthe surface, (termed peritonseum,) reaches 
backward to only half way over the bladder; so that it offers no obstruction to 
our operations upon its neck in cases of disease. 

.57. To recur once more to the subject of a preceding section (the 55th) — 
the principle (of tfrea) that resides in any given quantity of urine evacuated 
by the horse, it may be here observed, that when the animal, on a journey, 
has been })ushed onward, and thus prevented from staling for a considerable 
time, he at length produces it of a deeper colour and less in quantity than 
usual, a change which has been elTected by the great heat of his body having 
taken it up again, by the absorption and effusion which nature has jyrovided, 
of aqueous particles from one part ofthe system to another. The principle, 
or urea, however, remains in the bladder, and produces one of two evils; either 
the inner or sensible coat becomes inflamed, and loses, after an attack of dia* 
Ix'tes, some part of its function of secreting the mucous fluid lor its defence, 
if it does not terminate fatally; or, being less severe, but often repeated, a de- 

to complain. Whatever practitioner siiould undertake to judge of tlie horse's diseases by iia 
urine, must prepare himself to undergo a good deal of ridicule, and may expect some calumny ; 
he wouki not, however, be far from the risiit path towards making a proj)er estimate of the 
quantity or violence of its ailment, though he might not so readily ascertain the precise nature 
of the disorder. The terms "nephrin," an(i "uric acid," the oldest and the newest for the 
priaciplc of this evacuation, show the assiduity of which it has lieen deemed worthy, in thai 
practice where it is coafeiisedly of less importance than it is ia oura. 



54 DISEASES OF TIIE BLADDER: OPERATION. 

position of earthy particles takes place, which is generally converted into stone 
or fjravel. 

Palsy of the bladder is induced from frequent repetitions of thus neglect- 
ing the calls of nature, as well as from injuries of the s{<ine; in both M'hich 
cases the nerves having lost their sensibility, the coats do not contract snftici- 
ently, and some water is always left behind. In all diseases of the bladder, a 
disposition to fill spevdily manifests itself: and in palsy, this is the leading 
symptom. When this evil takes place, the horse, while staling, seems un- 
willing, or is inca[)able of discharging the last drops of each voidance ; and, if 
tlie usual practice of giving diuretics be adopted, the animal is ruined, if he 
does not burst the fiuidus of the bladder and die innnediately : rather, the 
contrary method of discharging, instead of filling the bladder, should be sought, 
aiul the readiest way to effect tliis is to introduce the hand into the funda- 
ment, which having emptied, the bladder may be felt much distended. In 
this case, we arc told, " too much pressure might terminate fatally; " hut by 
smoothing the bladder gently with the tops of the fingers, from its neck for- 
wards, is usually successful. \n fact, I never should have thought of its fail- 
ing, but for what is said in one of the books on diseases of horses (White, vol. 
i. p. 121), where we find a good number of pages bestowed upon "suppres- 
sion and retention of urine," which are not diseases in themselves, but the 
elfects of disease ; the first arising in defective secretion of the kidneys, the 
second in the bladder, or its neck. At all times a good deal of sympathy exists 
between this organ and the kidneys, and the kidneys with the liver; inflam- 
mation of either being soon comnumicated to all three, in a degree propor- 
tioned to the animal's general state of bodily health previously to the attacJi. 



CHAPTER III. 

General Observations on, the Animal System of the TTorse, until Reference 
to the Origin of Constitutional Diseases; Recapitulation, and. further 
Development of Veterinary Practice^ upon the principles before laid 
down. 

Sf.eing that a recapitulation of the preceding chapters, and a few general 
observations arising tlierefroin, would be necessary, before we examine into 
the particular diseases to which they have reference, I shall here add the no- 
tice of such nnnor ])arts of the horse, as may seem to have been overlooked; 
and then draw such conclusions from the whole, as to the principles upon 
which veterinary medicine may be most successfully conducted, as appear to 
me best adapted to your acquiring those just notions of Mie theory as lead to 
favouralile results in practice. 

The aiumal system* (which has been so often mentioned) wdiereby life is 
continued and strength renewed, diseases are contracted, and the disposition 
to throw them off is constantly manifested, and by which the ordinary wear 
and waste of the varit>us coin^mnent [tarts of the body is unceasingly sup[ilied 
with new and healthy matter, has been shown, in the foregoing brief account 
of the se})arate parts that contribute, by their uiuted actions, to make up this 
system. A system that, although apiiarenlly complex and infirm, is, in re- 
alitv, sim[)le, magrnlicent, and rol)Ust. it is we (mankind) wdio derange the 
iuc action of those parts, by oui vanity, our wants, and self will; or, by our 

A system is a com-se nf action, accordine :o some known rule or law of nalure; and tha 
wm lias been applied lo some of man's comiivauces also, not very happily. 



ANIMALS' SYSTEMS DIFFER. LESSER PARTS DESCRIBED. 55 

our ignorance, put the wliole system out of repair, when we endeavour to 
control nature, instead of humbly following her track, and workimr after her 
fashion; and every mechanic knows, that a system, or a machine, being once 
put out of order in its minutest part, incurs the danger of complete disoraa- 
nization in those that are more material to the performance of its functions as 
a whole : an observation that api)lies as well to a watch or steam-engine, aa 
to a worm, to man, or the horse ; but whicii, of course, I intend should be ap- 
plied to the last mentioned animal particularly. 

Our Creator, however, as if prescient of the barbarities his image would 
fidl into, in the exercise and abuse of the power he gave us over the liviiKT 
things of tlie eartli, hath, in his goodness, conferred on brutes the means of 
supplying from one part of the system the losses which accident may occa- 
sion in ant^ther part : a subject well worthy our patient scrutiny, as furnish- 
ing the means of effecting cures in desperate cases, and not to be disrco-ardeJ 
in first attacks of malignant diseases. 

But "the animal system," as a term, or in fact, may be taken to imply as 
well that of all animals as |)articular kind of animals — descending sometimes 
(not improfjerly) to individuals of those kinds. Some persons, h(jwever, de- 
scend still lower, and tlie term " system" has been sadly misapplied, and ban- 
died about from one thing to another, until it is brought to describe particular 
parts or |)ortions only of the individual's system. The dog kind, the horse 
kind, and maidvind, are good and proper distinctions, for the system of animal 
life differ in all three: they are not in every case moved in a similar manner 
by the same class of meiJicines; whereby we first perceive that their systems 
differ, and we examine the dead subject of either kind (as in the precedimr 
chapter), to find out how this takes })lace, and in what degree, and we regu- 
late our practice conformai)ly to the discoveries so made. The several indi- 
viduals, too, of the same kind, have particularities in their respective systems, 
arising from habit, from country or climate, or from crosses* that demand our 
serious analytical reasoning, in the application of similar remedies, and adapt- 
ing their proportions to the removal of similar symptoms. So, a sensible 
difference is known to exist between the constitution of a cart-liorse and a 
blood-horse, between a galloway and a hunter; each requiring accurate dis- 
crimination in ascertaining the state of disease,t and this consideration ought 
to inspire us with carefulness in applying the remedies, since that which re- 
stores the one might l)e injurious to the other. Among those four breeds, we 
frequently find inilividuals variously affected from the same causes according 
to their built, shape, or make (see pages 2, G, and 18), according to the con- 
stitution and co-ailaptation of the dam and sire; as age may come on, acci- 
dents have taken jjlace, or chiefiy as the individual may have been mistreated 
by his unworthy master, the sordid tarrier, or unfeeling ostler. To all which 
important distinctions in the state of his patient's i)articularities, 1 beg to (-all 
the studious reader's most serious attention, while examining his case, in order 
to apply the remedy mosl appropriate to the degree of attack. 

In the two preceding chapters of this treatise, more of the animal might 
undoubtedly have been described, or the same subjects considerably enlarged 
upon, and more parade of learning might have been displayed, but the reader 
would not have benefited one jot by that course of proceeding : he might, 
probably, have bewildered himself (as many do) in the mazes which woulil 
then surround him ; whilst the description of those parts of the animal, which 

*'rhe system of the same individual, also, may tindergo changes by lime; so that a medi- 
cine may o[)eratc dilleiently now from what it (ijrmeiiy (lid. 

tTlie surest barometer of health, the pulse, would indicate an approach towards fever in 
one individual, vvhicli miglil be the certain standard of neaith in another. »et The Pulse,' 
at page 60. 



556 DOCKING. FIRING. TH^ FOOT. THE SKIN. 

contribute but inferior]y.to the system I had in view to illustrate and explain, 
might have led him to look upon these in a light, too important for the func- 
tions they perform — as regards my purpose. 

The eyes, the tongue, the ears, the skin and hair, the tail, the genitals, and 
the hoof, or foot, though each deserving our most sedate attention, for many 
good reasons, yet, as they do not originate disease, I then purposely avoided 
taking particular notice of them.* Nevertheless, I do not mean to deny, that 
they all, according to each its functions, accurately indicate the existence of 
disease, as they do of health, and the degree of both is marked on them with 
wonderful ])recision. Hence it was easy to conclude, even though we did not 
know the fact to a demonstration, that they are subject to some deplorable 
maladies that are peculiar to each, arising out of constitutional defectiveness, 
to say nothing of accidents, nor of the fancied improvements man presumes 
to make u[)on the works of his Maker. 

Under this last reproach lie all those farriers and others, who give pain un- 
necessarily to the animal in the indispensable operations. Among these, I 
class that of docking, notwithstanding the gibes of our continental neighbours 
(the French) conveyed to us in something like the following couplets, about 
the period of king James's abdication. 

Proud English.men avaiint, barbarians as ye be, 
, Who cut your inonarchs' heads ofr—i)fl' horses take the gueue.' 

We FrencluTien, better bred, who reverence the law, 
Never meddle with our kings' heads, arid let our horse-tails grow. 

Although of no moment in themselves, these verses show the then French 
.ustoms, and mark the period when docking and nicking came up among us 
in England, to be in the early part of the seventeenth century. But I put it 
to the reason of any, the most strenuous advocate for this custom, whether he 
ever contemj)lated the probaJjility of a horse being subjected to this operation 
three or four several times ; yet it is no less true, that at a market dinner-table, 
in the town of Watford, in May, 1820, 1 heard of a horse which had been so 
served tive several times, from no other authority than that of the last owner 
of the unfortunate creature. I took occasion to show, in a preceding page, 
that in all great exertions of the animal powers, the tail and head had a 
Bhare. 

Firing is another of those barbarous practices that are much oftener re- 
sorted to than is necessary or proper. In fact, we may observe that this and 
similar painful operations are adopted in an exact ratio that the operator's 
education may have been neglected. 

Of the foot, I have already, in the first chapter, noticed some general faults, 
arising from constitutional defects in the form of the whole limb; and I shall 
thence be led to enter into further consideration thereof, with more particulars, 
under the article " Shoeing," as well as when I come to treat of the several 
disorders incident to this important ])art of the frame. Meantime, I am in- 
duced thus early to re])robate one other species of that busy intermeddling in 
the affairs of nature i took occasion to advert to higher up. This consists in 
the baneful jiractice of cutting away, unmercifully, the horny part of the sole, 
that lines and defends the sensible sole, whereby injuries ujion the road be- 
come more frequent, and lameness from unknown causes is incurred ; but if 
not so, canker, rottenness, corns, are sure to follow, or the hoof contracts, and 
fever of the feet and founder succeed each other. 

The skin and coat received some attention under the article Secretions, 

* The diseases of tlie foot, I consider as those of accident or infliction, and with a brief ana* 
omic^l dcBcri])iion, will form a separate chapter. 



THE TONGUE, E'S'E, AND EARS, INDICATIONS. 57 

and elsewhere, as the reader must recollect, or refer to ; but he must never 
forget, that the first mentioned may be safely and powerfully stimulated as 
the outlet for many constitutional affections of the system, the proper timo 
for their use being indicated (as I said before) by the appearance of the coat. 

The tongue always partakes of the general state of the system : in the 
horse, it does not afford to the sight so sure a prognostic of the state of the 
Btomach as in the human subject; but, to the feel, it communicates to us the 
state of the blood with so much accuracy as demands our assiduous attention, 
to the acquiring, by practice, the most intimate acquaintance with its moni- 
tions. This member of the body, in conjunction with the coat, I have al- 
ways considered the health-gage of my patients. See observations on the 
«' Pulse" at page 60. 

The eye is a most material organ of sense, and is much studied by those 
who would render themselves good judges of the general soundness or un- 
soundness of the horse's constitution. It beams bright and steadily in health, 
projects most fiery when the animal is most vigorous; in lassitude it sinks, it 
blears with a cold, and under extreme circumstances is extinguished. After 
a heat, horses full of blood, with foul stomachs, certainly alter in their vision, 
shy and become troiil)Iesoinc ; and, so sure is the eye the barometer of vigour 
that horses got by old sires have the eye more sunken than others, with a hoi- 
lovvness over it. 

The ears, by their movements, show the apprehensions of the horse, if not 
his disposition. When he fears the lash, he turns their cavities backwards. 
Is he disposed to be resentful, they are laid fiat on his poll. Following his 
companions, or the hounds, or going homewards, the cavity of the ear turns 
sharply forward : asleep, as well as under other circumstances of easy watch- 
fulness, one ear turns forward, the other backward ; but, when roused sud- 
denly, they alternately change position. Who, then, would destroy these 
useful appendages of tlie horse's organ of hearing? Who would singe off the 
hairs, which, passing from side to side of the cavity, catch the sounds and 
convey to his rider the first notice of danger from wild beasts, as well as plea- 
sure from the cry of the hounds? The Arab knows, by his horse's ears, of 
the approach of enemies ; but the Englishman relies too securely u[)on his own 
comparatively imperfect hearing, and cuts off' those better intelligencers of dis- 
tant occurrences; or, he more assiduously abridges their utility, by clipping 
away the inside lining; or, worse still, by ap[)lying flame to the {)art, he ren- 
ders the horse skittish ever after. Those are the only disorders of the ears 
of horses; if, for want of this hairy defence, premature duhiess of hearing, 
occasioned by rain, dust, and other substances entering these organs, be not 
another. 

That the genitals draw off from the system and store up a noble secretion, 
for the purpose of continuing the kind, is certain ; but I shall pursue the mat- 
ter no further than to notice the change to which the coats of geldings are 
su!)ject as to colour, compared to those of perfect horses ; and all the inference 
I mean to draw from that fact is, the still further corroboration of my pre- 
viously maintained opinion, as to the seat of perspirable matter residing in the 
lacteal part of the system. 

As it is the blood which by its deposite forms all those parts, so h^ means 
of the blood must we endeavour to correct any derangement of the system of 
&nima! life, whether of quadrupede or bipede ; for the workingof the system in 
making of new blood and cleansing the old is the same in all, though differing 
in degree, whilst mainly agreeing in the process. Would any one demanu 
how it comes to pass, that quadrupeds draw so much substantial nourishment 
from herbaceous vegetables, whilst man can only extract a watery juice, de« 
void of all nutritious qualities? let hl-ii be answered, that all depends on th« 
7 



60 FEVER, ABSCESS. COLD. 

inflammation of all the solids and organs of life, or, more ■properly, fever. 
But whon only a certain part of the system, or a single organ is tiius checlc- 
ed, we consider tlie atiair under tlie name oi injlavimation of that part, as of 
the lungs, tlie kidneys, &C. ; always keeping in mind, that, by continuance, 
these extend their baleful affections to other organs, with which a certain 
sym[)athy is known to exist. In like manner, when external muscular parts 
swell and secrete matter, this is in like manner an intlanunation of that parti- 
cular part, or tumoar, or abscess, with a great variety of names, according to 
the place where it may be seated : poll-evil and fistula are among those external 
complaints to which 1 allude. 

The latter, or local kind of inflammation, is the effect of the former or con- 
tinued internal fever, and whenever such a tumour or abscess makes its ap- 
pearance near the surface, the general inflanmiation or fever sul)3ides; when 
It discharges offensive matter, the fever is cured. If such a tumour appear 
without previous general fever of the system, we repel it, so that it may dis- 
perse and })ass off by stool. It may usually, however, be considered as an 
effort of nature to relieve itself of offensive viscid matter that lurks in the sys- 
tem; and in this case only, when well ascertained, would that reduction of 
the system which 1 shall shortly insist upon as [)roper in all inilanunatory at- 
tacks, he least advisable, as nature would then require aid to assist her in her 
efforts, rather than subtraction from her powers, by the bleeding, purging, 
&c. so recommended. 

But whenever a cold is cau<j]it, whereby the trunk is af!'ected, one of two 
evils is experienced, that are quite contrary in their effects: 1st, Either the 
bowels lose the j)ower of retaining their contents, and of contributing their aid 
to the pur[)oses of digestion, chylitication, and sanguification, i. e. the making 
of fresh blootl, and diarrhoea ensues; or, 2d, The extreme heat of the body 
causes the dung to harden, and if the obstruction be not s[)eedily removed, 
the most distressing consequences usually happen. Either extreme may come 
on gradually and imperceptibly; but as the latter (termed consti[)ation) is of 
most frequent recurrence, is a disorder of over repletion, [)roducing vertigo, 
staggers, apo|)lex\', megrims, or fits, I have considered it under a separate 
head, as "costiveness ; " seeing that it sometimes supervenes without previous 
fever, though always accompanied by it. One or other species of afiection 
of the bowels is also produced by catarrhal inflannnation, or fever of the organs 
of res[)iration. when this is violent or of long continuance. 

Res|)iration of confined or noxious air in close stables, as described at page 
39, also produces quicker circulation of the blood ; with perspiration and tem- 
porary fever, which may be confirmed by sudden exposure to the open air, 
and the consequent detention of blood in the small vessels which we term 
ca[)illary. Sudden immersion in cold water whilst sweating and respiring 
with difficulty after a run, wading through a river, or standing in a current 
of cold air, are all prolific sources of inflammatory disorders. Indeed fever 
and inflanmiation are so closely allied to each other, that we run little risk of 
creating confusion of terms by considering them as derived from the same 
origin, and none whatever in treating of both in the same chapter. For most 
atal)lemen and farriers, as well as many veterinary writers, do speak of thei 
one and the other promiscuously, as if they were the same, when describing 
the symptoms of either; nor do I see any good cause for my deviating from 
this practice upon the present occasion, after the slight distinction just drawn. 

One other general observation may be a{)tly made in this place, w hich may 
stand instead of much discussion hereafter. As fever is a necessary conse- 
quence of any inflammation whatever, so without fever there would be no in- 
flammation. Every run you give a horse heats or inflames his blood, quick- 
ens his pulse, and he sustains temporary fever. Wliilst in this state, if any 



TYPHUS FEVER. BLEEDING AND PURGING.— RESTORATIVES. 61 

viscus, or organ, that constitutes a vital part of his system, receive such a 
check or damper as 1 have described, ol>struction of" the finer blood-vessels en- 
sues — as, of the hings, by their drinking cold water, or mere affusion of it on 
the chest, and inflamniation is the name: if the whole body of an animal or 
its entire surface be so affected, the evil consequences are similar, and fever is 
the name by which we designate it. Horses out of condition, or already in a 
low state, though feverish, with quickened pulse, do not require further re- 
duction ; since tins is evidently "low fever," which I have treated of under a 
sc|)arate head; as I have also "Typhus fever," or the affection of the whole 
system which arises from a vitiated or corrupt state of the blood. But, in all 
cases, the best guides to the practitioner for his prescriptions, and indeed all 
his operations, are the causes, the symptoms, general health and peculiarity 
of constitution of the animal ; when it so happens that such particulars can be 
extracted from those about him; as will be the case in all studs of a superior 
cast. If the feverish affection arises from inactive kidneys, the diuretics re- 
commended lower down will be all the treatment that is requisite in such a 
case ; if a dull heavy pulse and the state of his dungings show that the bowels 
only are at fault, purgatives alone will restore health. So of any other vis- 
ceral obstruction, when these give pain fever ensues, and is best removed by 
the exhibition of mercury ; if the internal irritation continues, rowelling is the 
remedy most appropriate to such cases, and the state of the pulse will tell the 
doctor when and why he should bleed. This will bring us to an early con- 
sideration of " the pulse," its indications and general rules. In all cases of 
inflammation, whether of the whole system, or fever, or of particular organs, 
let bleeding be resorted to immediately, in quantity proportioned to the amount 
of heat, which is ascertained by the temper of the pulse. "Open the prima 
vice" also, is a good maxim of a late respected lecturer on those subjects, 
meaning thereby — purge the bowels or chief canal, and keep them open. Co- 
pious clysters of warm water-gruel assist the latter materially, pa/ticularly if 
a solution of salts be added, according to the nature of the case; but rather 
than delay the clyster through want of the ingredient being at hand, use 
simple warm water only. Very often, in slight attacks, the animal requires 
no other treatment, if resorted to in time ; but delay Is dangerous, for with 
every hour the symptoms increase in a three-fold ratio, and the animal be- 
comes weaker and weaker every moment, and therefore less able to bear up 
against the attack. In all cases, be quick, for ruin is going on with rapid 
strides, whenever the animal shows signs of great internal pain. Fresh air, 
diluting liquids, and clysters, in all cases of inflammation whatsoever, are 
found of as much service in the restoration of health, as the best active medi- 
cines that can be administe»"ed; the first mentioned most positively so, unless 
the animal perspire greatly at the time, or it suffers under a fit of shivering. 
Danger is to be apprehended in the latter case, and the fresh air need not 
then be admitted ; but if shivering is succeeded by sweating, or even a small 
degree of moist heat, it may be considered as the crisis of the disorder, when 
something has taken place that is favourable to the cure — of which more par- 
ticulars in the proper place. Continued shivering, by the way, denotes the 
termination of all inflammatory diseases — in death; cordials then may do 
good, but more frequently accelerate the catastrophe, whilst the diluting liquid 
— water-gruel, will afford relief in some measure, but can do no harm. But 
'resh air, that issues not in streams, is of all other restoratives that upon 
which 1 place the most reliance; even removal to a fresh otall, or up and 
down the stable, effects great changes in the animal's spirits, that can not fail 
to strike the eye of an attentive observer, and bespeak, more than words can 
convey, the vital necessity of a cool atmosphere. 

The Pulse — Being thcctuefest criterion forjudging of the state of the cii- 
7* 



62 PULSE, STATE OF— FEELING TIIE. 

culation of the blood, and as I have sat down with the notion that mv hook 
wili be read strain hl-an-end at first, let the reader attend a moment while I 
say a word or two on tfiis preUminary topic. Without an accurate knowledge 
of this touch stone of the main s[)ring of life, no one can fi)rm a judgment (it 
to be acted upon as to when it is necessary to bleed or of the quantity to be 
taken: thus, in cases of fever, the groom begi..j very properly by bleeding; 
but he almost invariably takes too little, or in case of increased action of the 
pulse, through over exertion of the animal's powers, he bleeds when such a 
Course is detrimental, and almost always administers cordials, thus reducing 
with one hand, and increasing the action with the other. — See pages 38 et 
seq. 

When in health,' the pulsations or strokes are from thirty-six to forty in a 
minute; those of large heavy horses being slower than of the smaller; and 
of old ones, they are also slower than of young animals. When either may 
he just off a quick pace, the strokes increase in number; as they do if he be 
alarmed, or terrified, or hear the hounds' familiar cry. Fever, of the simple 
or common kind, usually increases the pulsations to doulile t!ie healthy num- 
ber; hence the propriety of ascertaining the state of this index of health, 
while the animal is still free from disease, goes to prove over again the j>ro- 
priety of my plan of teaching the curative art in animals by closely examin- 
ing the indications of health, and .setting down in one's mind every deviation 
therefrom as the approach of illness, that ought to be met and combated at 
the threshold. 

In this view of its utility, why might not the attendant groom, or horse- 
keeper in more hund)le estal)lishmenls, kee[> a register of the state of every 
horse's pulse, when it comes first under his care, and renew the same exami- 
nation at intervals of a week or ten days 7 This practice alone would ren- 
der him expert in all cases of imminent danger; to say nothing of those 
other indications, the dungings and the water voided. On this latter point 
the reader will turn back tio what is said of " Urine" in page 52, 53. 

As the fever increases in violence, likewise, when the animal is in great 
pain from inflammation of the intestines, &c., the pulse beats still liigher, and 
reaches to 100 in a minute, or more. The danger is then great, and less than 
three or four quarts, drawn from a large orifice, would do harm rather than 
good, by increasing the action of the blood, and the hardness of the artery 
would also be increased. To ascertain either state, the attendant should ap- 
ply the points of his fingers gently to the artery which lies nearest the sur- 
face. Soiiie prefer consulting the tem[>oral artery, which is situated about 
an inch and a half backward from the corner of the eye. Others again, and 
they are the greater number, think it best to feel it underneath the edge of 
the jaw-bone, where the facial artery passes on under the skin only to the side 
of the face. In either case, too great pressure would stop the pulsation alto- 
gether, though by so trying the artery against the jaw bone, will prove whether 
It be in such a rigid state of excitement as attends high fever; or elastic and 
springy, slipping readily from under the finger, as it does when health prevails 
and the strokes follow each other regularly. 

The presence of high fever is further indicated by a kind of twang, or vi- 
bration, given by the pulse against the finger points, resembling much srch as 
would be felt were we to take hold of a distended whipcord or wire between 
the fingers, and cause it to vibrate like a fiddle-string, sharply; whereas, in 
health, a swell is felt in the vibration, as if the string were made of soft ma- 
terials, and less straightened ; — facts these which owners would do well to as- 
certain by practising upon the pulse of their own horses. Languid or slow 
pulse, and scarcely pcrcejjtible in some of the beats or strokes, indicate low- 
aeas of spirits, debility, or being used up : if this languor is felt at intervals 



I 



SIMPLE FE\TER : SYMPTOMS. 63 

only, a few strokes being very quick, and then again a few very slow, this in- 
dicates low fever, in which bleeding would do harm. CXuickness, however, 
is the chief indication of the whole class of inflammatory fever, and this 
beincr my principle object at })reseiit, I shall postpone further consideration of 
the pulse until 1 come to treat of " blood-letting." 

FEVER. 

There are two kinds of well-marked fever, simply so called — first, that 
which arises from the pain an animal may be put to by the derangement of 
some main organ of life, by misusage, hard riding, wounds, &c. ; and second- 
ly, that which consists in a general inflammation of the blood arising from a 
cold, a chill, or sudden check, as before described. The ancient vulgar name 
given to this alarming disease conveys to the common observer a better idea 
of its force and danger, than those which are settled by consent of the faculty 
of horse medicine; and the phrase " inflammation of the blood" may betaken' 
as more plainly indicative of the cause of fever than aught the moderns have 
substituted in its place. Had our plain-speaking ancestors termed it "in- 
flanunation of the blood-vessels," they would have been still more accurate, 
probably : but no mistake is more common throughout life, than to speak of 
the thiniT contained for the thing containing it, and vice versa. When the 
symptoms come on quick or acutely, the most prompt measures nmst be taken : 
a mild attack may be easily reduced if taken in time, but, if neglected, it as- 
sumes the most alarming symptoms. Evacuations and diluting drinks are 
the proper means of reducing the patient; but before purgatives are admin- 
istered, see what is said a few j)agcs onward respecting " Costiveness ;" for 
it not unfrequently happens, that this is all that ails the animal, except his 
being worked too hard while costiveness is upon him. 

In either case of accelerated pulse from those causes, blee<ling should pre- 
sently be had recourse to, and let the ([uantity taken be regulated by the force 
and quickness of the circulation of the blood: for this is what constitutes the 
fever. If the pulsation advance to above 60, two quarts should be drawn ; if 
above 70 in a minute, three quarts of blood would not be too much to take 
away at once. If the number of beats be much more, ascending ra[)idly, with 
the rigid feel of the artery above described, four quarts at least must he drawn, 
and tliat from a large oriflce. Should this rigidity, or hardness of the artery 
continue) notwithstanding the ble-eding, a quantity that shall cause faii»tness 
or tottering might be taken, or rather a repetition take place of the same ope- 
ration in lesser quantities, until that hardness of the artery is no longer felt. 
Some skill, derived from practice, is required in watching for this last men- 
tioned symptom ; but whatever is to be dune, let there be no delay in the first 
operation: twelve hours should intervene between the two bleedings. 

Immediately hereupon, let a mild purgative be administered, adaj)ting this, 
as well as the amount of bleeding, to the size of the horse, if he belong to 
either extreme of exceeding large or very small. For one of the moderate 
coach-horse kind give the following 

Purgative Ball. 

Aloes, 7 drachms. 

Castile soap, 4 drachms. 

Oil of caraways, (3 drops. 

With mucilage sutiicient to form the ball for one aose. 

In all cases of fever arising from accidents, hard runs, &c. which may be con- 
sidered as temporary excitements only, the above treatment in its mildest form 



64 INFLAMMATION: SY^IPTOMS. 

will be found sufficient completely to reduce the symptoms ; but in the fever, 
simply so called (arising from inflammation of the solids as before described), 
a rej)etition of the purgative becomes necessary, with mashes, q quiet stable, 
and an attentive groom. When the fever arises from indigesti.>n, or any de- 
rangement of the stomach or howels, its immediate cause will be found in 
hardened faeces ; and in addition to the forementioned remedies, give a 

Purgative Clyster. 

"Water gruel, 6 to 7 quarts. 
Table salt, an ounce to each quart. 

Let it be applied assiduously, and some assistance be given to bring away the 
first hard faeces that appear : the remainder of the hardened dung will come 
away, naturally, in good time. See further under the head " Cosliveness." 

Castor oil, in the quantity of a pint or more, will open the canal partially 
only, passing by the main evil in the coecum and great gut,* and j)ro- 
ducing but a small quantity of the offensive cause of disease. But 
help must be afforded in this respect; and if the bowels yield not to the 
purgative ball, other means must be resorted to, though I should never think 
of having recourse to oil in the first instances. Although the consti[)ati()n 
or obstruction be obstinate, yet very strong diuretic purgatives are ineligible, 
as they might kill the animal, or at least injure the intestines materially, by 
reason of that very circumstance. 

Distinctions have been drawn by some writers between "symptomatic and 
simple fever;" that is to say, whether the excitement, called fever, originate 
in a check of the circulation received externally or internally ; but as the 
treatment in both cases is so nearly the same, I shall make no such distinction. 
The internal attacks alluded to, when confined to a single organ, and not ex- 
tending to the whole frame, are more })roperly termed inflammation of that 
viscus or organ, and therefore will be treated of hereafter, under the following 
heads, viz. 

Inflammation of the Lungs, 

Inflammation of the Stomach and Intestines, 

Diseases of the Liver — Inflammation, &c. 

Kidneys and Bladder. 

All these produce fever throughout the whole system, when either exists 
but in a slight degree; for those parts are all of them vital, and communicate 
their feeling to the solids by means of the circulation. It is not, however, un- 
til these attacks are well marked, that they deserve separate consideration ; for 
Bome horses suffer under the one or other during life, with more or less malig- 
rity according to exciting circumstances, the lungs being the most general 
Bufferer, the bowels the seldomest attacked of either, but usually prove the 
most fatal of this whole class. 

The sym[)toms, in all cases, are heat and acceleration of the pulse, as before 
described, and which in fact, brought me to the consideration of this portion 
of my subject before the others. A hot mouth soon conies on ; shivering takes 
place early, and the animal evinces signs of internal pain by looking at his 
flanks or chest. The fever is then likely to fix on the lungs if not s[)eedily 
reduced. Loss of appetite follows ; but too gradually to be waited for, as a 

'The practical reader, whilst wailing the progress of the disease, will not waste his time by 
turning Ijack to the fust book, at p. 46, and see what is said of iho conformation of those large 
guts, and the difficulty of escape that must attend their oflensive contents at the turns or sinu- 
Bes (which 1 have tiiere considered as so many valves), when inllaniiimtion or fever has onca 
begun. 



DANGER OF RELAPSE. 65 

a criterion for judging and acting promptly. He will evince languor antl dul- 
ness, vvitli half closed eyes, and a small discharge from them, as if tears es- 
caped ; sometimes, tliis last will happen in cases of mere debility or starvation 
also, when it is not too much to suppose the animal may be deploring his hard 
fate. Consulting the pulse, however, will settle any doubt as to which ail- 
ment the animal labours under; for this main characteristic of health will, in 
the latter case, partake of his debility, and strike now hard and then soft, a 
few beats each : in this case a feed of corn or water gruel, would probably re- 
store a more healthful even pulse, whereas bleeding would go to destroy the 
patient. It has been termed low fever, though not very properly; and Icntor 
or more justly lentcur (slowness, duhiess, heaviness) by the French veterina- 
rians; yet, having no better name for it than "low fever," untler that head, I 
shall shortly bestow a few hues on this species of systematic debility. 

The dung and urine are always good indications of the state of the hody; 
if the former fail, fever is the cause, it subtracts also from the quantity of urine, 
and if he stale small quantities at .diort intervals, some intc^rnal inflammation 
has taken place. See Inflammation of the Kidneys. In fever, the mouth and 
tongue become drier than ordinary; and if any saliva be secreted, it is tough 
and ropy. If the animal he in condition, u[)on lifting the eyelid an uncommon 
redness appears; if he be out of condition, or in a low state, this does not al- 
ways happen; so this indication may be reckened among the uncertain 
symptoms. 

If the remedy and the symptoms of fever are thus pressed forward together 
upon the reader's notice, as exemplifying the assiduity he should display in 
re[)elling the attack, let hin"» know that his work is but half com|)leted when 
he linds the heat and acceleration of the pulse reduced by his endeavours to 
the ordinary standard. The tone of the patient's stomach and the whole di- 
gestive process require restoration, and this with a careful hand, that the bow- 
els may not again get overloaded; because why, a second attack of this sort 
would be more difficult to surmount than at first ; for the ])owels have j)artly 
lost their function of expelling their contents, through the violence of the ilis- 
ease, if not by the harsh action of the remedies em[)loyed. Hardy working 
horses, of course, recover their a{)])etite as soon as the fever abates; and no 
further care is required for such than an occasional laxative or purgative, ac- 
cording to the amount of obstruction. The ball prescribed at page G3 may ba 
given at intervals with the fever powders; and subsequently, the lever drink 
prescribed below for all other descriptions of the horse recovering from fever. 

Fever Powder. No. 1. 



Mis for one dose. 



Powdered nitre, 1 ounce. 
Emetic tartar, 2 drachms. 



No. 2. 
Powdered nitre, 6 drachms. 
Camphor, 2 drachms. 
Calx, of antimony, 1^ drachms. 

If either he deemed more desirable in the form of a ball, this may be effected 
by mixinc the {x>wder with mucilage and meal; but in tlie form of powder 
mixed with his corn is most eligible, as the medicine then acts earlier, where* 
as the ball presently descends into the great gut. 

Fever Drink. 
Cream of tartar, I ounce. 
Turmeric, 1 ounce. 
Diapente, 1 ounce. 



6G LOW FEVER. SYMPTOMS. 

Mix in powder, and add to a pint of warm grurl, to be given once or twicfl a 
day. This is a w-ood cool stomachic, and restores the appetite, at tlie same time 
that the ihsposition to the return of fever is kept down: if found of marked 
service, the doses may be re[)eated to three or four times a day for a week. 

LOW FEVER. 

Together with typhus, or putrid fever, and rfieumatic fever are diseases 
•Ticiileut to the horse, though attemi)ts were long made to deny the apjilica- 
(ion of these terms to any of his numerous afflictions, by those who dread, in- 
ordinately, the falling into analogies with the human practice; a fear that may 
be carried too far, notwithstanding all our care should be employed in separat- 
ing this from the veterinary practice. 

Cause. — Of low fever, under the idea of debility, a few words fell on the 
preceding pages: and truly, if "high fever" may be produced in a subject that 
IS full of blood or condition, by over-exercise, and the other causes thereof set 
down above (pages 59, 60, see also Book 1. at page 42, &c.), these same causes, 
operating upon a horse out of condition, or which has not sufficient blood in 
his frame to receive inflanunation, necessarily occasion that languor which 
attends debility of the eu2ire system. The reader will, perhaps, oblige me by 
turning to book I. at page 40, and reading over again what is there said as to 
some causes of low fever. But the respective terms we give to the various 
kinds of attack would signify much less than they deserve, were it not for 
the danger we should otherwise fall into of treating one disorder for another, 
when the symptoms (some of them) so much resemble each other. This dan- 
ger is more likely to come upon us in cattle medicine than in the other, since 
we are under the necessity of finding out what is the matter with our pa- 
tients, whilst the human doctor receives the information at once, in words. 

As inflammatory fever is more prevalent in the spring and summer, owing 
to the high condition of most horses when first attacked, so does low fever, or 
irritation of the animal system of a horse in low condition, mostly prevail in 
autumn and winter. We owe this latter in great measure to the debility or 
weakness brought on by the shedding of his summer coat, when the autum- 
nal equinox sets in. Being then much exhausted by the heat of the season 
just gone by, he sweats profusely on the least exercise ; then his coat becomes 
dry and husky when at rest, and his skin sticks tight to his ribs, slightly re- 
sembling hiilebound. The animal having lost much of his natural covering 
and no care being taken to palliate this loss, he is more liable to catch cold if 
exposed and still pushed in his work. If not relieved from its severity, coach- 
horses in particular become unserviceable in great numbers, to an alarming 
degree, resembling much the distemper of the spring season. Too often it 
happens, such knocked-up horses are considered as done for, and the owner 
sells off; whereas experience tells us, that a nourishing regimen would re- 
store them to their wonted vigour; for the serious or watery part of the blood 
(chap. 2, sect. 20, 2] ) having been drained off by the violent perspiration they 
were exposed to by their summer work, the muscular fibres become too rigid, 
and the blood too thick for circulating in the finer vessels; it therefore re- 
mains rioting in the larger ones, distending their capacity and increasing the 
irritation. Working horses are then usually deprived of their corn, because 
they can not work ; this only adds to the irritation of the vascular system and 
solids which constitutes the low fever we are now considering. 

St/mptoms. — Parallels, or distinctive characteristics, of such diseases as 
somewhat resemble each other, are therefore very {iroper, inasmuch as they 
prevent those dangerous mistakes in practice that happen oftener (even in the 
numan practice!) than suits me even to hint at in this place. They are most 



REMEDY. FEVER OF FUISCTIONAL DERANGEMENT. 67 

particularly serviceable to veterinarians : for this reason it is I recommend the 
reader to compare what is said of the symptoms of high fever, just above, with 
the present page, as regards the symptoms of low fever. They are placed 
near together tor that purpose, as 1 then said (at page 64). The pulse in 
this case never mounts high luring an entire minute, but beats quick a few 
strokes, and then slow, and so low as scarcely to be perceptible ; this denotes, 
that though fever be present, there is not strength sufficient to bring it to a 
crisis. The artery feels rigid, at intervals only, and again becomes supple, 
if not elastic, to the touch; his flanks are agitated more than usual, and his 
hind quarters and ears become cool if not cold. As in high fever, his eyes 
are dull and heavy, and water will occasionally fall from them. Though in 
the former species of fever he evince considerable pain, in this no such symp- 
tom appears, but despondency assumes its place. 

Remedy. — Unless his body be already too open, give the laxative drauglit, 
as under: and as he will still feed, diuretic powders may be mixed occasion- 
ally with his feed, consisting of nitre and rosin, of each about one ounce. 
Should the urine appear turbid, or come off with difficulty, in small quanti- 
ties, the diuretic ball is indispensable; and these, with good gruel and care, 
accompanied by tonics, will restore to the animal a comparative portion of 
health. Time and moderate usage will accomplish the remainder. 

Laxative Draught. 

Aloes and carbonate of potash, of each 2 drachms, 
Mint water, 4 ounces. 

This will correct the urine also, and its laxative quality may be increased 
by adding to the quantity of aloes. 

A Diuretic Ball. 

Turpentine and soap, of each 4 drachms, with mucilage to form the ball. 

A good restorative for lowness, occasioned by the moulting fever of autumn, 
is recommended by J. Clark, of Edinburgh: he says, "the end of autumn 
proves very severe to those horses whose flesh and strength are exhausted by 
hard labour. In this low and s{)iritless state the moulting season comes on, 
and carries off numbers that good nursing and feeding, with rich boiled food, 
at this season might have preserved. Carrots and potatoes recover some horses 
surprisingly ; it renews their flesh and the fluids generally, and promotes the 
secretions; it operates upon them nearly in the same manner as spimg grass, 
and its effects are presently visible on their coats." Many stable men give 
oatmeal mixed up into bergue, or crowdie, for horses that evince signs of lan- 
guor and lowness of spirits, after fatiguing work in winter : if made into stiff 
gruel, i. e. boiled, the restorative effect is found still more desirable, and a 
smaller quantity of oats then sufliicctl.. A gradual return to hard food does 
all for the horse's working condition which can be desired. 

Fever is brought on, in some degree, whenever it comes to pass that either 
of the vital organs may be deranged in its functions. Not unfrequcntly it 
happens that a diuretic is all the patient requires, which may be judged of hy 
the state of his pulse after the medicine has operated. When this is the case, 
the feverish symptoms owe their origin to suppression of urine, and the re- 
absorption of the contents of the bladder into the system. See Bladder and 
"Suppression of urine;" and, after treating the attack simply as such, a cor- 
dial ball should then take place of all further treatment; as the immediate fall 



C8 COSTIVENESS; ITS CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, REMEDY. 

ing down of his pulse to a healthy standard will show. Too free use of urin* 
balls, however, in the hands of horse- keepers, spoils the action of the bladder. 
See chap. ii. page 51. The French give a bottte of their routine wine made 
warm, and most of our farriers administer a quart of ale with the same view. 
Those are mostly wagon-horses, full of flesh, that so absorb the aqueous par- 
ticles of the urine, and ultimately the principle thereof (termed urea), and 
light up the fever anew. Another cause of feverish attacks, generally of the 
slighter kind, but liable to prove fatal, if neglected, is the retention of his 
dung, or constipation, which means costiveness. 

COSTIVENESS 

May be considered an original disease, and as one producing as well as being 
produced by fever. That is to say, hardness of tiie faeces generally attends a 
fever, and is frequently the chief cause of it : like the preceding ailment, we 
have oidy to remove the cause, and the effect ceases. See also " Diseases of 
the Liver." 

Causes. — Want of the necessary or usual evacuation by stool, that is some- 
times occasioned by the bowels having lost the power of expelling their con- 
tents, as described in the second chapter, page 45. Simply speaking, the in- 
dividual having been a long time dosed with purgatives, any neglect hereof 
causes the dung to harden and obstruct the contractile functions of the intes- 
tines : heat ensues, and re-absorption takes place, as in case of retenti n of 
urine, until the dung loses all moistur.; and becomes as hard as baked clay, 
forming in the rectum (or straight gut), small round lumps. 

The same kind of big fleshy horses as are liable to suppression of urine, are 
also principal sutt'erers by constipation or costiveness. Hard food and hard 
work in warm weather is very productive of this malady, which is often mis- 
taken for inflammation of the bowels, the means of prevention, therefore, are 
obviously the direct contrary mode of feeding, and also keeping a good watch 
on the dunging of each horse in the team. 

Symptoms. — When constipation attends general fever, it is then but a cor- 
responding symptom of that disorder, and the reader is referred back a few 
pages to what is there said on this head. But, when the pulse is not so high 
as to warrant us in pronouncing it fever, and the dung is ascertained to be 
hard, there is no diflSculty in treating it as simple costiveness. It may be dis- 
tinguished from colic and from inflammation of the intestines, by the quiet 
state of the animal when he is down, which is not the case with eitlier of those 
disorders, iti which pain of the bowels is most evident ; whereas, these do not 
appear to suff'er from the costiveness, though the brain and the whole of the 
nervous system, become more or less afflicted from sympathy with the stomach, 
and ultimately producing delirium and frenzy. His eyes offer the earliest 
symptoms by their dulness, contraction, and expansion, succeeded by sleepi^ 
ness ; he refuses his food, he will not work, the mouth becomes hot and dry, 
the ears cold, and the breathing difficult or nearly imperceptible on account 
of the pressure of the stomach and bowels upon the midriff. See page 34. 
The pulsation usually increases, if he be in a tolerably good cojidition ; but 
I'nis increase is ever inconsiderable until fever comes on, and marks the period 
when blood-letting would be necessary. A dull heavy pulse is more common, 
until the paroxysms of madness may render this symptom a little sharper and 
quicker for a short period. At length he tumbleis down, regardless of the 
situation, and the action of the head shows how greatly this part is affected, 
until stupor and death ensue, if the sufferer be not relieved. 

Rcmp.dy. — Purgatives are not always the most eligible medicines even in 
the earliest stages of the disorder ; for, if the constipation has lasted a con- 



INFLAIWMATORY DISEASEa 69 

sidevable timp, great injury would be done to the intestines by forcing a pas- 
san-e, whereby a commotion might be raised in the stomach, but would act in- 
efficiently where tlie evil chiefly lies, viz. in the large intestines and rectum. 
As soon as it is ascertained tfiat the animal has not dunged for some d;iiys — 
when he seems uneasy, a fulness is perceptible towards the flank, the funda- 
ment, &c. and unusual dryness and tightness is discovered at this latter part, 
tlie operation of back-raking should be resorted to. Castor oil, one pint, 
would indeed find a passage in the first stages of the attack, but good part 
of the evil usually remains behind ; in the more advanced stages, especially 
when the patient drops, nothing else will relieve him but back-rakin^. Let 
the operator strip his arm bare, and having well anointed it with soft soap, 
lard, or butter, (the first being the most eligible,) he will bring his fingers to 
a point, and gently introduce the hand and wrist, when he will feel and drav7 
forth a portion of the indurated fseces he will there meet with, in lumps hard 
and dry. This he may repeat three or four (or more) times, and leave the 
animal to himself a little, whilst a drench is preparing. Trivial as the relief 
may seem which has been thus afforded to the j)atient, ho will i(nmediately 
evince proofs of its benefits, by a more sane conduct, by licking forth his 
tongue, opening the half shut eyes, by looking about him, and sometimes by 
getting upon his legs. In this latter case, plain water gruel, as warm as a 
person might take it without inconvenience, may be administered in the quan- 
tity of two or three quarts, if he will take so much; but if the animal be ex 
hausted, and does not get up without difficulty, or without help, one half tha 
drench may be ale or porter. Although he will seem recovered, and may pro- 
duce a stool, his bowels must next be emptied. In order to this, give a 

Laxative Draught or Drench. 

Castor oil, half a pint. 
Aloes, 2 drachms. 
Prepared kali, 2 drachms. 
Water gruel, 1 pint. 

Repeat this next day, leaving out the oil, and doubling the quantity cf 
aloes; or, after an interval, give the usual purgative ball, containing seven oi 
eight drachms oi aloes, as prescribed at page 63. 



Ikflammatory diseases of every sort leave behind them a good share of 
weakness, which full feeding will not always amend. We mu.st therefora 
restore the tone of the digestive powers by the aid of medicine, that may be 
repeated according to circumstances, and the returning strength of the con- 
valescent animal. 

Tonic Ball. No. 1. 

Jesuit's bark, 7 drachms. 

Pre{)ared kali, 2 drachms. 

Mucilage sufficient to form the ball for one dose. 

In ordinary cases, one of these per day for a week will be found to hava 
done as much for the animal as could be desired. But should the coal still 
appear rough and staring, give the following : 
8 



*J0 TYPHUS FEVER; HS BlTVrPTOMa 

Ionic Ball. No. 2. 

Salt of steel, or sulphate of iron, 
Coin 111! >o root, and 
Bark, oleach 3 drachms. 
With mucilage to form the ball. 

Grrat precaution is necessary to prevent a relapse, which would render the 
Oatient's case more dansjerous than at first; the animal being less capable of 
Dearing up atiaiiista fivsh attack, by reason of the reductions he has been sub- 
jected to. Soft or sodden oats, fine hay, clover, a few vetches, carrots, grass 
cut fresh from a sloping grouml, may succeed each other in small quantities, 
until he may be returned to oats and hay as usual. If the heat return at in- 
tervals, as usually happens towards nightfallj give him 

A Cooling Decoction. 

Linseed, 2 quarts. 

Coarse sugar, 2 ounces. 

Water boiling hot, 6 quarts poured upon the seed. 

Let it simmer three or four hours, and pour off the liquid for use when nearly 
cold. The linseed will bear another water, less in quantity ; but some horses 
will take tlse seeds also, which may be permitted. Give the whole in the 
course of the day, at two or three intervals, and repeat the same decoction 
once or twice more. 

TYPHUS, OR PUTRID FEVER, 

Is caused by long-continued debility, or slow fever, as much as by the in- 
judicious use of medicines administered for the cure thereof. Of these, the 
most common error consists of cordial medicines, dia[)ente, wines, &c. ; which, 
as they give a short-lived vigour to the animal, are supposed to have done some 
good, and are therefore persisted in, until the digestive and secreting parts of 
the system are spoiled. — See chap. 2, page 22, &c. 

Symptoms, the same as those in slow fever, mark typhus fever, only the 
pulse is accelerated u|X)n taking the medicines just alluded to: its irreg\darity 
IS also greater, until, by continuance of the disease, it ceases to denote any 
particular state of the body long together. Hence, the supply of new blood 
carries with it similar eilects : tfie vitals lose their tone, and the muscular [)art 
of the system wastes and becomes rotten on the bones, and if the same stimu- 
lating treatment has been kept up until the animal dies, its flesh will l>e found 
on dissection to have acquired an uncommonly bright {)urple colour, not only 
on the surface, but wherever incision is made. Putrescence, in a high degree, 
has already taken place ere that catastrophe seals the sufierer's fate ! 

I mention these mmor circumstances to |)rove (so far as 1 can do so) the 
real existence of this main type of putrid fever. Another symptom of typhus 
goes to the same proof, namely, delirium, which follows a continuance of the 
stupidity discoverable in slow fever. A well-marked case is reported in the 
Annals of Sporting, for Nov. 1824, to which work 1 have since been some 
months attached; and, although 1 was precluded by absence from examining 
the subject, 1 have reason to rely on the report afterwards made to me by Mr. 
FVrd that its flesh was putrid in an extremely offensive degree, and wholly 
unfit even to be cast to the dogs. 

From the very unaflected and detailed account of the narrator, it appears 



MAD STAGGERS.— RHEUMATIC FEVER. 71 

plain that unskilful persons mijiht be led to apprehend such paryoxisms de- 
noted hydrophobia; but a short inquiry iuto the habits of the horse previous 
to its last delirium, would go a good way to relieve the anxiety usually instil- 
led into a neighbourhood by such events. None can say, however, until the 
experiment be tried, whether animals fed on such meat might not acquire ra- 
bies thereby. 

'I'he 7iiad staggers, as the term is, which has never been satisfactorily ac- 
counted for, can be no other than this delirium of the typhus fever, brought 
on by })ushing the animal in his work although labouring under slew fever. 
None but common or ordinary cart-horses are lost in the staggers ; whilst none 
but a very ordinary owner would so force his cattle to the last extremity dur- 
ing illness. As the above is all I shall find it necessary to say of staggers, I 
must here remark on the singular impropriety of Mr. Richard Lawrence's 
considering this as an attack of ajtopiexy ! Since one pang alone denotes 
the death so to be named. 

Rheumatic Fever is one of those disorders in the horse, upon the existence 
of which doctors disagree ; but doubtless the vicissitudes of heat and cold to 
which the horse is subjected, whereby the whole system is checked so as to 
occasion general fever, is equally likely to check the circulation in one or two 
limbs only. And the pain the animal would thus labour under in the per- 
formance of its duties would constitute one of the causes assigned higher up 
for simple fever. Little good, however, would ensue by my considering it 
se{)arately ; so 1 shall content myself with referring the reader to the head of 
simple rheumatism. 

EpidExMic fevers — Distemper. 

Cause. — When these appear, from time to time, they may fairly be ascri1)ed 
to the season; for the kind of attack is not of a nature to become communica- 
tive, unless by continuance putridity follows: then, indeed, infection may be- 
gin, as it would also happen in any of the preceding species of fever. A rainy 
spring after a mild winter producer, an epidemic catarrh, as well as sudden 
chill, among horses that are out at pasture whilst shedding their coats, and the 
most delicate receive this influence earliest. We may as well consider, that 
whatever may give one horse a cold, or affect his lungs, singly applied to hiin, 
would, if applied to many, in like manner affect the whole: this constitutes 
epidemi/, or the distem[)er. Cloudy weather and cold easterly night winds, 
when the weather is warm or murky by day, is more likely to check the ac- 
tion of the lungs or of the whole system, than when a colder season has pre- 
pared the animals to withstand the influence thereof. An epidemic prevails 
sometimes in autumn; but, happen when it may, horses at grass acquire it 
less often than those which are kept in, upon hard food. 

Symptoms. — As just intimated, a cold, that harbinger of so many other 
evils, is what m.arks the epidemic in every case; in addition to this, the animal 
will labt)ur under the other sympt(»ms of fever before described, according to 
its actual state of body at the time of attack. Thus, if the horse be in full 
fiesh and vigour, his veins quickly fill with the stream of life, inflammation of 
the blood will ensue, or rather, to speak more accurately, of the vessels which 
contain it ; hence, simple fever, or fever of the whole system follows, as before 
described, pp. isfl, 63, but, be he poor, with little lilood to receive inflamma 
tion, low fever is that particular affection which accompanies the original cold 
or catarrh. 

Hence, I feel no hesitation in classing the epidemic — at least all those which 
have happened in my time, with one or the other of those diseases, and re- 
commend treating it accordingly. At its earliest stage, of course, as it assumes 



•?^ 



TREA.TMENT OF PULMONARY PATTENTS. 



the shape of a catarrh or cold (which in the more maligrjant cases brcome* 
"JnSainmation of the lungs.") 1 should treat it as such ; but if not calK-d in 
Dntil this aua-^k had extended to the animars whole system, and catarrh had 
sulisided into general inflammation, no reason exists w hv we should consider 
it a different disorder, merely bec-ause the patients may be more numerous 
than ordinary I The reader had therefore l)est proceed on to the next head 
of information, for the details as to the sufferings and cure of a single animal, 
vrhich 1 apprehend will instruct him how to treat the many ; for, neither the 
name nor the character of the disorder can be changed by this circmnstauce, 
however alarming its extent. 

IXFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 

Cav-ffs. — Like all other of its class of disorders, inflammation of the lungs 
is occasioned by a sudden check being gt*en to the circulation, by cold w hen 
the animal is heated, either by exercise, fotnl, or close stabling, as before de- 
scribed. How it happens that this organ of animal life is much more fre- 
quently deranged than any other, the reader who has well studied the second 
chapter, pp. 31, 32, will be at no loss to account for ; adhesion of the pleura, 
or of the lungs, to the ribs, 6i.c. as descril>exl at section 3'2, beinof very common : 
the labour of action, not to call it pain, is greatly increased ihereby, and a 
certain degree of fever is thus engendered and kept up. The aiumal is ia 
this manner always predisposed to acquire cold or catarrh ; and ultimately 
inflammation of the lungs comes on, if the cold be neglected. Exc^^sive ex 
posure to the rougher elements, added to the changes in our humid atmo- 
spheric temperature, accounts for the prevalence of affection of the lungs. 
Out of the same causes arise several minor evils, to be considered here- 
after; a% 

Simple cold, ot catarrh. 
Broken wind, of three kinds. 
Roaring. 
Chnmic cough. 

Tbp STTnptoms of inflamed lungs rapidlv follow each other; shivenng, dif- 
ficulty of breathing, loss (»f apfietite and slu^sishness, with drooping of the 
head, tteccjroc visible in quick succession. In a few hours, if the animal be 
in goxi keep, longer, if out of condition, those symfloms increase, with un- 
tjsually quick action of the flanks, accompanied by hot mouth and hectic 
cough. Its t^ars and legs become cold, and he cares not to be down, or being 
down, he rises languidly, as if mourning his fate. Sometimes the progrf-s.s 
of this monstrous disease is accelerated by its previous habits, if the animal's 
«institution be predisposed towards infiammatiun. 

The cure is sometimes mainly effected by the effusion of water in the chest, 
Tvhich frequently takes place upon bleeding the patient; the practitioner has 
little more to do than place himself in the situation of the handmaid of nature, 
and all will go on well towards i.>erfect restoration. How this effusion is per- 
f-irmed, none can know. Suffice it for our purjiose^ that such is the case, as 
I have shown in the second chapter, where 1 undertoc)k to inveriigale the ani- 
mal funcrions separately, and imagirje 1 can not be niisunder^Ux-d : See sec- 
tions ly. 20, 21, in particular, at pages 22, 23. AVe may ar certain when 
\aub cirooion Las taken pdace, by an evident remission of the desponding symp- 
toms just set down : the flanks cease to heave so much as hitherto, the animal 
looks up more cheerfully, he tries to eat a bit, the cough almost ceases, and 
the wmnath of the ears returns, all in a partial degree ; but the roughness of 



cr>verr aJbooSd he kcft Bf^ th nw g b finticr 



Il»»eptiiiMiilthatdbe 
other mQammiam} attadb% mi AaC t» i 
rulMKe nf the attxk, oca to the I 
k^affdlkiUi OftkB 
preckelj iakinm^madf % taraiaghKk to 
pofae^ nadergeaealiBAMBaHimiy orfevet^ 
fiBlar «>3 of c - -. - 

ovnagauisae' _ 

iilillaii iifiiMiliin 1b cvoj caae of UndUg a bxalbc j 

as htiSme dncdei^ mmI cHalcis m mater-nrrael be ■Jiaiairtiiii ia aai ai* krift^ 

at imcrvab aT tkaoe ar fear haos. ?E^(ret Mt toknUif 

and Wgmd bwi raUia& h giwiag [i^aiif, fer *iis am] 

chest, j^ aa faaeBBduig towwb the fHoal 

teraai heart, if wft paafUlMiL When theae afipcxi; itsai 

k» taken plae^ ia a gn tit r ar kai ^i^gRCV m.ma i m^ to the < 






to fiMm the Ul fee one dose. 




Repeat the aaae hi twrite hona^ aaakaa mnA foasfiaAm haa j a f ii i h i n il 
in the McaadHae. wheathoe wiD be na ■eccaairf fer 
grad wg assist the exp ec l e J p ei afai at iu ai; a«^ if the ; 
a bam. !■■ ih Baj avppfy >^ pbce: cither wast be p««a 1 

The heat of the hmgs which b the iiiiiiai jBiii ca^e af the ( 
ablr vedaced hr evoj ianiiriiinn af feeah me the ; 
then, thb mx ' hinaJi be it far its p^paae^ ar yaie; iftkaat aat Ike 
air of aa a m fikJ stable^ lepkCe aith aaoEioas cAavia; aai^ aa the «Ak 
bud. a caticat of av Oat iasaes hf daais aad aiaitwa i to the p gbtaa d to 

Biiiiail i I TTt rmninir -aith thr iBtphiaitir ii jait wnr trranTadni Aaia 
BHiat othR a&ras of ifc^ the best «a be feaad tiK vrdlBM caane; far tfe 
Beadoas atobie mhanag iiii ^i il aad aa parifc piwJ Ae bai^ to lecciae Iha 
b^rfaiii^ iaflaeBDe af the e^ aiiV it falbas thai either extnae af aliaBriak. 

frve iafabr iato the heat BKaas t£ tmfkajms this aaia anaSarF aa the »> 
atoratiaa af health ia i n H ea i ii i ii tMj d M— i i eg s aaaid be ad aarth the I 
of aaj wiefliBBiiaaeaaipetaat tothetaak; 
aachaeaafse aaaU 9 aait ay Heawaa wiiliajt tfe toa bnef taealiacL I 
sbaB, thecefenv i mail at Mvaeif ailh nhiiiMg heie, that aaee it ia to T ~ 
want af waliljti a a ia atdUes^ aad ouanfiag avaj hai^ai tageAei^ that 
owe aH p w ha nmr y c ia a plwaK aad —fcit fcrei^ the jdbfujt isaaa rthj < 
tOea as a pvrvealive as acfl a» a leaaedf . 

FovaMiflf, the gcaeni pnctkx was to cfalhe the 
tion, aaii to dose ap cvcrr afextaze faj- 
totaeqiMBaem ai \ 
S* 




74 AIR- VENTILATION OF STABLES. 

usually prnvetl fatal, wherever these ailtlenda to stable management coulc? he 
rin[)l()yeti in supposed f)erf('ction. Not so the poor man's or the dealer's 
horses under iiidainination of the lungs, or the n)ore dreaded "epidemic 
distemper;" his stahles being more or less ]>ervtoup, ijnd his horse clotliiiig 
without the nap, it was no uncommon thing to find tliese had recovered, 
whilst the nmre pampered and more valuable animals fell victims to every s|)e- 
ciet- of inflammatory diseases. These results were known to manv, in various 
circles, about the time of the establishment of the Veterinary College; and 
the mutual communications that thence resulted, ])roved the impolicy of the 
old plan of ailding heat to heat, and increasing the disposilion to acquire disease, 
of the lungs in partic-ular. A revolution which had recently taken place in the 
human practice regarding the treatment of inflanunatory and febrile disorders, 
also contributed tot>pen the eyes of our veterinary practitioners in this respect, 
and they adopted the direct contrary |)raclice in its greatest extremity. Mr. 
Colman advised turning the horse into a loose box, leaving open the a[)ertures, 
without cU)thing or ]»aying any regard to the seasons. Nought, however, 
could be more absurd than to suppose tliat a disease which is produced by 
cold should have the continuance of cold prescribed for its cure. 

My practice has been to aMbrd the animal as much fresh air to breathe as 
could possil)!y be allowed consistently with keeping out a draught or current; 
taking care also that none whatever sht)uld be directed towards his body, nor 
any enter the stable from the windward in stormy or cold seasons. With these 
precautions, in a loose box and well covered up about the chest, but not tight- 
ly, he would ever be found turning round to tliat side where the most air was 
^o be obtaineti, as if by instinct, knowing whence the readiest natural relief 
from hissulfenngs was to be found. In one case, of an aperture being made 
into an adjoining shed, the ()atient was frequently discovered inhaling the little 
air which was to be drawn thence, though the orifice was no other than a dis- 
placed knot of the woml partition. 

In general, the tlisease ben<!s before tlie remedies prescribed; the hand- 
rubbing nuist be continued, jiarticularly of the legs, which in the worst period 
of the disease are uncoumionly line, but should it last him some time they 
swell, and in either case })rove they are the barometer of the disorder, as well 
as the necessity of rubbing them. On the other hand, should the pulsation 
increase after bleeding, and no favourable symptoms appear (as indeed they 
can not be then ex|>ectcd), this necessary operation must be re[)eated to thesame 
amountas at first, or up to a state of tottering as reconmiended before, at page 
63: this necessity will occur but seldom, an<l that always with patients in 
previously high conilitlon. Therefore, no danger can be a|)[)rehended from 
this copious discharge; for, at the end of twelve hours or less, which is the 
period at which 1 should again resort to the fleam, the blood would have re- 
turned t*. its former courses in every respect ; the continuance of fever up to the 
same original height of the pulse, shows that the particular animal then under 
treatment, possessed an uncoimnon quantity of blood, and therefore that an 
unusual quantity should be taken away in order to alleviate the heat that is de- 
stroying it, and will destroy it, if the heat be not subdued at this second 
bleeding; for, should this fail, 1 expect little good from further attempts, 
though it is desirable to try what I always consider as the forl-orn hope. 

Should those remedies fail, suppuration takes place usually in six and thir< 
ty hours, and the animal is lost. Occasionally, however, it happens with low- 
priced animals, that the inflammation fixes itself and terminates with de- 
struction of one lobe only of the lungs, generally that on the right side, the 
other performing all the functions, but how perfectly, or for how long time, 1 
had no means of ascertaining. At this point of his inquiries, the studioua 
reader had better consult over a^jain what 1 thouijht it necessary to say upon tlie 



INFLAINIED LUNGS. BLISTERING AND ROWELIJNG EMPLOYED. 75 

dissection of the lungs, in chap. 2, pages 31 to 34; but he will please to re- 
member, 1 am not at present [irepared to maintain, that the real cause of a 
destroyed lobe, which I have just suggested, is more correct than that ven- 
tured by me at page 33. 

Bleeding, though highly beneficial at first, when the animal system is in full 
vigour, is extremely dangerous after the inflammation has continued some 
titne. When (the fever continuing) weakness is indicated by swelling of the 
legs, or nature seeks to relieve itself by a running at the nose, then bleeding 
will be harmful; this latter was considered a most fovourable indication of crisis 
in the epidemic fevers of n\y youth; but I sincerely hope that the groundless 
fears the rumour of such a plague engenders, never more will visit us with 
affright : the idea of infection, in such cases, is too ridiculous to admit of refu- 
tation. 

Weakness follows, of course, every attack of so vital an organ as the lungs, 
and is a necessary consequence of the great evacuations of each sort his ex 
treme danger has rendered intlispensable. But cordial balls, or indeed, stimu 
lants of any sort, are very improper, and might occasion a partial rela[)se, if 
given before the animal is quite recovered. Good grooming, diet, and exer- 
cise, constitute the means of restoring his strength. Let him be well rubbed 
down, daily, and his nostrils s[)onged out clean and often, when the discharge 
takes place, which most commonly attends the cure; the same offensive mat- 
ter mustl)e cleaned away from the stall and manger, and he may be led forth 
daily whilst this business is going on. Hand-rubl)ing the legs should con- 
tinue, so as to promote warmth, and they may be subsequently wrapped up, 
especially if the weather be chilly, with hay-bands, &,c. Exercise may be 
gradually increased as the patient gains strength and appetite. At first, good 
stout oat-meal gruel, sweetened with coarse sugar or treacle, alternating this 
with wheat-meal, in order to coax his appetite; then oats which have been 
steeped in boiling water may be given, and next put him to hay of fine odour, 
in small quantities at a time. If grass or green vetches can be procured, a 
little, and not too much, may be cut for the now convalescent horse, in order 
to keep open his body ; on the contrary, should he appear low spirited, a little 
malt occasionally will give him more vigour before leading him to the fi°ld 
every day, or leaving him there in clothing, whilst the sun may be out, if it 
shine at all. 

Bi-isTERiNG and rowelltng are recommended by most veterinarians, as 
tending to divert inflammatory heat from the more vital part of the surface. 
The theory is good; in the practice of human medicine I believe blistering is 
universally adopted ; and this is one reason why I ever looked upon this 
means of cure with suspicion, even before I ascertained that the general heat 
or fever is always increased by the employment of either blister or rowel. 
Both are of the same nature; and the practitioner may learn how either 
operates on the system by ascertaining the state of the pulse previously to the 
application, and coni[)aring it with the increase<l action of that barometer 
whilst the remedy is taking effect. Subsequently, however, it must be con- 
fessed, the agitation of the jmlse will subside; and although 1 seldom find oo 
casion for employing either l)lister or rowel, yet 1 am free to allov^-, that the 
manner in which inflammation of these organs sometimes terminates (namely 
in abscess, or soft tumour under the skin), seems to invite an early adoption 
of artificial means to bring about the same ends. Tlie hand-rubbing jnst re- 
commended effects this t(» a certain extent; and if it has been neglected, or 
lazily performed, then will blistering become necessary to prevent suppuration 
within. 

As this tumour usually makes its appearance and marks the crisis of acute 
attacks, the practitioner may form an estimate of the probable beneficial cf> 



74 AIR- VENTILATION OF STABLES. 

usually proved fatal, wherever these addenda to stable management could he 
rin[)lu_yed in supposed |)erfoction. Not so the poor man's or the dealer's 
horses under indainiuation of the lui)<is, or the n)ore dreaded "e|)idemic 
distemper;" his stables being more or less j)ervJous, »nd his horse clottiiiifr 
without the nap, it was no uncommon thing to find these had recovered, 
whilst the more pam|)ered and more valuable animals fell victims to every s{)e- 
ciet- of inflammatory diseases. These results were known to many, in various 
circles, about the time of the establishment of the Veterinary College; and 
the mutual communications that thence resulted, proved the impolicy of the 
old plan of adding heat to heat, and increasing the disposilion to acquire disease, 
of the lungs in particular. A revolution which had recently taken place in the 
human practice regarding the treatment of itjflammatory and febrile disorders, 
also contributed to open the eyes of our veterinary practitioners in this respect, 
and they adopted the direct contrary practice in its greatest eAtremity. Mr. 
Colman advised turning the horse info a loose box, leaving open the apertures, 
without clotliirjg or ))aving any reiT:ird to the seasons. Noujiht, however, 
could be more absurd than to sup()ose that a disease which is produced by 
cold should have the cositinuance of cold prescribed for its cure. 

My practice has been to aflbrd the animal as much tVesh air to breathe as 
could possibly be allowed consistently with keepir)g out a draught or current; 
taking care also that none whatever should be directed towards his body, nor 
any enter the stable from the windward in stormy or cold seasons. With these 
precautions, in a loose box and well covered u|) about the chest, but not tight- 
ly, he would ever be found turning round to that side where the most air was 
vO be obtained, as if by instinct, knowing whence the readiest natural relief 
from his sulferuigs was to be found. In one case, of an aperture being made 
intoan adjoining shed, the [)atient was frequently discovered inhaling the little 
air which was to be drawn thence, though the orifice was no other than a dis- 
placed knot of the wood partition. 

In general, the disease liends before the remedies prescribed; the hand- 
rubbing nuist he continued, particularly of the legs, which in the worst period 
of the disease are unconunonly line, but should it last him some time they 
swell, and in either case (irove they are the barometer of the disorder, as well 
as the necessity of rubl)ing them. On the other hand, should the pulsation 
increase after bleeding, and no favourable symptoms appear (as indeed they 
can not be then ex|)ecte(l), this necessary operation must be re|)eated to thesame 
amountas at first, or up to a state of tottering as reconnnended before, at page 
63: this necessity will occur but seldom, and that always with patients in 
previously high condition. Therefore, no dangrr can be a[)}»rehended from 
this copious discharge; for, at the end of twelve hours or less, which is the 
period at which 1 should again resort to the fleam, the blood would have re- 
turned ti its former courses in every respect ; the continuance of fever up to the 
same original height of the pulse, shows that the j)ari!cular animal then under 
treatment, possessed an unconunon quantity of blood, and therefore that an 
unusual quantity should be taken away in order to alleviate the heat that is de- 
stroying it, and will destroy it, if the heat be not subdued at this second 
bleeding; for, should this fail, 1 ex[)ect little good from further attempts, 
though it is desirable to try what I always consider as the forI.orn hope. 

Should those remedies fail, sup[)uration takes place usually in six and thir< 
ty hours, and the animal is lost. Occasii)nally, however, it happens with low- 
priced animals, that the inflammation fixes itself and terminates with de- 
struction of one lobe only of the lungs, generally that on the right side, the 
other performing all the functions, but how perfectly, or for how long time, 1 
had no means of ascertaining. At this point of his inquiries, the studioua 
reader had better consult over a^jain what 1 thought it necessary to say upon the 



INFLAiVIED LUNGS. BLISTERING AND ROWELUNG EMPLOYED. 75 

ilissection of the lungs, in chap. 2, pages 31 to 34; but he will please to re- 
member, I am not at present prepared to maintain, that the real cause of a 
destroyed lobe, which I have just suggested, is more correct than that ven- 
tured by me at page 33. 

Bleeding, though highly beneficial at first, when the animal system is in full 
vigour, is extremely dangerous after the inflammation has continued some 
time. When (the fever continuing) weakness is indicated by swelling of the 
leers, or nature seeks to relieve itself by a running at the nose, then bleeding 
will be harmful; this latter was considered a most favourable indication of crisis 
in the epidemic fevers of my youth ; but 1 sincerely hope tliat the groundless 
fears the rumour of such a plague engenders, never more will visit us with 
alfriglU : the idea of infection, in such cases, is too ridiculous to admit of refu- 
tation. 

Weakness follows, of course, every attack of so vital an organ as the lungs, 
and is a necessary consequence of the great evacuations of each sort his ex 
treme danger has rendered indispensable. But cordial balls, or indeed, stima 
lants of any sort, are very im[)roper, and might occasion a partial relapse, if 
given before the animal is quite recovered. Good grooming, diet, and exer- 
cise, constitute the means of restoring his strength. Let him l)e well rubbed 
down, daily, and his nostrils sponged out clean and often, when the discharge 
takes place, which most commonly attends the cure; the same oft'ensive mat- 
ter must 1)6 cleaned away from the stall and manger, and he may be led forth 
daily whilst this business is going on. Hand-rubbing the legs should con- 
tinue, so as to promote warmth, and they may be subsequently wrapped up, 
especially if the weather be chilly, with hay-bands, &,c. Exercise may be 
gradually increased as the patient gains strength and appetite. At first, good 
stout oat-meal gruel, sweetened with coarse sugar or treacle, alternating this 
with wheat-meal, in order to coax his appetite ; then oats which have been 
steeped in boiling water may be given, and next put him to hay of fine odour, 
in small quantities at a time. If grass or green vetches can be procured, a 
little, and not too much, may be cut for the now convalescent horse, in order 
to keep open his body ; on the contrary, should he appear low spirited, a little 
malt occasionally will give him more vigour before leading him to the fi°ld 
every day, or leaving him there in clothing, whilst the sun may be out, if it 
shine at all. 

Blistering and rowp^lltnc; are recommended by most veterinarians, a« 
tending to divert inflammatory heat from the more vital part of the surface. 
The theory is good ; in the practice of human medicine I believe blistering is 
universally adopted ; and this is one reason why I ever looked upon this 
means of cure with suspicion, even before I ascertained that the general heat 
or fever is always increased by the employment of either blister or rowel. 
Both are of the same nature; and the practitioner may learn how either 
operates on the system by as(;ertaining the state of the pulse previously to the 
a[)piication. and co!Ji[)aring it with the increased action of that barometer 
whilst the remedy is taking effect. Subsequently, however, it must be con- 
fessed, the agitation of the pulse will subside; and although I seldom find oo 
casion for em[)loying either blister or rowel, yet 1 am free to allow, that the 
manner in which inflammation of these organs sometimes terminates (namely 
in abscess, or soft tumour under the skin), seems to invite an early adoption 
of artificial means to bring about the same ends. The hand-rubbing just re- 
commended effects this to a certain extent; and if it has been neglected, or 
lazily performed, then will blistering become necessary to prevent suppuration 
within. 

As this tumour usually makes its appearance and marks the crisis of acure 
attacks, the practitioner may form an estimate of the probable beneficial e^ 



76 A COLD— WIIAT1 

fects of blistering in an}' casp, by comparing and noting the earliest symptoms 
of any two cases, in one of which the crisis has been subsequently attended 
with such a superficial tumour, and in the other not so. He will then s^- 
ploy bhstering with more reliance on its efficacy than 1 have found nec^ 
sary after tlie hand-rubbing. 

When this remedy is adopted for inflammation of the lungs, employ blister- 
ing ointment composed of cantharides and sweet oil, or hog's lard, or all 
three — or the following 

Blistering Ointment. 

Cantharides, powdered, 5 drachms. 

Hog's lard, 4 ounces. 

Oil of turpentine, 1 ounce. 

Mix, for one extensive application over each side of the chest ; which is » 
neater and more expeditious method of attaining the desired end than rowel- 
ling. When the latter method is adopted, let the tow used for the rowel ba 
dipped in a mixture of sweet oil and oil of turpentine; and the skin of the 
breast or belly, — if more than one such seton is employed, — be separated only 
just sufficient to admit the rowel, in order to increase the irritation , but if the 
surrounding parts swell to an inordinate size, change the tow for some which 
has l)een sodden in digestive ointment. 

Pleurisv, or inflammation of the pleura, a membrane covering the two 
lobes of the lungs (see chap. ii. p. 42) — has been described by Lavi-rence as a 
separate disease ; but, as the treatment is the same as the preceding, I can see 
no pro|)riety in making the distinction he does, especially as we can not know 
the difference until after death discloses all imperfections. 

A COLD OR CATARRH. 

Causes. — If I sought much nicety of arrangement, the disorder termed "a 
cold," would have preceded the similar but more malignant attack I have de- 
Bcribed under "Inflammation of the Lungs." Both are occasioned by cold 
applied to the animal's organs of respiration at a time that he is most suscepti- 
ble of its influence, differing only in the part which may suffi;r. Thus, when 
the canal through which the air passes receives the check (before described), 
which is the immediate cause of inflammation, every one agrees in its being 
merely '* a cold," though in most cases no attack is more replete with danger 
if neglected. 

But the origin and progress of such a check upon the functions of the 
membrane that lines this canal, having been already fully described in the se- 
cond chapter, pages 33, the studious reader must turn back to that part, 
if he would trace causes to their effects, and does not presently recollect all 
that is there said on this topic. 

One prolific source of the disorder termed a cold, is found in ihe shedding 
of the coat in spring and in autumn, a process of nature always attended with 
a certain degree of debility or general weakness. Hence it is that the animal 
sweats profusely upon the least exertion; and being in this state suflered to 
stand (harnessed [)erhaps) in the open air to cool, the sweating is too suddenly 
stopped, and he gets a cold at least. That the lungs should suffer the soonest 
of any other organ is not at all astonishing : the very great exertions made by 
the lungs in the business of progression, is much increast^d by adhesions and 
other obstructions to the action of its several parts ; and this, added to theii 
exposure externally, and the constant inhalation of fresh, cold, damp air— 



SYMPTOIMS. 77 

altogrther, the prevalence of pulmonary affections in every varied stage ought 
no longer to be niiUter ot" surprise to any persoUj however casually he may 
look at the matter. 

The horse is subject to cold or catarrh at every season of the year, and 
some animals retain chronic cough all the year round, atul some during their 
natural lives. But the cold which is contracted m the spring ilillers malerially 
from that of the autuiini. The former attacks the animal when he is lull of 
hard meat and gross feeding — "full of humours," according to a homely but 
iutelligeut phrase, and a malignant sore throat or an inilammation of the 
lungs IS the ultimate consequence, however slight the cold may have been at 
first. Sometimes access of all those symptoms of diseased lungs, which 1 have 
already or may hereafter take occasion to describe, will be found in the same 
animal, and he usually bends before the couiplication of evils and dies, unless 
speedily relieved by bleeding, &c. From its prevalence at some seasons, we 
then agree to callit "epidemic," and to recommend a treatment corresponding 
v\'ith ttie prevailing symptoms, if these be mild, as a simple cold ; which form 
the epidemic fever or distemper always assumes in its earliest stages. On 
the other hand, the cold or catarrh which the moulting animal acquires in au- 
tumn, finds his system reduced by the heat and labour of sununer; his blood, 
in quality or quantity, is scarcely capable of being excited to inilammation, 
and the first attacks are more easily subdued. Neglect, however, increases 
the evil at all times, especially with the more valuable well-conditioned ani- 
mals, some of which are so tenderly managed, that they scarcely can stand 
the opening of a door or shutter after dark, without catching cold. JN either 
autumn or winter is the season for remedying this defect in stable manage- 
ment, — if ever it can be got over at all. 

Si/mptoms. — According to the precise part attacked, these vary not only as 
to appearances, but as to virulence or malignity, always increasing as the com- 
plaint descends lower and lower down towards the seat of vitality ; the danger 
being also greatly augmented when the animal is pre-disposed to acquire 
catarrh in its worst forms by some previous misfortune — as adhesion, &c. A 
simple cold consists in slight infiammation of the membrane which lines the 
nose, wind})ipe, &c. the functions of which membrane in health are described 
in the 34th section, chap. ii. together with the manner in which the disease is 
engenderetl. As we find in all other infiammatory disorders, variations in 
the symptoms occur, according to the previous constitution or evils of the in- 
dividual, and its actual condition — much more than is attributable to an ad- 
verse season, or the immediate cause of disease. For example, if two equal 
animals be exposed to a chilly night air, that horse which had j)erformed a 
journey previously to turning out, would catch a cold for certain, — the other 
most [)robal)ly would escape; but, if both had performed the same journey, 
let us sup[)ose, and one of them laboured under the constitutional defect of 
"adhesion of the pleura," (see page 32), he would acquire the more malignant 
cold, known as "infiammation of the lungs," — his less unhappy mate a sinqile 
cold. What horrid symptoms denote the former, I have attempted to describe ; 
the simple cold, at its first appearance, is too well known to require minute 
description. 

If the cold extend no farther than a check upon the mucous secretion of the 
membrane that lines the nose, a purulent discharge is first observed in the 
morning, its eyes become dull and a little bleared; and, in twenty-four hours, 
a short cough denotes that the infiammation is creeping onwarils, and h;is 
reached the epiglottis. The attack upon this point of conjunction between 
the throat and mouth, will be greatly accelerated by the injury most horsv-a 
sustain which have been subjected to the brutal operation of being "coughed" 



78 SORE TimOAT— REMEDIES, 

bv the (Icalors ; — an i/ jury that thus produces latent effectSj though the pain 
Were ori^iiiallv httle, and that little long ago de|)arti'ii. 

We hear this kind (d'iirst attack teriiitd "a cold in the head," the second 
symptom is "a cough," and feel no disposition to quarrel with either term. 

In projiortion as the attack may he more severe, the symptoms increase, as 
does the danger. Passin<i the hand down over the windpipe, at the epiglottis, 
the animal will shrink if it he sore within, and he will noon evince difficulty 
of" swallowing, and refuse his food: inflammation has hegun. When these 
are not [)rec*ded hy a discharge from the nose, this symptom does not appear 
until the inflammation is lowered hy hleeding and other remedies: the dis- 
charge is then an indication that the inflammation, or heat, has subsided and 
no longer demands tiie adjacent secretions. See page 33, for a more minute 
description how this demand takes place. 

With those symptoms of sore throat others become apparent, and the whole 
assume a malignant tendency proportioned to the severity of the attack and 
previous state of the sutTering animal. As ha|»pens in all other inflammatory 
com()laints, the pulse tells of the existence of fever, in its degree : accompanied 
by languid eyes, breathing quick and laboriously, and general heat of the skia 
without perspiration. In some cases the sore throat is substituted, in some 
measure, by enlargement of the glands underneath the jowl, which are also 
attended by soreness more or less; and as this species of attack is occasioned 
by the humidity of a cold si)ring or wet autumn acting upon moulting horses, 
great numlters feel its influence at once, and gives reason for veterinary writers 
to consider this general distemper as "the influenza," and an "epidemic." 
Enough has already been said under the latter head of information, therefore 
let us [)roceed to treat of the thing as it regards the individual patient. 

Remedy. — When the glands swell, as just mentioned, and there is no reason 
to doubt, according to the corresponding symptoms, that it is the elFect of a 
c<-)ld — which may further be ascertained l)y their heat and tension, let some 
discutient application be used — as camphorated spirits of wine : but if the in- 
flannnation be to a great degree, bran |»oultice may be applied to advantage. 
If those enlarged glands already contain matter, the tendency to irritation will 
thus be reduced; if merely sordid tumours, eitlier application will effect relief, 
by reducing the size and tenderness of the part, so as the animal may take his 
medicines with less difficulty. Steaming the head for an hour, or applying 
hot flannels that have been steeped in boiling water, will be Ibund serviceable, 
taking care to dry-rub the coat innnediately after, which also assists to reduce 
the swelling. If this symptom does not give way before those applications, 
and the throat is ascertained to be sore, blistering may be resorted to, taking 
care to extend it over the whole of the parts affected. See page 7G. 

As in all other inflammatory diseases, bleeding to an amount proportioned 
to the violence of the attack, with purgatives and clysters, should accompany 
the foregoing external applications : and these, with plenty of bran mashes, 
Bodden oats, and the fever powders prescribed at page 05, will reduce the 
symptoms. Similarly to those also will be the pncadousness of his complete 
recovery, and so should be the care that the rela[)se, to which he is for a lime 
daily lialtle, shimld not reach to a great height. 1 need not repeat the general 
precautions which are set down at page 70. 

Unwilling to leave the reader in a dilemma as to the mode of applying the 
bran poultice just recommended and upon the efficacy whereof 1 maiidy rely, 
I have taken the pains to sketch a bandage pro[>er tor that purpose, with its 
fastemngs, the ingenious contrivance of some Frenchman, whose name 1 be- 
lieve to have been Bourgelat. 



MODE OF BANDAGING. 



79 




It will be seen, that unless the remedy proposed is practically applicanle, 
the fTeparation tliereof would l>e wholly unprofitable; therefore, when the 
poultice, the steaniinjr, or the blistering, be found necessary, we should en- 
deavour to secure it in the best possible manner ; and as most persons are .>ut 
poor horse milliners, I have undertaken in this instance, as well as in cases 
Df Strangles, Poll-evil, and Vives, to exhibit the best means of retaining the 
remedies in their proper places. 

The cloth to be em})loyed should be of stout but supple linen, as Russia 
duck : or hempen sail-cloth ; or in failure hereof, a fresh sheep-skin, or apiece 
of Shamoy leather might be substituted. 

Some recommend steeping the cloth in a solution of gummy substances, to 
render it water-tight ; but such contrivances only add to its unconquerable 
stiffness, and I should prefer oiled silk, such as used for umbrellas, if readily 
procurable, and not too dear for the pockets of those more immediately con- 
cerned. 

AVhen spread abroad, the cloth willbeof an irregular octagon shape, at each 
corner whereof it is to be strongly sewed on a piece of broad tape for the pur- 
pose of fastening to the girth, or round the neck, or to a breasting of broad 
web, which is supported by another piece, that passes over the withers, and 
which two should be previously fastened tojrether by stitching the cross-pieco 
ends upon the breasting. The two extremes of the bandage will be the fillet 
across the forehead and the fastening at the girth ; therefore measure should be 
previously taken of the whole length proper for the individual patient, lest the 
tie, which would otherwise be necessary at the ears, might discommode the 
animal, and occasion skittishness; or on the other hand, the application would 
not be kept in its place properly. A single glance, however, at the cut will 
instruct a tolerably expert workman, or work-woman, how to manufacture 
such a bandage as would answer every purpose. 



THE COUGH 

Which accompanies this disorder will frequently remain after the other symp- 
toms have abated ; in some cases a cough is the only symptom of catarrhal in- 
flammation that the animal suffers under, and in both we should apply our- 
selves to reduce the inflammation of the wind-pipe, &c. which occasions the 



no REMEDIES \VIIEN VARIED, BENEFiaAL. 

congh ; for if not cured at once, it baffles all our efforts for a long while, and 
ulliiuatt'ly becomes what is denominated (from the length of time it has last- 
ed) a CHRONIC COUGH. But no absolute necessity exists for considering these 
as s('()ar:ite or dis^tinct diseases, the one being but a prolongation or fastening 
of the other on the system, as described at page 85 below : therefore should 
our attention to the iirst attacit be unremitted, and the remedies applied in 
turn to each variation of the symptoms. If these are accomf.anied by the 
swellings and soreness of the throat and glands, just spoken of, the cough will 
generally cease, when these syrnptoms are removed ; but if not, the cough must 
be considered as a simple disease, and be treated accordingly. By the way, 
6eein<T that after all our care and anxious examination, we can but imperfectly 
distiniTuish between some cases of ill-cured catarrh, or the chronic cough, and 
the inci()ient cough, or a fresh cold, the practitioner would do well, in cases of 
doubt, when he finds one of those remedies fail to afford the expected relief, to 
try another, and another, for example. 

When the cough continues, and there is reason to apprehend, from tno 
frequent and violent efforts of the animal to expel the mucous secretion, that 
this is thick or viscid, and does not come away, though the animal evidently 
sneezes for that purpose, — the lungs must be relieved by softening the agglu- 
tination; otherwise termed "cutting the phlegm." Venesection always ef- 
fects this end ; but, when blood-letting is not rendered otherwise necessary, 
the drenches Nos. 1 and 2 will afford relief As the cough always becomes 
more and more troublesome as the discharge lessens of itself, or ceases alto- 
gether, we ni;iy conclude some lurking virus that has fixed upon the lungs is 
the immediate cause of the cough. In order to enable the lungs to throw oft 
this cause by a more copious discharge, give the 

Expectorant Ball. — No. 1. 

Sulphur, half an ounce. 
Asafoetida, 1 ounce. 
Liquorice powder, 1 ounce. 
Venice turpentine, 1 ounce. 

Mix for four doses, and give one on each of four succeeding nights. See hia 
exercise be moderate, and allow him the cooling regimen before referred to 
Jpage G7), as proper for convalcocent horses after inflammatory attacks. 

Expectorant Ball. — No. 2. 

Powdered squills, 2 drachms. 
Gum ammoniacum. 4 dri\chms. 
Powdered ipecacuanha, 4 drachms. 
Opium, 4 drachms. 
Ginger and alls[)ice, of each 1 ounce. 
Balsam of sulphur, 4 ounces. 

Mix for six balls, with Castile soap, 2 ounces, beaten up with mucilage ; 
treacle, or syrup : to be given on(;e or twice a day. 

If this reciinen can not be followed by reason of want of attendants, his 
bowels at If^st should be kept in a proper open state by niild laxatives; or, 
if costiveness prevailed when the cough first came on, simply o[)ening the 
bowels will then procure ease, if it do not effect a cure. This may be at- 
tained by giving, for three or four days, 



DIET AND REGIMEN. 81 

The Laxative Ball. 

Aloes, one and a half drachms. 
Ipecacuanha, one and a half drachms. 

Mix with liquorice- powder and mucilage for one dose. 

These medicines, and every modification of them, which the experienced 
chemist can suggest, it is desirable should be tried in succession, as the seat 
of the disorder is so very various and uncertain, that the partial good which 
one may efl'ect, will frequently be aided by another. To this end the follow- 
ing ball and drenches have been prescribed and used with success — 

Diuretic Ball. 

Yellow resin, 2 ounces. 

Turpentine, 4 ounces. 

Soap, 3 ounces. 

Salad oil, 1 ounce. 

Oil of aniseed, half an ounce. 

Powdered ginger, 2 ounces. 

Rub the two last together in a mortar, with a little linseed powder. Melt the 
first three articles over a slow fire, and then mix in the powders. Divide the 
mass into eight balls, and give one a day until the water is affected. 

Drench. — No. 1 

Vinegar, 8 ounces. 
Squills, 2 ounces. 
Treacle, 6 ounces. 

Bruise the squills and pour on the vinegar boiling hot; simmer these near the 
tire two or three hours, then strain off and add the treacle. Divide into three 
or four parts, and give a portion two or three times in the course of the day. 

Drench. — No. 2. 

Bruised garlic, 4 ounces. 
Vinegar, 12 ounces. 

Pour on the vinegar boiling hot ; let it simmer four or five hours, strain off and 
add six ounces of honey. Divide into three parts or four, and give in the 
course of the day at intervals. 

But no ultimate cure can be effected unless the diet and regimen is pro- 
perly foHovved up; nor, if the anima! be pushed in his work whilst the disor- 
der is virulent ; and, after all our care, if the cough does not abate, but be- 
comes worse by reason of a new cold, it fixes upon the lungs, and the animal 
drags out a miserable existence. This has been usually treated of as con- 
tjumption, by reason of its resemblance to the same disorder in human medi- 
cine, from the wasting away, or consumption of the animal system, which ac- 
companies a diseased state of the pulmonary arteries. Of the importance of 
this part of the system to animal life, to existence and health, the attentive 
reader can not fail to be sufficiently aware who has well perused that part of 
the second chapter of this little manual, in which the functions of the onraiia 
of respiration are described with requisite care — page 31 to 35. The hope- 
lessness of bringing about a cure, after the ruin has proceeded so far as wa 
9 



GS BROKEN wim). 

hsyc inst contemplatetl, must likewise be most apparent to him : I will not, 
ther^ore, ]:)ursue farther in detail the last wastings of this vitally essential 
organ of the aniinal system, but proceed shortly to notice some other eflects 
of an ill-cured cold or protracted cough. 

BROKEN WIND 

Is already so minutely described, as to its causes and symptoms, in the second 
chapte/, that I a[)prehend repetition in this place would prove worse than use- 
less. The reader will therefore turn to page 3i, and the recapitulation of 
my treatise on the organs of respiration which immediately follows, at page 
35. Generally speaking, broken wind is brought on by inflammation of the 
organs of respiration, and acquires a different name, though requiring but 
little variety of treatment, according to the part which may be the more im- 
mediate seat of disease ; for it must be clear, that although this may lie in the 
uppermost part or larynx, in the lowermost part or midriff, or more centrally 
■ — the comnmnicable nature of iiiHammation is such, that the whole must par- 
take in some degree of each and every partial derangement. And this de- 
gree will be proportioned to the excitability of the individual's organs of res- 
piration that may be the subject of attack : if the animal contract cold or 
cough in the vigour of age and health, he will experience its effects in the 
most frightful shapes ; it proceeds to encroach on and obstruct the right func- 
tions of the lungs with rapid strides, and if the symptoms do not abate, he 
dies. But, being partially removed, it becomes a chronic disorder* to the end 
of his days; and, agreeably to the part which may experience the attack, has 
it been the practice to denominate chronic cough either roaring — broken wind 
— thick in the wind — or asthma. Hereupon, however, the doctors disagree. 

How this difference arises may be worth a moment's investigation here, al- 
though so large a portion of the second chapter has been already devoted to 
the subject, and the reader must absolutely turn back to it. At page 34, the 
thickening of the midriff, in consequence of inflammation attacking the ad- 
jacent viscera, was minutely described : this thickening of the membrane 
also extends to every other part of the lungs, wind-pipe, &c. whenever cold 
or inflammation prevails; and in tlie event of its continuance, the thickening 
of the membrane remains long after the virulence of the disorder may be sub- 
dued. If this state of the organs of respiration extend over them generally, 
the patient may very justly be said to be "broken winded;" when this ex- 
tends to the thickening of the pleura only, he would then be thick winded, 
or short in the wind, as he would also in case of adhesions of the midriff, as 
described in page 34, already referred to. Neither affection, however, can 
fairly be set down for broken wind ; though both those membranes being af- 
fected might properly enough be considered " a broken manner of drawing 
in and expelling the wind," for the inspirations and expirations are in this 
case extremely irregular, broken, or variable ; whereas, when the air-cells are 
really broken, or burst into each other through great exertion, then the air 
escapes with difficulty, and the expirations are now slower than the inspira- 
tions (as before observed), and both together constitute irregular respiration, 
or true broken wind. 

But of controversies there is no end. J. White and R. Lawrence were 
for some years at issue on these points; White "having taken up Lawrence 
rather sharply, and somewhat unjustly, if he meant to impute error to the 

• Chronic difjonlersiire those which, having lasted a long time, become almost second nature, 
and plague the orsaus of" lespiratinii more than any otlier viscus: tlius, a tickling coiish may 
s'ick b>'an animal lor years, but it becomes worse upon any great exertion, or on catching 
fresh cold 



CONTROVERSY CONCERNING AIR CELLS. 88 

fetter, as regards the symptom of respiration just spoken of, for each writer 
was right in his separate position : as they disagree as to what constitutes 
broken wind, so they could not of course agree as to the symptoms. See 
pages 159, l()0, of White's first volume. This author also disorders his own 
positions at the same place, in two other instances, which 1 should not have 
noticed, but for his tart rebuke of R. Lawrence for attributing the term 
broken wind to the thickening of the membranes. In this view of the case, 
it will be seen, 1 certainly can not agree with this very clear-headed veterina- 
rian ; but 1 do not therefore, harshly refute a gentleman and scholar for not 
agreeing with me uj)on a simple term of science : it was this unamiable at- 
tachment to trifles that so long impeded the progress of chemical knowledge, 
until the plain-speaking Davy, Nicholson, Park, and Paris, came into vogue, 
and drove Lavoisier from his prostrate coterie, — Dickson was put to silence, 
and Fourcroy's reveries were laid in the dust of oblivion. 

White says, " The lungs of broken winded horses that I have examined have 
generally been unusually large, with numerous air bladders on the surface." p. 
160. Yet, in the next page, he opens a broken winded subject, and says, " The 
lungs were lighter [meaning less] than usual, and without the air-bladders, 
contrary to the state Mr. Lawrence describes." What Lawrence had said 
was this: " The most common appearance of the lungs in broken winded 
horses is a general thickening of their substance, by which their elasticity is 
in a great measure destroyed, and their weight (i. e. size) specifically increased. 
On this account air is received into the lungs with difficulty, but its expulsion 
is not so difficult. Thus, in broken winded horses, inspiration is very slow, 
expiration sudden and rapid, as n)ay be seen by the fianks returning with a 
jerk." (p. 123, octavo edition.) And he is correct as to these two motions 
accompanying the thickened membrane or substance of the lungs; only! 
should have termed the disorder thick wind, and not broken wind, when all 
would have coincided with White's statement, barring his own self-contra- 
diction as to the size of the lungs, which Lawrence had mistaken for weight, 
and which had met with the counter assertion of being "specifically lighter." 
On this point of their dispute, however, neither the one nor the other could 
possibly know aught with requisite certainty; and I, for my part, am incHned 
to believe, that the lungs of high-bred horses are s[)ecifically lighter than those 
of the cart breed, saving that the whole organs of res[)iration are much less 
muscular in the first kind than in those of the latter, the skirt or border of 
the midriti' in particular. On the other hand, the hearts of blood horses in- 
variably run of a larger size than those of the common English horse. Vide 
page 37. One cause of broken wind, or rather that mainly predisposes the 
animal to contract this disorder, is voracious feeding, which distends the sto- 
mach inordinately, and for a while gives to the animal a short-lived vigour 
and healthy appearance. This induces its proprietor to put him upon his 
mettle, and try the extent of his powers at progression ; and as he will best 
perform those feats upon a plentiful feed, the action of the midriflfand lungs 
thereby becomes laboured, and the proper expansion of the lungs is impeded. 
Heat and tension are the immediate consequence, and broken wind of one 
or the other species is the remote consequence. Horses that eat their litter, 
and what other hard substances they can come near, are similarly predisposed 
to broken wind; namely, by the great distension of the stomach, and inability 
of inspiring a sufficient quantity of air to fill the lungs, whence the inert cells, 
or the portion not distended, fill up, contract, and become useless, or, upon 
sudden action and over distension, they burst at once. 

Cure there is none for broken wind, and therefore all that can be done by 
way of alleviating its symptoms must be effected by management, or as it it 
more generally termed, by 



84 REGIMEN FOR BROKEN WIND. 

Regimen. Of course, any person would avoid exposing the animal to fresh 
cold, and not push him too hard on a full stomach ; nor mdeed, give away a 
chance of increasing the malady by the same means as I have just said origi- 
nally brought it on. lie will, on the contrary, follow an opposite course of 
treatment, and as much as possible regulate his feeding and exercise upon 
moderate princi|)les, for the stomach and bowels are always affected by broken 
v»'ind. Hence it is, that flatulency accompanies broken wind of every kind, so 
that the animal in his endeavours to cough, usually breaks wind after an effort 
or two. Much medicine is not requisite, and, in slight cases, far from desira- 
ble; tonics, bracing air, and regular hard meat feeding, broken or sodden, and 
given in small quantities, will do more for the horse than physic of any sort. 
For the first, Peruvian bark, or cascarilla in small doses, may be given occa- 
sionally, adapting the quantity to the bulk of the animal. 

Tonic Ball. 



Gen^tkn %ot, ] ^ ^^ ^ ^'^""^"^^ °^ ^^^^' ' 



Oil of Carraways, ten drops ; with 
Mucilage enough to form the ball. If irritation of the boAvels is indicated by 
a certain protrusion of the anus, add of opium 10 to 12 grains. 

When the cough is particularly troublesome, or the animal seems to labour 
much in respiration, give the following 

Ball. 

Dried squills, powdered, 1 drachm. 
Gum ammoniacum, 3 drachms. 
Opium, 10 drachms ; 
With mucilage sufficient to form the ball. 

If there is reason to apprehend the horse swallows his corn without grind- 
ing it, as commonly happens, bruised or sodden oats should be given, and the 
bowels discharged by purgatives, when alteratives may not be deemed equal to 
the urgency of the case. Those prescribed at pages 86, 87, are applicable in 
this case also; inasmuch as the two disorders bear very near resemblance to 
each other in this respect. Give green food, succulent roots, and bran-mashes, 
as there recommended. Let the water be soft, not too cold, and given in 
small quantities at a time, and frequently. 

As broken wind produces disordered bowels, and is re-produced by it, the 
connexion or sympathy between the two, thus plainly demonstrated, should 
be employed in the alleviation of the former in all its stages, when it has been 
of long standing. The means of attaining this object has been shown; and 
when the animal under treatment is equal to the care and exi)ense, he fre- 
quently recovers so much of his former powers of free respiration, that his cure 
will seem for a short time fully effected. These appearances, however, are 
completely illusive ; upon the least extra work he relapses into his former dif 
ficulties of continuing it, and the cough, the roaring, wheezing, or labouring 
of the flanks and chest, return as bad as ever. If the work be very hard, as 
always happens when the horse has been sold deceptiously, and the new mas. 
ter would try his utmost powers, the relapse is then worse than before; he 
hereupon becomes a confirmed roarer, by the wind and lymph being driven 
inside the membrane that lines the wind-pipe, and causes inflammation of tli« 
very fine blood-vessels that traverse it. Hence the number of lawsuits that 
are instituted to recover the valuable consideration paid for broken winde</ 



HEREDITARY ROARERS. 85 

hnrsns that are rctnrncfl upon the hands of the sellers as roarers, that never 
were known to either groom or stable-hoy for roarers, before the clay of action 
or trial. Hence, too, let ns charitably suppose, the contradictory evidence 
often given, and the flat, downright cross-swearing that usually takes place 
on such occasions. For the horse having been partially made up for the pur- 
pose of sale, i.e. nursed, patched up, and to all appearance "right in all his 
p:irts," the fact of his going in pain comes out by way of his skin at first, and 
the new purchaser being generally desirous of trying all he can do, the 
ruin is effected, by pusliing him too much, of driving the wind inside the 
membrane, as before described. 

Hereditary Roarers. Early in the present century, a question arose 
among breeders, whether the gift or the curse of roaring descended from 
parents to their progeny. The decision was looked for with unusual anxiety 
among the breeders of farm-horses in Norfi)lk and Suffolk, where a famous 
well-built horse in every other respect was much sought after, even subse- 
quently to his being denounced a roarer prepense. Woidd his stock take 
after him ? was a problem very desirable to be set at rest, when Mr. Wilson, 
of Bildestone, late Sir T. C. Bunbury's, propounded the question to Mr. 
Cline, an eminent surgeon and anatomist in London. In reply, Mr. Cline 
said, " The disorder in a horse which constituted a roarer, was caused by a 
membranous projection in a part of the wind-pipe, and was a consequence of 
that part having been inflamed from a cold,* and injudiciously treated. A 
roarer was not therefore a diseased horse, for his lungs and every other part 
might be perfectly sound ; but when a horse was in strong action, his breath- 
ing became proportionably quickened, and the air, in [)assing rapidly through 
the wind -pipe was in some degree interrupted in its course, and thus the 
roaring noise was produced. The existence of this in a stallion could not be 
of any consequence. It could not be propagated any more than a broken 
bone, or any other accident." t 

Unfortunately, however, for this opinion, and not exactly in accordance 
with my own, several of that horse's get became roarers, but we are left to 
guess whether hereditarily or acquired. An account of the horse in question 
appeared in the Annals of Sporting for 18*23 ; but the colouring given by an 
evident partisan of the stallion- master induces one to lament the absence of 
that candour, from which alone useful truths are to be drawn ; for, we are de- 
terred from indulging in pathological investigation where the grounds of in- 
quiry are so impalpably sandy as were those adduced upon the occasion. 

CHRONIC COUGH 

Is already defined to be the remains of an ill-cured cold, which ma)' or may 
not have been a cough originally. It bears close analogy to simple broken 
wind that is seated in the wind-pipe or its branches, of which it may be con- 
sidered a continuation, or the natural consequence of neglect, with more in- 
veteracy. How this effect would so accrue was described at page 80 ; and 
the analogy is still further corroborated by the fact, that the treatment for 
cough of long continuance is precisely that which is found serviceable for 
broken wind, the situation of the two disorders making the only difference in 
either respect. Again, the symptoms of both may, by long and careful treat- 
ment, be so reduced as to seem cured, for a longer or shorter period, and both 
will return in the shape of roaring, upon the animal being put to sudden hard 

• Not always so, Mr. Uline. 

■f Our human anatomist is very nearly right as to an accident not being descendable ; but see- 
In? that roaring did descend to the first generation, wr must infer that this was "an accident of 
bJiih," and not a contracted one which inighi possibl)- go no farther. 
9* 



86 OCCASIONAL AND PLETHORIC COUGH. 

work, as mentioned in the last pages. The corresponding symptoms of both 
are also so nearly alike, that 1 merely comply with custom while I recapitu- 
late these for the use of readers who might not choose to consider that horse 
broken winded, which to all appearance is otdy affected with "an old cold in 
the wind-pipe." But, let the first term appear to an owner ever so formida- 
ble in sound, the latter is no less dangerous in ell'ect, and both are alike liable 
to terminate in roaring. 

The symptoms which indicate chronic cough are nevertheless so slight, that 
it is too often considered as but a small remains of the more alarming catarrh, 
■which its owner vainly imagines will go oil" in time, as the other disagreeable 
symptoms have done. In this hope he is invariably disappointed, if the means 
of reducing it be deferred. After the more violent symptoms of catarrh have 
subsided, and the cure may reasonably be considered as complete, the horse 
returns to his usual feeding, and, as in the former case, eats voraciously ; he 
is denied water oftener than twice a day, perhaps not so much ; but, when at 
length he does drink, he gulps it up as if famished. This is commonly the 
cause, and the first indication of the cough which follows immediately after, 
but is often mistakeidy attributed to his improving too fast after his long illness, 
and it is considered only fair that " he should be allowed to recover himself 
completely," Precaution is thus lulled in fancied security, and unless prompt 
relief be afforded before the damp season of autumn returns, the symptom in- 
creases to obstinate confirmation ; until time renders cure hopeless, alleviation 
or abatement of the coughing being all that lies within the power of medicine 
or stable management to eliect for it — the aid of the former being then of little 
avail. Very few small proprietors of horses use timely precautions in this re- 
spect, and the disorder goes on : large owners having more exj)erience, adopt 
early measures, and if pursued vvitli proper vigour, these usually prevail in 
lowering the symi)toms. 

An occasional cough is also brought on by high feeding, which, as it arises 
from the rapid production of fresh blood, is termed plethoric cough, by way 
of distinction. Of this symptom it would be needless to tell the better in- 
formed, perhaps, at an interval of six days, that we have but to take away the 
cause, and the etlcct ceases of course. This, however, does not always follow ; 
for the cough sometimes remains after the gross feeding has been reduced in 
quantity and quality. In this case, it must be considered as chronic cough, 
and treated as such, by em[)tying the bowels, &c. as above directed. 

Remedy. As in the case of broken wind of every other kind, the horse 
eats every substance he can come near, chronic cough being sometimes pro- 
duced by over feeding, as well as always producing that symptom. There- 
fore, when a horse has a cough, occasionally, for two or three days, his appe- 
tite being good, we had best conclude he is too full and must be emptied by 
an alterative or purgative, according to the emergency of the case : if he be 
of gross haoit, or has failed in the pro{)er evacuations ; if his heels swell of a 
morning, or his coat stare hke hide-bound, the cough will vanish before the 
following 

Purgative Ball. 

Barbadoes aloes, 8 drachms, 
Castile soap, 2 drachms. 
Ginger, 1 drachm, 
With mucilage sufficient to form the ball. 

Failing to stale properly, the patient's heels will swell, in addition to the 
cough, and both may be got rid of by a diuretic ball or two at farthest, if 



REMEDIES FOR BAD HABIT. COUGH, PERIODICAI. & CONSTITUTIONAL. 87 

the evacuation by the skin be at fault, through cold or otlierwise, accompani- 
ed by coujrh, the perspiration will I)e restored, and cough depart, by the exhi- 
bition of Emetic Tartar, one or two grains, every day twice in ])owder, until 
its effects are perceptible on the skin, and the cough then diminishes. T)>is, 
however, is a very slow remedy, though sure, and is sometimes given m much 
larger quantities. The preparation is very simple when given in the form 
of a bail, being made up of hquorice powder and mucilage only, of a sufficient 
consistence to retain that form. If much heat of body is perceptible, though 
the pulse may not indicate inflammatory disorder, add to the foregoing ball, 
nitre, 4 or 5 drachms. 

But whatever coarse is pursued, if symptoms of a bad habit of body are 
discoverable, it will be advisable to administer the foregoing pargative ball once 
or twice previous to adopting any other means of cure. If tliose symptoms 
of a bad habit of body do not appear, then the purgative should be of a milder 
nature and given at the same interval. 

Mild Purgative. 

Aloes, 4 or ,5 drachms, 
Castile soap, 3 drachms, 
Calomel, 1 drachm, 
Ginger, 2 drachms, 
Oil of Carroways, 10 drops ; 
Mucilage enough to form the ball for one dose. 

Some horses are more delicate than others, and being then irritable about 
the throat and chest, are liable to contract a periodical cough, which becomes 
chronic without due care. Such animals should be exposed as little as possi- 
ble to any violent weather, or sudden change of the temperature : these are 
the kind of animals that will benefit greatly, or suffer the most, by a summer 
run at grass, according to the heat, the dampness, or dryness of the season, 
and the precautions used previously to, and at the turning out. Neither should 
such tender animals, under circumstances of chronic cough, which generally 
affects their coats also, about the chest in particular, be treated with a puro^a- 
tive, even of the mildest form but with alteratives instead. 

Alterative Ball. 

Hard'soap, \ '^ drachms each, 
Emetic tartar, 1-2 drachm, 
Ginger, 1-2 oz. 
Oil of carraways, 1 drachm; 

With mucilage enough to form the balls into six doses. Give one every morn- 
ing until a loose stool is produced, which may happen on the third or fourth 
morning or longer, as the animal may be more or less relaxed. 

Even with this moderate employment of laxative medicine, the kind of ani- 
mal for which it is most desirable will be very unfit to turn out to grass of a 
sudden ; as, on account of its delicacy, it will in that case be more likely to ac- 
quire a small hectic cough, which no one attends to because of its triviality, 
until time renders it chronic, with all its attendant consequences. Roaring, 
broken wind, are among these evils, and have already received as much at- 
tention here as they separately require. 

Frequently it happens that a horse has a constitutional cough, or one which 



88 STOMACH AND INTESTINES. 

comps on only upon high feedinfj, or a disposition to plethora will produce the 
same kind of cough, and, in either case, it seems but an eflbrt of nature to 
relieve itself In this case, the rapid repletion of blood drives it into the smaller 
vessels that line the windpipe, &c. and there causes the titillation which after 
two or three efforts ends in cough, and so on repeatedly. None but those 
which are in some slight degree or other already afflicted with chronic cough 
are ever so attacked, 1 apprehend; indeed I have frequently remarked how 
excellent a test of " bad in the wind" was good feed, or a large feed, with 
Work upon it. In this case, the administering of nitre and resin will thin the 
blood, and give immediate relief. 

Drench. 

Yellow resin, \ '^^^^^^ ^^^^^^» 0""^«> 
Oil of aniseed, 20 drops. 

The 5>il should be first well mixed with the resin, and the whole given in a 
quart of water-gruel. Recurrence of the same affection may be prevented in 
some measure by giving the same in another form, which is in general 
reckoned more convenient — namely, as a cough powder, substituting aniseeds, 
1 ounce, for the oil, and pounding the whole together ; mix with the corn. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES. 

Whenever one of these organs is affected, with inflammation particularly, 
the other soon feels the effects of the attack. This arises from the proximity 
of the two ; or the continuity of the digestive faculty, which is mostly carried 
on in the intestines, as the reader of tolerable recollection well knows was so 
described in Book I. page 44, &c. Corrosive poisons, indeed, carry on their 
work of destruction upon the internal or villous coat of the stomach until the 
ruin is complete; but, although horrid inflammation accompanies its ravages, 
I would not class such a species of accident under any other head th^n "Poi- 
son :" to call it by its symptom would be delusive. Neither is the inflamma- 
tion caused by worms, proper to be taken into consideration here, though in 
this case both organs are affected at the same time; but the bott question in- 
volves other considerations, besides the best means of destroying them, of pre- 
venting the access of this irritating insect, or of alleviating the effects of its 
bite and adhesion to the villous coat, alike of stomach and intestine. 

With those exceptions, there is no greater difference in the causes, symp- 
toms, or means of cure of inflamrnation in the stomach and intestines, than 
exists between those of the great and the small gut. Inflammatory pain in 
the smaller parts of the alimentary canal will ever be more acute than tho.se 
which attack the larger ones; thus, when the stomach is the seat of disorder, 
the pnins will be duller, the paroxysms less distinctly marked, and the pulse 
but little altered ; but, when by continuance it reaches the small gut at the 
lower orifice of the stomach, then will the pain and anxiety of the animal in- 
crease greatly, and the symptoms thereof, visible in his manner (to be de- 
scribed shortly), will become more distinct, rapid, and vehement, The pulse 
increases in number, in sharpness of vibration, and irregularity. Such is the 
difference also that is discernible between attacks upon the colon or great gut, 
and on the smaller guts. But all this refers to the first attack ; for after a 
while, if the means adopted are insufficient to check its career, the ruin goes 
on to affect the whole abdomen, and the animal dies in excruciating tor- 
fiaents. 



HOW INCURRED. INTESTINAL ADHESION. 89 

Causes. — Much the same as those which occasion fever in all or.'.inary 
cases; that is to say, a sudden check given by cold to the action of the j,arts, 
while these may be in a state of excitement, or through over action, hard 
work, excessive heat of the weather, the operation of cordials, &c. By this 
latter means stalUons and brood mares are sometimes destroyed prematurely, 
even without catching any cold, or this part of tlie system receiving any check 
whatever; in these cases, excitement has been carried to the utmost pitch by 
high feeding, and stimulating the male, until nature gives way, or rather, 1 
might say, catches fire almost, and if not speedily arrested, the heat soon de- 
stroys the functions of all the abdominal organs of life. 

To stage-horses, inflammatory complaints usually prove fatal, from the 
same immediate cause ; the animal being fed high, and pressed forward to the 
accomplishment of his daily task, regardless of the first indication of this 
disease; and in summer time, we witness numbers of such dropping down in 
harness, sometimes whilst going along, seldom giving warning of approaching 
dissolution. But, whatever be the previous state of the animal's bodily health, 
he can rarely stand the maltreatment he receives from his driver: — viz. that 
of being driven through ponds and large rivulets, while he is yet perspiring 
greatly through fatigue and the heat of the weather. Long rests in currents 
of air, or unsaddling horses under similar circumstances, are alike productive 
of inflammation of those or some other part of the animal's inside, if it do not 
bring on fever of the whole system — as before observed, p. 59. The kidneys 
or the liver are sometimes alone affected by this species of culpable neglect ; 
but in either case the effects are not iiimiediately perceptible, and the disorder 
creeps on unheeded, or seizes the animal violently, so that it dies at the next 
going out. 

Neglect of the necessary evacuations, or the discontinuance of those whicli 
have been customary, even though injudicious, will occasion an accumulation 
of dung in the intestines when they are least capable of bearing it : upon this, 
pressing the horse in his work will bring on inflammation, as it will sometimes 
after a heavy feed and water, which some injudiciously give on account of a 
hard day's work lying before him. The same happens to horses that are in- 
ordinately fat, when hard worked ; the dung that is then eliminated bears with 
it a portion of the slime or mucus that lines the intestines, and this appearance 
has obtained for this species of inflammation the term molten grease. 1 post- 
pone, for a few pages, the consideration hereof, in compliance with custom ra- 
ther than in obedience to propriety. 

Adhesion of the gut sometimes takes place, so as to cause partial obstruc- 
tion to the passage of aliment; at others, tubercles are formed on the mesen- 
tery that holds the bowels in position ; and in either case the secret is dis- 
closed by a staring coat, which some mistake for the worms. Both those af- 
fections are the effect rather than the first cause of inflannnation of the part, 
and may be distinguished from "the worms" by the state of the pulse, by the 
heat, tension, and soreness evinced by the patient on passing the hand over 
the belly. See page 46, book I. The reader will also perceive, upon turn- 
ing back to page 23 — 24, in what manner this adhesion is effected, by the ex- 
haustion of the moisture that is designed by nature to lubricate the i)arts. 

Colic of long continuance, if the animal is worked while this is on h'un, is 
another prolific source of inflammation of the intestines; as is the drinking 
cold water copiously, while in a state of perspiration, or after a trying jour 
ney, which is always attended with spasmodic coUc of the stomach and bowels^ 
at first, and of inflammation sooner or later, according to the tem|)erature of 
the individual. The necessity of getting rid of the lesser attack before it ac- 
quires a permanent and dangerous aspect must be obvious; and as the treat- 
ment proper for either, is at total variance with the other, the one vequiri*ig 



90 COLIC DISTINGUISHED FROM INFLAMjNIATIOX. 

warmth and stimulation, the other a cooling and reducinrr treatment, our first 
duty is to ascertain precisely the exact nature of the attack; for a mistake on 
this point would, and does frequently, ])rove fatal — ay, in human as well as in 
horse medicine. Therefore it is, that i have judged it expedient to set down 
here a table of the symptoms that will enable the practitioner to distinguish 
between the two kinds of attack. 

For this mode of setting before the eye in parallel columns the discriminating 
symptoms of two such apparently similar disorders, 1 am indebted to Mr. 
Rydiiig, who inserted it iu his "Veterinary Pathology," 1801, pages 8G, 87; 
and it was copied by White into his " Compendium," 1803, with a few altera- 
tions, by no means for the better, i have adhered chiefly to Ryding, with but 
one slight alteration. 

SYMPTOMS. 

A table for distinguishing- between the Colic or Gripes, and Ivjlammation 
of the Bowels^ by the symptoms that viark tJie character of each. 

Spasmodic or Flatulent Colic. Injlammation of the Bowels. 

1. Pulse natural, though sometimes 1. Pulse very quick and small. 
a little lower. 

2. The horse lies down, and rolls 2. He lies down and suddenly 
upon his back. rises up again, seldom rolling upon 

his back. 

3. The legs and ears generally 3. Legs and ears generally cold. 
Warm. 

4. Attacks suddenly, is never pre- 4. In general, attacks gradually, is 
ceded, and seldom accompanied by commonly preceded, and always ac- 
any symptoms of fever. com]ianied by symptoms of fever. 

5. There are frequently short in- 5. No intermissions can be observ- 
termissions. ed. 

Whilst marking these distinctions, which ought to be kept in mind while 
prescribing for disorders so nearly alike at first view, but dillering so widely 
in effect, the reader is earnestly requested to turn to the Index, and there find 
the ])age at which I have thought proper to treat ])retty much at large of "In- 
flammation of the Kidneys," " Diseases of the Urinary Organs," &c. He 
will there perceive how fatally these affections have been mistaken for 
" Colic;" he will learn that this unhappy error is likely to happen more fre- 
quently than would at the first glance be in)agined; and he will observe that 
the symptoms correspond in many respects with those in the second column 
above — therefore require an equal corres{)ondent course of treatment, but that 
the deposite of the stone in the kidney is an incurable disorder that admits of 
no remedy. Furthermore, the reader will observe, that the whole of the article 
alluded to, on "Calculus, or Stone," requires his strict attention: and also 
bear in mind what is there said as to calculous substances which are deposited 
in the coecum or blind gut, producing symptoms so much like spasmodic 
colic, that much care is necessary in applying the appropriate remedy in each 
case, lest he hastens the patient's end. 

Of those symptoms the state of the pulse is the surest indication of the ap 
proach of an inflammatory attack of the bowels, or any other viscus ; and the 
particular part which is then suffering must be gathered from other circum- 
stances. If he has long suffered colic without relief, doubtless inflammation 
has taken place, and gangrene is likely to follow: this is the harbinger of 
oeath. Adhesion of the gut sometimes baffles the best treatment for colic^ 



CALCUI-US IN THE BOWELS. gj 

and soon devolves into inflammation. In either case, the remedies proper for 
colic must be abandoned, and others more adapted to the change of circum- 
stances be employed instead. 

Whenever the cause of inflammation of the bowels may fairly be ascribed 
to the quantity or quality of their contents — without adding thereto by any 
extraordinary exertion, its approach will be very slow, and denoted by slug- 
gishness and the refusal of food at first. As they are mostly working cattle 
that are thus attacked, the evacuations are not sufficiently minded, or the at- 
tendant neglects to make mention how these have discontinued in a great de- 
gree, or changed their appearance — the dung being then hard and the urine 
high coloured; hereupon the pulse increases, and the outrageous symptoms 
described in the second column of the table of symptoms go on to a frightful 
degree, endangering the lives of bystanders. Even in this stage, the progress 
of the disease may be arrested by prompt and vigorous measures, adaj)ted to 
the kind of animal that may be the subject of attack, and the circumstances 
under which the present alarming sym[)toms may have been brought on. If 
a heavy lumbering wagon-horse, that owes his disease to alimentary indul- 
gence, we shall find no higher operation necessary than emptying the over- 
charged canal by force of arms, i. e. back-raking; but the high-couraged stage- 
coach horse, which falls under the exercise of the lash, and the influence of a 
vertical sun, has seldom aught within him of that kind to part with, and re- 
quires the introduction of some substance or liquid that shall cherish the 
afflicted stomach and bowels, and alleviate the burning heat that, ascendino-to 
the head, causes his delirium. Presence of mind, however, or the adroitness 
which much practice teaches, is frequen y wanting for the first mentioned 
remedy ; and the means of applying the second is so seldom at hand, that the 
animals are too often left to their fate and are lost. But 1 anticipate the reme- 
dies. See also pages 62, 68. 

Remedy. — From the rapid progress made by this disorder, when left to it- 
self, and its usually disastrous termination, the duty of attending to the pulse 
of his animals as before insisted upon (at page 62), will strike every intelliorent 
horse proprietor, as the very best means of guarding against the fatal conse- 
quences of inflammatory attacks. He will by this means be apprised of the 
earliest approach of the disease, and thus enable himself to meet it in its mild- 
est form : he will compare this certain indication of heat — whether fever of 
the whole system, or inflammation of a particular part, with the state of the 
patient's urine, which will then be high coloured, and the dunging defective. 
The rectum will be dry, hard, and hot ; the belly, on passing the hand over it 
towards the sheath, will have the same feel ; the animal will shrink from the 
touch, his eyes appear languid, or partly shut; as the disorder proceeds they 
assume unusual redness, or what has been termed bloodshot. 

Up to this stage of the disorder, the first remedy will be clystering and bleed- 
ing the anirnal freely, if he be not very aged or of spare habit, immediately 
after givhig the following 

Laxative Drench. 

Powdered aloes, 2 drachms, 
Subcarbonate of potass, 2 drachms. 
Water gruel, 1 pint, 
Castor oil, half a pint. Mix. 

If delay is to be apprehended in procuring the above drench, give castor oil, 
one pint, or in default hereof, salad oil, two pints, whilst the drench h pre- 
paring. 



92 CLYSTERING. NEGLECTED COSTIVENESS. 

In ordinary cases, a voluntary stool will be produced at or soon after bleed 
tng, occasioned by relaxation of the tenesmus that constitutes the disease. If 
the dung comes forth in small quantity and small hard knobs, the anus must 
be cleared by the hand, according to the directions given at a preceding page, 
69. And, when the constipation has endured for a long time, the hardened 
dung will not come away at all without this irjanual operation of back-raking, 
which must be performed the more assiduously as the difficulty may be great- 
er and tlie dung harder. Let a warm clyster be thrown up that is copious 
enough to fill tlie emptied gut, at the least. 

Clyster. 

Water gruel, from four to six quarts, 
Epsom salts, 4 or 5 ounces, 

Inject warm, with a large syringe, or ox-bladder and long pipe : perform this 
Oj)e ration elfectually. 

A second and third should follow, a little warmer than the first, and after 
an evacuation has taken place, the next clyster may be made without salt, and 
a small degree thicker than at first. Its efl'ect will be to remain and nourish 
the parts nearly in the same manner as a poultice does an external inflamed 
wound. 

Too often, however, those early indications are entirely neglected; the ani- 
mal is harnessed in to his day's work, and the consequences are both dreadful 
and dangerous to behold. If he be a stage-coach horse, or destined to take his 
turn at a [X)sting-house, his sluggishness and refusal of food is usually attri- 
buted to "a little overwork;" and the much abused cordial is commonly ad- 
ministered ; which brightens him up for the renewal of his daily task, and ac- 
celerates his fate, unless rescued as by a miracle that is very seldom wrought. 
In these cases, the first symptom perceptible to the driver is the horse's lean- 
ing against its next horse ; l3ut, upon being touched up, it makes fresh exer- 
tions according to its quantity of courage, until it falls down with closed eyes, 
in excruciating torments, lashes out behind, and beats about on the ground, 
seldom having the strength to get upon its legs again. Bundles of straw should 
be placed for the afilicted animal to roll upon, and his head pressed down with 
the hand whilst the severest paroxysms expend their force. When at length 
he gets up — which may be considered a favourable sign, that proves his 
strength is not wholly subdued —he may be supported into a stable. Mean- 
time, however, an examination of the rectum must take place, and the manu- 
al operation of emptying it be employed — if need be; that is to say, if harden- 
ed dung should be accumulated there. At any rate, water gruel in large 
quantities must be prepared, as well for administering by way of clyster as of 
drench; in both, giving it now without the addition of salt, and in the latter 
manner nearly cold. By these means, the alarming symptoms will diminish 
greatly; but if there is still reason to apprehend that obstruction may prevail 
in the larger intestines, this must be got rid of by means of the oily laxative 
prescribed at page 91, and the repetition of clysters in quantities, and admin- 
istered with a vigour sufficient to reach the evil. 

Bleeding, of course, would be adopted to the amount of four, five, or six 
quarts, according to the exigency of the case and the size of the animal. If 
the blood become buffed, as it is called by some, or sizy on the surface, a 
second blood-letting is necessary to complete the cure. Low, but nourishing 
diet, should follow; as bran-mashes, stiff gruel, and afterwards sodden oats; 
the return to hay provender being made gradually, and then of good quaaty. 

In very bad cases, the return to full health and vigour will be slow, and a 



MOLTEN GRK\.SE. PHYSIOLOGY OF. 93 

fel.ipse is to be dreadeJ, as a fresh attack would prove much more obstinate 
than the first. The clung, by its quantity, consistence, regularity, and gene- 
ral appearance, will afford the best means of judging when the bowels are 
completely cleared of their offensive contents; for it not unfrequently happens 
tiiat several tolerable stools may be procured by the help of medicine, and jet 
soine lum[)s, replete with danger, remain behind. The pulse, that great cri- 
terion of health or disease, by dint of low living, may have regained its natural 
stale, and so remain steadily for a tolerably long period : but watching the dung 
for a day or two will corroborate that main indication of health, or by its ir- 
regularity dispel an ill-founded reliance on the completeness of the cure. Yet 
will the administering of purgatives, or even alteratives, of aloes in particular, 
be f)und full of danger, as tending to irritate the bowels anew. The same 
may be said of all stimulants whatever, whether applied externally or given in 
tlie form of cordials, notwithstanding the animal may evince signs of return- 
ing pain, and these be ascertained by the corres[)onding symptoms of low 
pulse, warm legs and ears, to arise from s])asmodic or flatulent colic only. 
For these returning pains are usually occasioned by the soft kind of regimen 
just recommended; to which the patient may have been subjected during this 
illness for the first time since it was a foal. I have known a small feed of corn 
or two effect relief from lowness, in the case of horses which hail been long 
time previously used to hard food : if these be devoured voraciously, this will 
toMid to prove 1st, that the change is desirable, and 2dly, that the next feed 
should consist of l)roken oats — or a new disease will be engendered. Adopt the 
tonic system, recommended gerjerally, at page 69. 

MOLTEN GREASE 

Is but a variety of inflammation of the intestines when the subject of attack 
happens to be very fat, and little accustomed to exercise; when marked by 
costiveness, it may he treated as such ; or, if attended by a looseness, may 
rather he considered as a spasmodic effort of nature to relieve itself of an un- 
natural load. The vulgar name given to this affection of the intestines is 
finther supported by the popular notion that the fat, or grease, which the in- 
dividual possessed in a superlative degree, had melted (or was molten) and 
passed into the guts, whence it was expelled with the fseces. This, however, 
is physiologically impossible, notwithstanding the support such a notion has 
received from some revered authors ; the appearance of slimy unctuous matter 
along with the dung, more particularly when this is much hardened, being no 
other than the mucous secretion described at pages 22, 23, as designed by na- 
ture to defend the surface of the intestines from the injurious action of hard 
substances that might be taken into the stomach. Indeed, this intention of 
nature in providing such a defence is demonstrable in the fact, that the harder 
the knobs ofdungmaybe that the animal presseth forth, the greater is the 
quantity of this greasy, unctuous, or mucous secretion that is eliminated along 
with it; and which gives name to the disorder. Probably, the secretion of this 
grease may then proceed with more celerity ; its access may be greater, the 
more it is thus required by nature to defend the alimentary passage. This 
supposition is drawn from the fact just stated; but, whether the well-founded 
conjecture be too hastily hazarded, is for the more minute inquirer to conclude 
upon, or investigate farther, as may seem good to him. 

At any rate, the doctrine of effusion, or the ])assing of those secretions, 
whether mucous or aqueous, fnmi one part of the system to another, as nature 
or accident may require the supply, is tolerably evident from another circum- 
(itauce that is often recurring in cases of molten grease. [The subjtct is more 
iully treated of at the page just referred to.] The perspiration of the two s«- 
10 



94 TOEATMENT OF MOLTEN GREASE. COLIC. 

cretions in succession, here referred to, is pretty well recognised, and is easily 
proveable, in the nuinner there set down ; the unctuous, mucous, or greasy se- 
cretion (call it which we like) of the external surfaces following that of the 
more liquid, or watery kind, after any great exertion. Horses that contract 
molten grease are ever those which have been highly fed, without exercise suf- 
ficient to excite visible perspiration thereby ; and the feverish heat of the body 
occasioned by high living and indolence, in time exhausts the whole supply 
of the aqueous secretion. So much is this the case, that the animal's dis- 
charge of urine becomes less and less as its seclusion is continued, until the 
decided access of fever takes place, and we notice its colour is higher and highei 
as its quantity decreases. [Look again at sec. 55, page 52.] As before ex- 
plained, the secretion of mucous matter takes place within the guts, &c.j or 
that surface which is next to the food ; on the other sid<', and every other part 
of the animal system, the watery secretion destined to lubricate the jmrts, to 
keep them supjjie and to prevent adhesion, takes place. On that side (which 
is popularly considered the outer surface!) good quantities of fat accrue, all 
along the whole length of the intestines, which is usually sc;raped from slain 
beasts, and preserved as tallow. From this source is derived that access of 
grease, which, as I have said, is greatest as the inflanmiatory symptoius may 
be higher. When thi^ has long been the case, and stools are at length |)ro- 
cured, a long thin wormlike portion of this fat comes away with the dung; 
which would be of itself a sufficiently alarming appearance, though wanting 
animation, but for the well known, but inexplicable, doctrine of effusion, or 
communication through the gut: this appearance, then, of a long tenacious 
fatty portion of thin membrane, which usually accompanies molten grease, 
should be considered as little more than denoting the crisis of the disorder. 

Let the system be reduced according as the state of the pulse may dictate 
— for which consult again page G2. as to bleeding, and page 08, 69, as to treating 
him for "costiveness" simply. If heat and irritation be perceivable to the 
touch and sight about the anus, without high pulse, the first symptom may 
be reduced by administering 

The Sedative Clyster. 

Camphor, 4 drachms. 

Spirits of wine, 3 or 4 drops, 
to promote the solution, and add 

Sweet oil, 2 ounces. 
Mix well, and then add thin warm water gruel, 2 or 3 quarts. 

As before intimated, molten grease is rather an effect than a cause of dis- 
ease, and partakes of colic in one of its forms and of inflammation in the 
other; the symptoms that enable us to distinguish when the one or the other 
prevads being y)recisely those set down at page 90. Allowing somewhat for 
the feverish symptoms that always prevail with such fat and bloated animals 
as are subject to this disorder, the practitioner can not conmiit himself to the 
guidance of a better test than that just referred to, nor more safely adopt a 
treatment that is more likely to reinstate his patient in health. For the treat- 
ment which is proper in case of spasmodic colic affecting fat animals, the 
reader is referred to the next head of information. 

THE COLIC, GRIPES, or FRET. 

This disorder has been frequently referred to, under the preceding head of 
Inflammation of the Intestines, to which it bears great affuiity m some of its 



COLIC— DEFINmON AND REPRODUCTION OF. 95 

points — as already stated, the cause of both being nearly the same in most 
cases, and loiii^ contiimoci colic always endinor in inflammation, if not effec- 
tually checked in time. Much of the difference that exists between the two 
kinds of attack depends on the previous state of the animal attacked ; if it be 
a high fed and hard-worked animal whose digestive orgat^s receive a sudden 
check, he contracts intiammation in the first instance; but one that is lower 
kept, and therefore not so irritable in any part of its system, is soon troubled 
with spasmodic affection of the intestines, which receives the name of gripes, 
or fret in different counties, as it does that of flatulent colic in most of t fie 
books that treat of a uimal medicine. Colic, however, is the general name 
given by most stal>le peoi)le to every pain of the inside (of man and horse) 
that occasions writhing, or other demonstrations of tliat pain, wliich few can 
discriminate in their own persons ; much less in their horses. To this un- 
discriminating manner of naming disorders that require such very dillereiit 
treatment at our hands, is to be attributed the loss of many lives annually. 
Into this anomalous manner of treating those disorders it is painful to notice 
one of the most scientific veterinary writers of our time has fallen. We do 
not find in Mr. Richard Lawrence's "Complete Farrier" any reference what- 
ever to inflammation of the intestines : though under the head of " Colic or 
Gripes," he proceeds to describe the symptoms of inflammation in such a 
manner as might mislead ignorant or half-taught persons to treat both alike, 
and thus destroy their horses. 

A violent cold, or a slight one, will also determine the disorder one way or 
the other, when the individual's system may be of no decisive character at the 
time of contracting it. That a low state of the animal system is favourable 
to engen<lering spasms of the intestines, is inferred from the circumstance, that 
subsequently to a horse afflicted with inflannnation undergoing the co[)i()US 
evacuations recommended in the preceding [)ages for the cure of that disorder, 
he is freciueritly visited with spasmodic affections that require sedatives and 
tonics to restore the patient to complete health. 

Causes. Next to drinking cold water, and catching cold by exposure to 
air or water whilst heated, the eating of bad, ill-got, or rank hay, is a prolific 
source of spasmodic cholic. If it lie in the intestines chilly and comfortless, 
and thus predispose the animal to accjuire cold, the cause of e[)idemical colic 
is [)lainly attributable to such bad hay; for it then prevails usually over certain 
districts, and mostly among country cattle. Pushing a horse in his work 
when large lumps of undigested matters distend parts of the gut, will brintr 
on spasms, torpor, and inflammation in succession. Horses that gormandize 
much, being worked hard, and the stomacii becoming em[>ty, occasions the 
fret, and inordinate action of the intestines expels the muc(>us secretion that 
is designed for their defence. This constitutes molten grease, of which I 
have treated largely just above^ and am decidedly of oi)inion that the expulsion 
of offensive matters in all cases where the animal evniceth but small sensa- 
tions of f)ain, is but an effort of nature to relieve itself, and ought rather tube 
assisted than abated by hot or "cordial medicines." 

Strong astringent purgatives, oft repeated, or neglect during the operation, 
are frequently succeeded by flatulent colic, that soon becomes inflammatory 
if the internal commotion be not judiciously arrested by sedatives. Cordial 
balls and drenches, as they impart a short-lived vigour, so when their stinm- 
lating effects die away, they leave behind a debility that is more excessive as 
those factitious effects have been most intense ; in this respect, the cause and 
its consequences assimilates closely with those which succeed the disease of in- 
flammation, and the debility which follows the cure thereof, with spasmodic 
colic. Dia[)ente, and otht>r j)rovocatives, that are giv(«n to stallions in the 
season, leave behind them the same species of debilitating effects after cover- 



96 SYMPTOMS OF COLIC, DISTINCTIONS. 

sng, anJ would devolve into colic first, and inflammation afterwards, but that 
those horses' evacuations are well looked after, and the system of stimulants is 
Kept up by repetition. This treatment, however, can not always succeed, so 
we frequently find that stallions die suddenly of inilammation in the intestines, 
in the s[)ermatic cords, or other parts of generation. Cases of death, in actus 
coitii, from the same causes, are upon record. I mentioned this before, at 
page 18. 

All horses that have been pampered in the above manner, or by being kept 
in close stables, or having their water chilled, when they come to be suhjocted 
to common usage, are most likely to suffer by colic in its worst forms. Horses 
that are made up for sale by dealers and cunning breeders, in order to give 
their coats a sleek a])pearance, upon passing into the hands of new owners, 
commonly undergo attacks, more or less acute, of spasmodic colic, if they do 
not at once fall ill of inilammation of bowels, kidneys, or bladder. With ani- 
mals so circumstanced, mere flatulency or looseness may be considered a fa- 
vourable termination of the making-up system before alluded to. 

Si/mpfums. These, as contradistinguished from those which denote in- 
flannnation of the intestines, will be found in tiie tiible of comparative symp- 
toms at [)age 'JO. In addition thereto, other symptoms, that mark the degree 
of spasmodic attack, require equal discrimination, seeing that treatment which 
may be highly proper in the more virulent attacks, would be injurious if em- 
ployed upon every slight occasion. Neither is it every horse which shovvg 
signs of pain in the inside that has the colic, even though the svmptoms set 
down in the second column of the " tal)le," at page 90, do not appear; for. he 
may V)e afflicted with pain in the kidneys, or inflammation of the bladder, 
which the attendant should ascertain before giving the stinndants that may be 
very proper in most stages of colic, but would accelerate the diseases incident 
to those " urinary organs." The careful reader should therefore turn to the 
Bui)jects "Kidneys," and " Bladder," before he proceeds to treat the animal 
simply for colic pains. 

In its mildest state, flatulent colic first appears in the form of violent purg- 
ing, which is in fact no positive disease, as before observed, but an etX^ri of 
nature to rid itself of a collection of oflensive matter, either indigestible, coin, 
or irritating. Of what precise kind this may be at any time is ascertainable 
upon the view, and requires only to be assisted in coming ofi', provided but 
little pain is evinced by the animal. If he be a crib-biter, pieces of extraneous 
matter are usually found among the dung, as bits of wall, of wood, litter, &c.; 
if an aged horse, or one that has been ke[)t on bad hay, his food comes ofi' un- 
digested ; if a very fat horse, the mucous secretion comes away as described 
under "molten grease," just above — and all these require at most some of the 
milder purgatives that are least likely to irritate the bowels. 

Whenever the ears become cold, after gri|)es have continued some hours, it is 
a certain indication that inflammation has taken place of some one or more or- 
gans, mostly of the intestines. This is sometimes discovered when too late, to 
attend a rupture of the distended bowels through the periton.Tum ( Viile Bot)k [. 
page 40), when the protruded gut mortifies (as is found after death) in conse- 
quence of strangulation. After this, the pain siH^-ms to subside, and the ani- 
mal dies quietly. The ruin that has taken place is only told on dissection. 
Yet do most ignorant persons pronounce horses still alive to have a "twist in 
the guts," and stranger still, they prescribe a remedy for it, although it is in- 
curable. The ears act also as a good barometer, when inflammation of the 
iiidneys may bea[)prehended, or inflammation of the bladder is more than sus- 
pected, on account of the difficulty evinced by the patient in passing its urine. 
If the water come off high-coloured, it is a sure sign of inflanunation, which is 
further corroborated by cold ears ; if of its natural colour, the ears will be 



MANNER OF THE PATIENT. 97 

warm, and the difficulty in staling is occasioned by the hard distended gut 
pressing upon the ureters and neck of the bladder: procuring a good stool or 
two, or a clyster, then restores the functions of the bladder. 

The earliest syni|)tom observable in his manner, is when the horse Ii ok^ 
round at his flanks occasionally, whisking his tail at intervals ; he looks at 
the attendant, if there be any breed in him, seeming to implore help. He 
stamps with his hind feet alternately on the ground, sometimes striking at his 
belly. As the pain increases, these symptoms are oftener repeated, and with 
more vehemence; he gathers his legs under him, as if preparing to lie downj 
which he at length effects, rolling about in the stall and getting up again re- 
peatedly. It may here be remarked, that this rolling on the back is well cal- 
culated for aflbrding temporary ease to the bowels ; but should inflammation 
have already attacked these, or at the kidneys, this rolling on his back would 
but increase the pain of the animal, and his jumping up instantly upon his 
legs, as if the spur or whip had been applied, goes to prove the existence of 
inflammation at one or the other viscus. 

Cure. Too much care can not be exercised in ascertaining the precise na- 
ture and amctunt of the disease; for, in error in this respect resides extreme 
danger of life, which is too often sacriflced to precipitancy, to ignorance, and 
presumption. As soon as a horse is pronounced ''ill of the colic," the atten- 
dants, without investigation, proceed to give "something to do him good;" 
which is ever of the stimulating class of domestic remedies. Warm ale, with 
ginger, pe[)permint water, gin and water, whiskey and pepper, are the com- 
mon popular remedies usually applied in this case; and, provided the disorder 
be really flatulent colic, relief from the pain must follow the exhibition of either 
one or the other. Frequently, however, it happens, that the doing good is 
carried too far, and inflammation is thus superinduced, if it do not already 
prevail. By such persons every internal pain is pronounced "the colic ;" and 
they all conclude that what has removed it once will remove it again, without 
being certain that it is the same disorder — as they do, that whatever is good 
in small quantities must needs be more so in larger ones. But I have already 
observed, that the removal of umbilical afl'ections, whether flatulent or inflam- 
matory, by rough, harsh, or protracted means, scarcely ever fails to produce 
the other concomitant disease, and the inflammatory symptoms no sooner sub- 
side, than the jaded vessels contract spasmodic afieclions, as do also the con- 
tinuance of flatulency, and some of the means of curing it superinduce inflam- 
matory symptoms. 

In whatever shape the horse is attacked with those disorders, the first and 
most obvious duty is the em[)loyment of clysters, to be repeated at short in- 
tervals, with this single variation ; viz. in cases of relaxation, where the ani- 
mal is already purged, the clyster is to consist of simple water-gruel only; but 
when the patient's bowels are overloaded with hardened dung, the addition 
of salts, as prescribed at page 92, will be found most eflectual. In the ab- 
sence of Epsom salts (for no time must be lost), a handful of common culi- 
nary salt may be employed, in the quantity of four or five ounces. Back- 
raking, too, should be assiiluously applied, when the body is in this state, as 
recommended in the case of inflammation at p. 91, with the laxative 
drench prescribed at the same page, or the simple salad or castor oil in default 
thereof 

In ordinary cases, when the attack is not of the most violent kind of either 
flescn[ition of colic, that is to say, when neither purging nor constipation 
prevail extremely, let the following be given. 

10* 



98 TREATMENT. 

Colic Drench. — No. 1. 

Epsom S;ilts, 4 or 5 onncps, 
Castile soap, sliced, 2 ounces. 
Dissolve these in a pint of warm air, and add 

Oil of juniper, 2 drachm?, 
Venice turpentine, 2 ounces. 

Mix well together, and give it warm ; repeating the same in four or five hours, 
and if the syinpton)s do not visibly abate, repeat once more. Tincture of 
opium is s(»metiii)cs substituted for the turpentine to the amountof 4 draclnns; 
but the drench is thereby rendered exceedingly nauseous, and should be given 
deliberately. 0|)ium is, moreover, least proper when a tendency to costive- 
ness is discovered to exist. 

Colic Drench.— 'No. 2. 

Tincture of opium, 2 drachms, 
Oil of juniper, 2 drachms, 
Sj)irit of nitrous ether, 1 ounce, 
Tnicture of benzoin, 4 drachms, 
Aromatic spirit of ammonia, 3 drachms. 

Mix together, and preserve the same in a bottle, and give in a pint of warm 
pe[)])ermint water. Repeat in three or four hours. 

When the case is not very alarming, a neater manner of giving opium, in 
the form of a bail, is recommended : — 

Sedative Ball. 

Asaffptida, 4 drachms. 
Opium, 4 drachms. 

Make into four balls with liquorice powder and syrup, and give one every 
two hours. The balls may be given along with the oily laxative at page 91? 
immediately preceding it, or before the laxative has oj)erated. These balls 
are very serviceable to travellers on their journeys, and may be given to horsesj 
that are liable to contract spasmodic colic, which is the case with heavy, fleshy 
draught cattle, with post horses and the like. 

Colic is not often fatal, unless it terminate in inflammation; whilst it 
should be kept in mind, that colic always ends in inflammation if not removed 
in time. A day, drat most two, may pass away without danger and without 
relief, in ordinary attacks of spasmodic colic; and where a looseness takes 
jlace, a short time longer of neglectful carelessness might not terminate the 
jfe of the animal; but, when intlanunation commences, a shaking or undu- 
lation of the tail is observable, with evident shivering of the whole frame. 
The danger is then great; especially when each lit of shivering is not suc- 
ceeded by perspiration. 

If the costiveness is not well removed when those symptoms, with cold ears 
and legs, come on, let the belly be fomented with warm water by means 
of woolen cloths steeped therein. A horse rug may be used to advantage 
in this way by two men, one standing on each side the bores and foment- 
ing the belly by bringing it nearly together across the back and supplying 
with warm water. After half an hour's application, or more, let the coat 
be well rubbed with dry cloths, and the animal wrapped in body clothing. 



i; 



FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER. INFLAMED LIVER. Qf) 

The clystering, and other remedies recommendod in cases of inflammation, 
eho'ild then be employed with ai=isiduity. Lastly, employ the tonic system 
recommended, generally, in all inriammatory cases, at page G9. 

DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 

1. INFLAMMATrON. 2. THE YKLLOWS, OR JAUNDICE. 

WiiKN we consider the vast active functions the liver has to perform, in 
cleansiiicr the blood which takes its {lassage through it, and the secretion of 
bile, that becomes more obnoxious as this organ is more diseasrd, we oughi to 
feel surprise that so l;irge an animal as the horse has so few ailments s|>riiig- 
ing out of that source, rather than lament the frequent existence of this one. 
For, the two names set down at the head of this article, agreeable to the gene- 
ral practice, have only one origin, viz. inflammation; but dilfcring as to the 
amount of heat, and situation oi the evil, which is scarcely distintruishaitle 
until after death. The symjitoms of both are the same, and the first attack 
ever becomes the most lasting, if the remedies be delayed, or wholly neglecte<]. 

Having been led to enter somewhat at large into the causes and remedies 
for certain affections of the liver, while describing its structure and functions 
in the first book, p. 41), I shall hnd less occasion to add much more at this 
place. The reader will of course turn to that page. 

Cause of injlamcd liver, — Inflammation of the liver does not verv often 
take place as a primary affection, but more frequently participates in the dis- 
ease of some of the adjacent organs, as the stomach, bowels, &c. and accord- 
ing to the acuteness of the intiaunnation, an increased or diminished secretion 
of bile is the iannediate cojisequence. The blood, in passing through the 
liver, acquires a portion of this extra heat, which reproduceth more at its next 
passage through it, more at the next, and so on, until the iiillannnation of the 
whole liver is completely effected. Increase of the bile or gall proceeds in the 
same ratio, until the gall duct, that con)municates with the small gut, is closed 
by the uncommon heat of the inflammation, or by the thickening of the gall, 
or by both operations united, no matter which. At any rate, the bile which 
ouifht to be conveyed away by stool, is returned into the system, and occasions 
yellow skin — whence the vulgar name. When this occurs, I apprehend the 
inflammation lessens, but the communication with the bowels does not always 
return to a healthy state, though 1 believe it to be partially the case. Indeed 
consti[)ation in the first instance often obstructs the passage of Inle into the 
bowels, and thus increases the evil. Over-feeding has the same effect, and 
both produce slight tem[)orary yellowness, which goes off upon the removal 
of the cause; generally followed by diarrhoea. The feverish symptoms also 
which accompany the commencement, also pass off, leaving a low, irregular 
pulse, until the bowels resume their wonted course, either naturally, or by the 
aid of medicine. 

Symptoms of inflammation before yell oxrness comes on. — As tliis last and 
surest indicatit)n of diseased liver only appears when the evil is a confirmed 
one, and is extremely difficult of cure, particularly in old animals, we should 
assiduously set aiiout ascertaining its commencement, so that the remedv may 
be promptly em|)loyed, and a further procrastinated mischief be timely pre- 
vented. And the more so, seeing that wliat constitutes a remedy in lit earliest 
stages is no longer so after a time has been spent in delay. 

Whenever inflammation, or extraordinary action of the kidnevs, or vif tlie 
dia[)hragin, has lasted some time, in ever so small a degree, in that degree will 
heat or inflammation attend the liver. It enlarges upon the accessioii of this 
heat, visibly so when this has continued a vviiile, but may be previously uscer- 



JOO TREATxMEtn IN LlVElt COMPLAINlS. 

tained by the feel. As will be seen,* the liver extends much farther back 
than the last rib, and a little bt'vond the false one. Here a considerable pro- 
tuberance appears when the hver is enlarged, and disease may be ascertained 
that is atleiided by the presence of pain only. Old horses, which have been 
well bred, retain chronic affections of the liver to a very great age ; and this 
is freiiuently the main disease under which they suffer for many of the last 
years of their lives: great numbers of such animals die with a liver of so small 
a size, that nought but its situation could assure us it ever had any functions 
to perf)rm. Horses so visited with a trifling undetected afftction of the liver 
lose their courage, and gradually sink into letliargy the longer it lasts: we 
often hear such aniuials accused of being " used uj), done for, or 'tis all up 
with hiin," and yet driven about to the last moment of a painful existence. 

When the attack is rapid, and acute inflammation, arising from the causes 
just set down (page 9'J), the pulse is the sure indication of the ruin that is 
going on, by its irregularity, quickness, and uncertain vibration. See page 
62. One lobe only suffers in this case, and then the animal turns its head 
round sharply to that side from time to time. Constipation always accom- 
panies acute inflauimation of the liver. 

Remedy. — Acute inflammation, which unmes on with dangerous strides, 
when the subject of attack is of vigorous habits, must be met by a bleeding 
proportioned to the state of its pulse, and that without delay. For, it speedily 
conunuuicates to the intestines, and death ensues; or, being suffered to ex- 
pend its virulence (|>rovided the animal possesses strength sufficient) by stool, 
the bleeding will tlien be unnecessary; or being persisted in, will confirm the 
slighter affection just s[)()ken of probably to the end of his days. A purgative 
ball should accomi)any the bleeding, as in all other cases is prescribed gene- 
rally at page 03 ; but, if the animal })roduce a stool voluntarily, the disorder 
has taken a turn, and neither the operation nor the |)hysic is required. 

After bleeding, let the sides be rubbed with the blistering ointment (vide 
page 7b), and ap[)ly a rowel to the chest. These latter, however, are doubt- 
fully eligible, though always employed by the regular collegians. The [)a- 
tient will rexjuire the same treatment, as to diet and regimen, as for inffamm?- 
tion of the organs of respiration and general fever, before treated of at page 
60, in the course of which his pulse and freces should be watched, and a re- 
lapse provided against. Calomel is that medicament which more immediately 
acts upon the liver, and unless the horse scours, should be administered in 
the form of 

Alterative Balls. — No. 1. 

Aloes, 9 drachms, 
Calomel, 1 drachm, 
Hard soap, half an ounce. 

Mix with mucilage sufficient, and divide into three balls ; to be given on three 
successive nights, uidess a thin stool comes off with the second ball. But in 
case of scouring, give 

* In t!ie plate of skeleton, at the parallel lines H, 30, is placed the kiilney of the near side; 
vphilst the otl'side kidiiej' in (he same subject would be intersected by the line 2",1. With this 
latter, the riijiu lobe ol' ihe Mver lies in contact, and when an enlargement of it takes jilace, it 
may here be seen and leli; when the access of inflainmaiion and tension rentier it painful only, 
the'docior should press the points of his fingers (of the left hand) gently behind the last or false 
rib several times, whereby he will ascertain whether any and what decree of pain the patient 
endures. If seated hij;h up on the liver, he will not, of course, flinch at the fast slitjht touch. 

* * To prevent error, I would here mention, 'hat in ihe picture of a skeleton now referred 
tG. i*L is the left lol)e of the liver that is there represented, and this was reduced in size, u\ order 
tc shov/ a clear profile of the stomach. 



JAUNDICK 101 

No. 3. 

Oil of turpentine, 

Hard Soap, ^ of each 1 ounce. 



■ntine, ^ 

> ( 

Ndered, ) 



Ginger, pow 

IVIix witli flour and mucilage to form three balls; and give one on each of 
three ducce:;sive nights. 

THE JAUNDICE, OR YELLOWS. 

Cause. — Inflammation of the liver, or any other obstruction of this organ, 
which, preventing the escape of tlie bile into the tluodoenum, or smallest gut, 
tliroiigh the gail duct, by reason of this duct being inflamed, or choked up with 
tlie thickened bile, whereby it is sent again into circulation, and thus pervades 
the whole system. When the inflammation is very great, tlie disorder quick- 
ly carries off the patient; the inference therefore is, tiiat ])oor animals alone 
acquire the yellowness which gives name to this disorder, though it must be 
allowed that the same effect may be produced by over-feeiling and constipa- 
tion, by swallowing hard substances, or otherwise offending the said gut, or 
the pylorus orifice of the stomach, as described at pages 44, 45. Its situation 
may also be seen de[)icted in the i)late of a skeleton at the intersecticn of K 
Sf). At that place 1 did not choose to sfieak of negatives, and therefore omit- 
ted to notice the fact, that the bile or gall secreted in the liver of this animal 
proceeds at once, as soon as it is formed, into the gut, without being detained 
in a sac, or gall bladder, as is the case with all other animals, except deer ; so 
that, u[)on any revulsion or hindrance to its free entry to the bowels, the gall 
must at once return to the numerous cavities that ])ervade the whole liver, and 
its re-absorption by the blood is no longer problematical. 

S)/vipijms. — A dusky yellowness of the eyes, bars of the mouth, and tongue, 
The dung scanty and pale, generally hard, and covered with slime; but in 
some few cases the horse scours: that is, when slight inflammation of the bow- 
els also attacks an ill-conditioned horse. The pulse is that of low fever, and 
the same kind of drooping inactivity, with loss of appetite, noticed under that 
head at page Gl; dill'ering from it only in respect to the seat of disorder, the 
low fever being general, or of the whole system, jaundice of the circulation 
oidy. Sometimes, however, yellowness comes on without the other symptoms, 
after an inflammatory fever; an occurrence that can not fail to be foreknown. 
Genuine jaundice may further be discriminated by the yellow lips, yellow 
saliva, and dark urine. From this latter appearance we may draw these curi- 
ous inferences — viz. that the colouring of the bile which has ceased to impart 
Its pro[)ertv to the dung, having gone with the blood to the kidneys, there 
leaves its darkest or more earthly particles — the lighter or brighter ascending to 
the heart, ami passing thA)Ugh the vascular system, there imparts its yellow- 
ness. By this providency of nature we see how it is that malevolent particles 
in the blood are cleansed at the kidneys, and pass off by vuine. Thus it is 
that grease and other tumours are cured by judiciously stimulating the kid- 
neys. The urine voided, as above described, which is ever done with evident 
pain and dilficulty, leaves on the ground an appearance ef blood. 

Cure. — Young horses and f;it ones, are easily cured : they have indulged 
too freely in good living, on hard meat, and require no more treatment than a 
good physicking. Give the purgative ball (page (53), or the alterative hall, 
No. I, prescribed in page 100 Give bran mashes, green food, and succulents, 
acconluig to the season. Bleeding is seldom necessary, or proper, which th« 
state of the pulse will show. 



102 liNFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 

The Ltver is also frequently afTected with tumours on its fine surface, aa 
Vl^\] as with ulcers or schirrus, wliich are all the effects of an evil state of the 
blood, of over action, and probably of accidents from external injuries, com- 
municated by tlie kidneys. 

We can easily conceive that the thin parts of this large viscus may be dis- 
easeil, and even inflamed, withinit cauj^i?ig derangement of the biliary function, 
further than increasing its action, and by thirniing the blood over much, it 
obtains more bil'e. I'he animal then waxeth thin, though devouring his food 
as usual for a while; and we may ascertain when this evil has begun by the 
state of Ijis dung, principally as to colour, which will then be of a nuich deep- 
er hue. As pale dung is a symptom of sup|)ressed bile, so is deep colour an 
indication of a superabundance, that is caused by over action, which is itself 
occasioned by the heat of the liver, from some cause or other. One of these 
may be "inflammation of the kidneys," or it may be occasioned by ulcer, and 
we set about ascertaining which, according to the instructions set down at 
page 100: and in the latter case give the alterative balls, the same as for in- 
flamed liver, at {)age 100, 101 according to the circumstances there discriminat- 
ed; but it never happens that a scouring is of a dark colour, and No. 2 would in 
this case seldom be required, a strong purgative never, though the bowels 
should be kept moderately open. When tliere is reason to ap[)rehend that 
the adhesion of the ulcer to the intestines has taken [)lace, as described at page 
50, the animal should not be worked hard, though moderate exercise is de- 
sirable, and so is change of j)hysic, as in all cases that require alteratives. 
The following balls may take place of the preceding, particularly when the 
coat is staring. 

Alterative Balls. 

Emetic tartar, 3 drachms, 
Aloes, 9 drachms. 
Hard soap, 1 ounce, 
Ginger, 1 scruple. 

Mix, and divide into three balls, one to be given on successive nights, unlesa 
two have operated. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 

This being one of those diseases which bears resemblance to another, and 
as the mistaking and treating the one for the other generally proves fatal, re- 
ference should lie had to what is said under the head "Intlanuuation of the neck 
of the bladder." Such a mistake of the disortler in the present instance is very 
likely to be made by the common observer, inasnuich as the kidneys, as soon 
as they become inflamed, secrete much more urine than in a state of health, 
and anyone noticing this, and subsequently its defalcation, as the disease goes 
on, may easily imagine the bladder itself is affected at the neck. It is worthy 
of remark, that mares are more liable to atlections of the kidneys than horses, 
particularly brood mares: while, on the contrary, they are less liable than the 
male to inflammation of the neck of the bladder, in consequence of its short- 
ness: its straightness, too, affords easy proof of the real seat of the disorder, — 
Ihat essential prelude to elfccting a cure. See page 53. 

Causes. — "^I'oo constant use of the diuretic powders and balls, commonly 
brings on inflammation of the kidneys, by the irritation and over-action of the 
glands which are thereby occasioned. When one kidney only is affected, 



SYMPTOMS: BLOODY URINE. 103 

though in a mild degree, if suffered to continue, it soon communicates to tlie 
other, and sometimes proceeds with such ra[)id strides as to ati'ect the intes- 
tines, when mortitication and death ensue ; but we have no means of ascer 
taining when this last incurable mischief has taken place until after the animal 
is dead — nor would the knowledge be made available for any present purpose; 
though finely instructive as to future cases; then it is the kidneys present an 
enlarged and rotten appearance and feel, their texture yielding to the slight- 
est impression of t!ie finger-nails, which shows in what degree and how lung 
they have been affected. 

A hard blow across the loins will injure the kidney on the side so struck, 
and, as is said belbre, soon affect the other also. Sudden transition from an 
open airy situation to a stable that is close and hot; violent riding or driving, 
or an ill-cured affection of the bowels, whether inflammatory or spasmodic, 
will affect the kidneys in more or less degree. Those causes all together com- 
bine to atfect these parts more frequently than is generally supposed, the rea- 
son for which misconceit is nevertheless most a|)parent to me: it is owing to 
the neglect of a'l the milder symptoms; some persons imagining that unless 
bloody urine be produced, the defective staling is caused by something less re- 
mote than the kidneys, though in all obstructions of the liver, as we have seen 
above (page 101), the quantity of blood these send to the kidneys leaves some 
of its colouring property to the water. This class of unreflecting peoj)le gene- 
rally fix upon the bladder as the seat of disorders that so affect the quantity of 
water. They almost invariably give stimulating medicines, that do but in- 
crease the disorder and confirm the ruin it is their duty to prevent. 

Symptoms. — The most evident of these has been just now alluded to, and 
was formerly treated as a distinct disease, under the coarse title of "Bloody 
Urine:" it is, however, considered as happening more frequently to horned 
cattle than horses, and to the female rather than the male. 

When this symptom appears, it is accompanied by a corresponding symp- 
tom, viz. great tension and soreness of the part; which may be ascertained by 
passing your hand along the small of the back, over the kidneys, when the 
animal shrinks from the touch. No doubt can then exist that this bloody urine 
indicates genuine inflammation of the kidneys; and of course that we should 
treat it as such, and nothing else — nor by any other name. If the pain and 
tension can not thus be ascertained, then " bloody urine" is caused by obstruc- 
tion in the liver. Another sym|)tom that may be relied upon is a stiffness of 
the hind leg on that side which may be attacked first; afterwards, when both 
kidneys are affected, the animal becomes stiff of both legs. This symptom 
does not occur in "inflannnation of the bladder," and is a good distinctive 
mark to go by, when we may be labouring under doubt in son^e other point 
of resemblance between the two diseases. In all stages of this disorder, the 
horse stands as if he wanted to stale ; straddling, and making the most exer- 
tion when he voids the least urine (then generally bloody), which shows the 
destructive tendency of these efforts on the gland itself. The consequences 
are, that the kidneys waste away, and the disease connnunicates to the blad- 
der, until the final ruin — mortification, ensues. The practitioner, in this 
case, will not fail to look at what I have thought proper to say respecting 
" stone and other calculus," a few pages farther onward. 

" Suppression of urine" is also a sure indication of the genuine inflamma- 
tion of the kidneys; that is to say, the capacity of secreting it is nearly ex- 
tinct, or it is performed with exceeding great difficulty, pain, and danger. 
Whereas, in affections of the bladder, the secretory function is not lost by tho 
kidneys (or suppressed); but, when the urine has been sent into the bladder, 
this latter has nut the power to expel its contents. How this happens, see 
page 53, &c. 



IQ\ " PHYSIC AND REGIMEN. 

But ihe moi?t prolific source of diseased affections of the kidneys, and the 
least perceptible of any, are ill-cured pains of the intestines and of the liver. 
These leave behind them certain morbid effects that are not immediately felt 
nor easily discoverable, but nevertheless work their ruin imperceptibly: for, as 
previousl}^ observed, when the kidneys lose their function of secreting urine, 
they enlarge, and after death scarcely bear the pressure of a finger point. 

Cure. — Seeing that strong diuretics are reckoned with truth, among the 
causes of diseased kidneys, no man in his senses would think of administering 
any such, after he has ascertained that this organ is disordered in any way 
whatever. Such, however, is too often the practice of unskilful persons, who, 
after noticing the defective quantity of urine produced, think of restoring the 
animals capacity for producing more by medicines that stimulate the })arts, 
which already 'abour under a disease of too much stimulation. " As in all 
other cases of inflammation or fever [how often have I not repeated the same 
words!] when the pulse is high, let the animal be bled according to the amount 
of attack." See general observations at the head of this chapter, pages 59 to 
63. Give warm clysters frequently as there prescribed ; anil with a similar 
view give him a loose stall, if the })aroxysms are so acute as to cause him to 
lie down and get up again. Immediately af\er bleeding, give castor oil 18 
ounces, provided the animal has not dunged during the last twenty -four hours, 
as commonly happens; less may suffice in general ; but a horse that has been 
much addicted to diuretics, though his bowels may be in a tolerable state, will 
not suffer aught from a small proportion of aloes : 

Mild Purgative Ball. 

Aloes, 4 drachms, 
Castile soap, 4 drachms, 
Mix, with mucilage enough for one ball. 

Should the symptoms abate nothing in consequence of this treatment, the 
bleeding must be repeated and the purgative too. Rub over his loins wi^h a 
stimulant 

Embrocation. 

Spirits of wine, 2 ounces. 
Soap, 2 ounces, 
Camphor, 1 ounce. 

Mix and apply it with the palm of the hand to the loins; cover the animal 
up well, and be careful how it is subsequently exposed to the air. The mus- 
tard embrocation is equally efficacious: being rubbed on soft sheep-skin, cover 
the loins therewith. Give the cooling decoction in large quantities, as at page 
70; and if the animal is disposed to eat the sodden seeds, it may be permitted 
to indulge: they are little nutritious when the saccharine has been drawn out 
by the hot water. 

The food should consist of bran mashes, green food, and the cooling regi- 
men already recommended in all cases of inflammation at pages 61, 69, to 
which the reader is respectfully referred for some general directions for his lule 
and conduct, equally applicable in all such cases. 

DISEASES OF THE BLADDER. 

These are really much fewer than are commonly ascribed to it, the bladder 
being but the vehicle or outlet for several evils that take their rise higher up; 



INFLAMIWATION OF THE BLADDER. 105 

Riid among these I have already denounced the alarming appearance of "bloody 
urine" as a disorder of the kidneys and liver, page 103. Neither is the " sup- 
pression of urine," nor its obverse "diabetes," ascribable to the bladder, but to 
the kidneys ; for if tbese secrete none or imperfectly, little or none can be sent 
into or escape out of the bladder ; but retention of urine may be a fault of the 
bladder, or collapsion of its neck ; and the means of procuring its escape was 
before recommended at page 53, &c. 

Inflammation or the Bf.ADDKR, and consequent "incontinence of urine," 
are the same disorder ; the latter being the irritating effects of the inflamma- 
tion oidy, and this 1 shall consider separately, referring those other -lisordera 
that are commonly ascribed to the bladder, to consideration under the head 
of " Diseases of the urinary organs, generally." 

Cause. Heat and inflammation of the kidneys communicate this effect to 
the ureters and bladder. It may be inflamed also by the irritation of stones 
o/gravel concreted within it; or the excessive labour imposed upon it by the 
great access of diabetes, after these have ceased. 

Symptoms. Frequent desire to stale, the bladder contracting upon every 
drop of water, almost, that finds its way into it. A quick, sharp pulse, and 
small, accompanies, if it has not preceded inflammation of the bladder; yet 
bleeding would not be proper in this case, as it is the poorness of the blood 
which brought on the diabetes that caused the inflammation. When, how- 
ever, this symptom has not preceded inflammation, the pulse will be more full, 
and bleeding to an amount proportioned to the state of the pulse (see page 62), 
would then be necessary. 

Remedy. — A slightly purgative ball should of course follow the bleeding, 
but employ neither in the extreme. Give the cooling decoction recommended 
in general fever, at page 70; administer clysters of the same, two or three 
times in the day. Should great heat of the liladder continue, notwithstand- 
ing these remedies, give the fever powder, No 2, at page 65, and afterwards 
No. 2, made into a ball, daily. 

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS, GENERALLY. 

Besides the foregoing main diseases of the kidneys and bladder, there are 
several other conjoint affections of the same organs, or parts dependent there- 
on, which require notice, and demand attention, while we examine the dis- 
tinctions that ought to be drawn between the one set and the other. Mistakes 
as to the actual seat of disorders are more dangerous than the unskilful ad- 
ministering of medicines, for these might do good by accident, the former 
never can be applied pro})erly : the better the "receipt" may be, the v^orse for 
the horse. Few of these lesser diseases are original, but arise from some de- 
fect or ill-cured disorder in the other parts of the animal's system. They may 
be considered under the heads — L Diabetes, or excessive discharge of urine. 
2. Bloody urine. 3. Calculi, or stone. 4. Strangury. 5. Suppression of urine. 
1 am aware that the ingenuity of some doctors has subdivided these, and 
added to the number of diseases incident to the kidneys, ureters, and bladder ; 
but, omitting those which attach to the organs of generation in breeding ani- 
mals, and also those seated higher up — the communication of acute pains to 
the more vital parts, by means of the emulgent and vena cava, to the heart 
itself This last, however, is so immediately the precursor of dissolution, that 
no other benefit can arise from the doctor's skill in this respect, than bidding 
him to cease his efforts, to forbear to torture the expiring patient, and to pre- 
serve his medicines for a l^ss forlorn purpose : the pulse, by its extreme Ian 
guor, tells when hope itself must resign its place. 



10^ DIABETES. 

DIABETES, OR EXCESSIVE STALING. 

The cause of animals discharging great quantities of urine can not in every 
case be traced to its right source ; but one thing always happens, namely, irri- 
tability of the bladder, by reason of the absence of the mucous secretion that 
is to protect it against the saline elfects of the urine : see page 53. A defect 
in the mucous secretion of the whole system succeeds the disorder termed mol- 
ter?grease, and the irritation just spoken of soon communicates to the kidneys, 
which are thus compelled to secrete urine to the utmost extent of their power, 
and to send it forward to the bladder. To an impoverished state of the blood, 
arising mostly from the use of strong medicines — for the cure of inflammatory 
diseases leaves more of lymph than of serum in the vital fluid, with an accel- 
erated tendency to increase that baleful difference — may be ascribed the chief 
cause of this obstinate disease. Bad dry provender, with ill-usage, and the 
denial of green food, in season, have a similarly evil effect on the blood. 

Symptoms. — Of course, the most obvious is the discharge whence the dis- 
order derives its name, being frequent and in very large quantities. At first, 
the water is colourless, but occasionally comes off like puddle. Constant 
craving after water, a staring coat, evident weakness, and weak quickened 
pulse, succeed each other, and increase as the disorder is suffered to proceed 
unchecked. 

Cure. — Change in the animal's diet, whatever they may have been. If the 
horse be labouring under the remains of. some ill-cured disorder, attend to that 
first, and by removing it, the excessive staling, which in that case is but an 
effect thereof, will also cease. Give vetches, grass, sodden oats, water in small 
quantities and often. If the pulse be higher than ordinary, give the fever 
powders, page 65; and when the number of strokes per minute is reduced, 
let the oats be given dry, and resort to bracing medicines. In slight attacks, 
as well as for the less robust animals, the various preparations of bark will be 
found sufficiently tonic. 

Tonic Ball— No. 1. 

Cascarilla, ) of each 2 drachms. 

(jentian root, ) 

Powdered caraways, half drachm, 
with treacle sufficient to form the ball for one dose. Give morning and 
evening. 

In the more formidable cases, where greater strength or more tedious symp- 
toms require to be combated, give the 

Tonic Ball.— No. 2. 

Venice turpentine, 1 scruple. 

Sulphate of copper, ) of each 1 drachm. 

Gmger, ^ 

Mix, with liquorice powder sufficient for one dose, and give twice a day for 
two or three days. After this, a return to the use of No. 1, would be desira- , 
ble, until the disorder is subdued. Should costiveness ensue, give a clyster, 
which will also relieve the irritation of the parts ; castor oil, one pint, must 
also be administered, if the costiveness appear obstinate. 

Above all things, the horse-owner should avoid the use of such excessively 
ignorant prescriptions as are recommended, in this disorder most particularly, 
by every village quack : they are mostly the horses of hard-working people 



BLOODY URINE. CALCULUa 107 

that are attacked with this disorder, and those people more than any other lie 
open to this kind of advice. 

Incontinence of urine is of the same nature as the last-mentioned, only 
differing in the discharge being involuntary, and the amount, or quantity pro- 
duced. °The disposition to stale frequently, or the urine coming away with 
scarcely an ellort, proves that great irritabihty of the bladder is the proximate 
cause, and we may infer that tlie quantity would be greater if the animal had 
more in his system. For this feature of the diabetes attacks only old worn 
up horses, in wliom the quantity of blood is small, and its course slow. Dia- 
betes of the younger animals sometimes terminates in this mode of producing 
water by driblets and in small quantities, but to which the moderns have given 
a distinct term, though both are the same disease ; a small degree of in- 
flammation prevails when the animal is greatly alFected with incontinence. 
See page lOG. 

The treatment should be the same, nearly, as directed at page 106. Give 
occasionally the tonic ball, No. 2, page 70, for two or three days. A run at 
grass for a week, and generous feeding afterwards, generally complete the cure, 
no other obstacle intervening. 

BLOODY URINE, 

I have already said, is but one feature among many other symptoms of in- 
flamed kidneys; and the only reason why 1 deem it worthy of separate notice 
is, that real "inflammation of the kidneys" is not always present when bloody 
urine appears, especially when no other symptom thereof accompanies this 
single demonstration of disorder. Its causes may be traced to excessive la- 
bour, as drawing in a cart or wagon, whilst a slight cold of the kidneys may 
obstruct their proper action : the office of separating the blood from the water 
is in this event performed witli much difficulty, and of course imperfectly ; 
and small portions of the former, instead of ascending towards the heart, de- 
scend to the bladder with the urine, while the animal is straining every nerve 
and vein. 

Rest and a cooling diet are the best remedies for this apparent affliction. 
Should tenderness of the kidneys be evinced upon the touch, or other symp- 
toms of augmented pain appear, give the tonic ball, No. 2, page 70, occasion- 
ally employing No, 1 instead : the alteration will be found beneficial. If these 
symptoms increase (which I should not apprehend), then of course the attack 
must be met with strong appropriate remedies. But I have never known one 
case of bloody urine out of several score, where the appearance thereof ceases 
with the day of rest, and comes on again with hard labour, that did ever ter- 
minate in genuine inflammation of the kidneys : it will return at intervals 
(upon hard work) during the animal's whole life probably, without any fur- 
ther ailment attending it. 

CALCULUS ; OR STONE IN THE CCECUM, KIDNEYS, 
URETER, AND BLADDER. 

When we consider for a moment the vast circulation that passes the (liver 
and) kidneys, there to undergo separation, as before fully described in the first 
book ; and recollect, that hard extraneous substances pass through these or- 
gans, and find their way even into the blood, our astonishment ought to cease 
at discovering earthy particles, often hardened into stone, in some one or other 
of those parts. 

Cause. — The first particle that is deposited or left behmd is no doubt very 
trivial, as the bisectiDn of many such stones most amply proves. Wa.it ol 



108 CAUSES OF CONCRETIONS. 

Vigour at the time of its access, and the consequent inability to expel the intru 
sion, appear to be the immediate cause of this otherwise inscrutable disorder 
Subsequently, other congenial materials reach the original evil, mostly in tlio 
liquid form, and thus add to its size, increase the number of striata, and height- 
en the danger. The water that is drank by quadrupeds is abundantly impreg- 
nated with fit materials for generating calculi : soft river water, and that of 
turbid pools, convey the softer or earthy particles into the animal's system, 
whilst that drawn from springs contains the elements for forming stone, as 
perfect as any geologists find in the strata of our earth. The softer kind of 
these concretions are found in the blind gut, or coccum ; the harder, or stojiy 
kind, in the other viscera above named. 

Heat is the power that separates these elements, and hardens each addition- 
al lamina that has accrued, or grown over the preceding, from time to time, 
as the animal may have been exposed to drink so impregnated. This is visi- 
ble on the section of those stones which have been found in horses and other 
animals, and preserved by the curious, and cut in two by the lapidary. Every 
such concretion so found, of whatever nature it may be, exhibits in the centre 
the nucleus or commencement of the evil, which proves itself to have been 
either originally stone, or some soft substance, as a bit of chaff hardened by 
the heat; but much oftener it presents a perfect pebble, that must have been 
borne along by force of the current, and in the cleansing function of the kid- 
neys got detained and deposited there. If not entangled, as it were, in the 
cellular membrane of this gland, such a pebble will detach itself occasionally 
and descend through one of the ureters into the bladder. For full informa- 
tion as to the structure and functions of these several viscera, the reader is 
again referred to the second chapter of book the first, which treats alone of 
such matters ; as regards the coecum, at page 46 ; the kidneys at page 51 ; the 
bladder at page 53. 

One original cause of such concretions has been ascertained beyond contra- 
diction, and as the information may prevent its recurrence among a numerous 
class of horse proprietors, 1 quote my authority much at large, by way of pre 
ventive advice, seeing that a cure is at present beyond the reach of art; reme- 
dies worse than useless. Let us hope, notwithstanding, that the mite which 
• s here contributed may not be thrown away, but incite some future close ob- 
server of nature and her ways to add hereto the result of his own inquiries, 
ar.d so increase the sphere of his utility in one respect, since imperious cir- 
cumstances have contracted it in another and more obvious line of his profes- 
sion — the desire of gain. 

Millers' horses are most liable to contract this disorder, and for obvious rea- 
sons; being large heavy animals for the most part, their owners opulent if not 
rich, and grain and pulse ever at hand, dry food is invariably given to them 
with a liberal hand. To render these substances more agreeable, to hasten 
digestion, and thus produce a fine coat with a well-filled carcass, their corn is 
passed through the mill, the beans also are usually broken; and, thus pamper- 
ed, they eagerly devour the ready feed, and with it whatever extraneous sub- 
stances it may have acquired in the process of grinding. These are not few 
in quantity, it seems; for such articles are invariably ground between stones 
of a soft nature, that easily part with their rough surface, and these stony 
particles all find their way into the stomach and intestines ; some, here and 
there, pass on through the circulation, by means that are neither uncertain 
nor inscrutable in the minds of those who have studied such subjects, and will 
refresh their memory by turning to what 1 have said thereon in the second 
chapter of the first book. 

Dr. Withers, of Newbury, Berks, having many years before given to Dr. 
Hunter a large intestinal stone, which proved fatal to the horse whence it had 



CASES OF STONE IN BLADDER. 109 

been taken, communicates to the Medical Society of Crane Court, London, a 
similar circumstance which had come under his observation — both being cases 
of millers' horses. He then describes "the case of a very valuable horse be-^ 
longing to Mr. Andrews, another miller, which lay ill of the colic," as the 
owner supposed. "1 told him (says Dr. Withers) that if he would examine 
the intestines after death, he would most probably find a large stone, which 
was the cause of the horse's illness." This, the miller, of course, neglected 
to do; but his dogs made the discovery for him: it was a large round stone, 
broken, from which circumstance I infer that it had been at fust a softer earthy 
concretion, and proceeded from the ccecum. Four such instances all together 
were remembered at the same mill, besides many others elsewhere ; but, with 
"-haracteristic negligence, the millers in no case thought proper to furnish tlie 
v^t)ctor with the when and tiie where found, nor does the doctor say why. 

The symptoms of calculous deposite throughout apparently resemble colic 
to the view of common observers, as in the case of Mr. Andrews' horse, just 
quoted; the animal looking at his flanks, straddling when a kidney is affected, 
as if he would stale, which he does with great difficulty, and sometimes a little 
bloody. This last appearance also occurs when the bladder has been affected 
for any length of time, so that the anguish of acute pain had communicated to 
the kidneys by means of the ureters, in which manner alone blood could pos- 
sibly have been produced in the celebrated case cited by two contemporary 
writers from M. La Fosse, the elder. When stone resides in a kidney, it may 
be ascertained by pressure of the hand thereon : I will not exactly say you can 
feel the stone, for it lodgeth underneath, but the greater tension and enlarge- 
ment of one kidney beyond the other, leaves that notion on the mind; besides 
which, the animal will shrink, or rather start, a little quicker that in case of 
*' inflammation of the kidneys " — the symptoms whereof, as set down in a pre- 
ceding page (103), the reader should consult in order to shape his practice ac- 
cordingly. 

Calculous, or earthy deposits of substances in the ccecum may be ascertain- 
ed and distinguished from simple colic or gripes, by passing the hand along 
the lower part of the belly, as described in the first book, at page 46. While 
such an obstruction remains deposited near the blind part of that gut, no im- 
mediate danger or inconvenience is to be apprehended ; but when the lump, 
by any means whatever, moves to the orifice, and obstructs its only pass;jge, 
the most distressing consequences ensue. One of the causes hereof is the ex- 
hibition of hot, strong, or drastic medicines, which are usually given in cases 
of genuine spasmodic colic; and as the symptoms that attend both are alike 
almost throughout, with the exception just made, no mistake is more general, 
probably, than people treating this disorder as they would colic, which course 
endangers life. 

The ureters, it will be seen, are but of small capacity, and in its descent 
trom the kidney, whence it has been detached, the stone sometimes meets with 
an insurmountable obstacle ; the irritation it thus occasions communicates to 
the adjacent parts ; entire su{)pression of the urinary secretion is the immediate 
consequence, and mortification of the intestines and death ensues, without the 
possibility of relief. Indeed the remedies that seem most proper do but ac- 
celerate the catastrophe.* 

Much pers[)iration attends the first hours of the suppression, and it affords 
evident relief; but painful efforts to void urine, which comes off in very small 
quantity, anil ultimately ceases altogether ; and then cold ears, cold legs, 
tremor and an alarming irregularity of pulse, precede but a short time the 

• I say seem, for none can say precisely Vk^hat is taking place. He whose judgment brios* 
him nearest the real cause of pain being most likely to apply tlie proper remedy. 
11* 



110 ABSCESS AND TTOIOURS. 

dissolution of the functions of animal life. This is the most dangerous species 
of disorder, arising from calculous deposit, that I know of. 

In the kidney, however, little danger to life is to be af)prehcnded from the 
stone, unless the animal is put to severe work, so as to produce the symptom 
of bloody urine before described. They are mostly fat horses that die with 
stone in the kidney; in fact, all that I have ever seen or heard oi\ and these 
have been numerous; for I have long made a point of inquiring after such 
cases of calculus, where they seldom escape notice, viz. the horse-slaughterers' 
yards, of which it is |)roverliialIy and truly said, that not a hair enters hut is 
turned to profit. The probability is, that when the stone detaches itself and 
descends into the ureter, tlie fat which partly enveloped it and the residue of 
the kidney had been withdrawn, through disease or poor living, and the mem- 
brane which supported both had divided. 1 once thought Ihad made some ob- 
servations on this part of my subject which would he worthy of public perusal ; 
but these are not suiRciently mature to find place in this little volume, devoted 
as its pages are to matter of fact, and fur deductions therefrom, and wholly 
exclusive of theoretic speculation. Nevertheless, in aid of what others may 
think lit to say in any other place (out of a sjiirit of controversy), I would just 
add, that only one kidney is affected at a time, or one ureter ; that the calculi 
found in either of these are invariably of the hardest kind, whilst those of the 
bladder are softer, and those of the intestines softer still, or little more than 
concrete earth. Lastly, that none of those horses which I have found troubled 
with either kind of calculous disorders sulTered under a second at one and the 
same time. 



CHAPTER IL 
EXTERNAL DISORDERS. 

Abscess and Tumours. 

Swelling, with inflammation of the solids, the glands, or simply pustules 
on the skin, are all tumours, have been divided into eight classes, and accord 
ing to their situation, are termed suj)erficial, or deep seated abscess. Super- 
ficial are those which appear on the skin, as flircy, &c. — Deep seated are those 
which more generally are hidden amongst the muscles, ligaments, &c. as poll- 
evil, fistula, &;c. — A few general (.hservations on the remote causes thereof 
seem necessary to a right understanding of each particular complaint. 

All those disorders in conmion, together with several others, 1 have no hesi- 
tation in attributing their remote cause to constitutional defectiveness at least, 
or incapacity in the function of circulation, better known by the homely ex- 
pression, ''a bad state of the humours," as before insisted upon, principally at 
pages 53 — Gl. Both series are referable to the same predisposing cause. That 
species of inflammation of the whole system which, we have agreed to term 
fever, frequently terminates by concentrating its latent humours, and deposit- 
ing the same critically in some fleshy {lart of the carcass or limbs, producing 
niattei (or i)us,) which, with heal, constitutes the disease. Whether abscess 
or tumour superveut*, both have immediate connexion with blood-vessels of no 
small consideration, though the disorder may have commenced with the finer 
?ejsscls (capillaries), as insisted upon at the pages above referred to ; and hath 



TUMOURS, DEFINED. Ill 

been repeatedly proved. First, as regards tumours, these being probed, the 
patients have bled to death, with arterial blood. And secondly, in every case 
of abscess, in proportion as they increase in size, so does the patient's strength 
invariably diminish. When nature makes an opening to the surface, after 
iong-protracted illness, the patient is usually so exhausted, and the parts ad- 
jacent rendered so unlit to re-unite, that the strength of the constitution ap- 
pears to run off at the orifice : life is seldom preserved, health never com- 
pletely restored. 

Tumours sometimes appear of tolerably large size, that become indolent, 
without feeling, and are moveable under the skm. These are caused by the 
same evil state of the blood, or its vessels, and the inflammation or irritation 
having ceased at some time or other, the enlargement remains, though the 
connexion with the system of animal life has long ceased. Although very 
unsightly, the animal feels little inconvenience from those protuberances : they 
receive the name of wen, and might be taken off by dividing the skin, and 
pressing out the wen : it is then to be drawn forth with the forceps, and the 
healing of the wound is effected by strapping down the skin with adhesive 
plaster ; the cure is thus said to be effected by the first intention. The usual 
precautions of taking away the hair, and afterwards keeping the patient's luad 
up for a few days, would of course be adopted. 

The genuine tumour is soft and tender, and is contained in a membranous 
case, or coestus, that has been likened to the finger of a glove, or to many of 
them, when it acquires the distinctive name of fistula. The case, or coestus, 
having been formed by the disorder, and matured by heat, acquires strength 
the longer it is suffered to continue unopposed, seeking its way inwards, until 
the knife alone can afford relief. At the shoulder the fibrous and membranous 
construction is exceedingly strong. Look at page 11. Generally speaking, 
all swellings of a circumscribed nature are tumours. 

Some objections which have been raised against the view I have taken of 
the origin of this whole series of diseases must not go quite unnoticed here, 
though I dislike controversy as much as any writer who has gone before me 
on either side the question. At the very commencement of this book (page 
59), and without adverting to either set, or indeed thinking at all of the con- 
troversy, I assigned a reason why the apparently triumphant proof of Mr. 
White, at page 29, is no proof at all, but the contrary, as to the thickness or 
viscidity of the blood increasing with the continuance of inflammatory fever. 
Every writer on this subject allows that the swelling and discharge of matter 
that frequently occurs after a fever, or inflammation of the whole system, de- 
notes the crisis or termination of that disorder; and insists that it must be 
considered as but an effort of nature to throw off something that is offensive 
to the well-being of the animal. The same happens often after "inflamma- 
tion of the liver" has been reduced ; but this kind of occurrence, though it adds 
nothing material by way of argument, leads us directly to the point at issue. 
General inflammation (fever), it is allowed on all hands, begets something of- 
fensive, and so does partial or local inflammation of any organ through which 
the blood passes, particularly of the liver and kidneys, through which the 
whole mass gets filtered, as it were : and nature's efforts to get rid of this of- 
fence against her rules are evinced in sweUing of the external parts, in the in- 
flamtnaliun thereof, and subsequent escape of the ofiensive something, where 
by a cure is effected. 

' All this is agreed upon by those who deny the necessary pre-existence of a 
general ill state of health, as well as by those who already knmv, or have yec 
to learn, that the liver, that acknowledged cleanser, permits much grosser ma 
terials to pass through it than those ofiensive matters, or gross humours, which 
we contend reside iu tlie blood; and constitute disorder of one kind or other oi\ 



112 KIND OF HORSE MOST LIABLE TO TUMOURS. 

the surface, or at least predispose the animal to acquire such, according as cit' 
cumstances may determine one way or the other. Seeing that such gross sub- 
stances as bits of straw, chaff, &c., have issued from a vein on blood-letting, 
it is too much to concede the ultimate point that the feculent humours, which 
constitute tumours, farcy, &c. may not in like manner escape into the circula- 
tion, and be detained at that particular part which is rendered by some acci- 
dent less capable of continuing the harmful matter in a fluid state? A blow, a 
gall, a ligature, or bruise, are known to occasion this disability and bring on 
disease in one of its varied shapes. So does " a cold" produce fever in some 
animals sooner than in others; according as the circulation may be more lan- 
guid, or more predisposed to inflammation, or otherwise unfitted for its pur- 
poses; whilst some again acquire inflammation without any such accidents or 
cold, the fever being lighted up occasionally by warm stabling alone, though 
the air they breathe may be perfectly innoxious. 

How it is that those external diseases, enumerated at the head of this chap- 
ter, are generated, I shall not here repeat : the reader may consult the princi- 
ples upon which my opinions are founded in the twenty-ninth section of book 
the first, page 30: to which 1 will here merely add, that the tumours we per- 
ceive on the body that are not of a nature to break and discharge their con- 
tents — as farcy, grease, &c. — are usually, if not always, accompanied by cor- 
responding tumours on some vital organ, as the lungs, liver, &c. But single 
tumours, containing matter, as the whole tribe of fistula, &c. are designed to 
counteract and carry off obstructions and all baleful affections incident to the 
organs just mentioned, and of all others: an owner ought therefore to deem 
himself fortunate, when some inscrutable long illness of the inside terminates 
in this manner. The appearance of these latter on the surface may be taken 
as a good assurance that none then exist internally; nor, indeed, any other 
disorder whatever, the natural strength of the animal system enabling it thus 
to cleanse itself Again, we may remark in general, that as it is the better 
bred animals that are most liable to affections of these organs, so is it the 
" country-bred cattle," without any breeding in them, that mostly suffer those 
external attacks. To the reflection of every man of experience I refer this 
material point of dissonance between the two varieties of horse, which serves 
to prove that those having great lumps of muscle at the parts liable to such at- 
tacks are most disposed to contract local inflammation, and that pufling up 
of gland or lymphatic which we call tumour of various kinds. Local inflam- 
mation alone, however, could not effect the evil, without some corresponding 
cause ; else, how comes it to pass that none but aged horses, that are heavy 
in the hand and low in blood, contract fistula or abscess ; young and lively 
horses, and those with some breeding in them, never? Once more, — if the 
disorder reside not in the blood, how does it come to pass, that a horse having 
contracted one species of tumour, he is never known to undergo an attack of 
any other species — and there are a dozen at the least 1 For example, give a 
horse the poll-evil, and see how little he will be disposed to contract the 
glanders. 

Fleshy horses, those of the cart breed and of indolent habit of body, are 
most liable to contract [)oll-eviI, fistula, &c. ; indeed I might say, the ready dis- 
position thereto is confined to that breed, though either could be inflicted upon 
higher bred cattle, which might not be so predisposed by a bad habit of bodyj 
or by the gross humours before noticed. When the animals are young, and 
feed ravenously, the strangles carry off those humours ; when youth leaves 
them and more doltish habits comes on, these humours appear in some other 
varied shapes: besides those diseases just named, the farcy, grease, &c. all 
come on from the same indolent habit of body. They are always ravenous 
caters, gross feeders, and consequently lethargic in their movements, that ac- 



DISEASE OF THE HABIT. 113 

quire poll-evil ; for they demand harsh treatment to keep them at their work, 
which frequently devolves into ill-usage, unless the drivers possess the pa- 
tience of Job. 

Hence the duty of attending to the health of such horses, as much as may 
be consistent with the avocations of the owner; of avoiding the infliction that 
is often the immediate cause of either species of ailment ; and, these being 
discovered of applying the necessary remedies for their instant dispersion — 
if the symptoms are mild, and thus promise success, a low regimen follows of 
course. But delay too often confirms the disease ; it approaches towards ma- 
turity, and will not be repressed ; then does the duty of " bringing it forward" 
to suppuration present itself as the only means of obtaining a radical cure; and 
I may add, that this is always the safest, the best, and the most certain means, 
when the disease yields not to the first efforts at dispersion. In ordinary cases 
of saddle gall, the swelling and heat will bend before an assiduous and early 
application of the repellent lotion; not so easily, however in case of "fistula 
in the withers," which lies deeper and is more obstinate. Least of all will con- 
firmed poll-evil give way before the strongest repellents ; or, if the resolution 
be apparently effected, the least external injury, or none whatever, will sub- 
sequently reproduce the disorder with more than its original virulence. Per- 
haps, in no part of the farrier's art has he the opportunity of evincing his 
judgment more, than in choosing the precise period when he will quit all at- 
tempts at suppressing the abscess or tumour, and set about bringing it forward 
to suppuration and a radical cure; when he will also quit the low regimen 
which was proper in the first attempt, and adopt a more generous diet, that is 
better ada[)ted to the [)ainful discharge his patient will now be compelled to 
undergo, either by dint of medicinal applications or the knife. 

Abscess in the more fleshy parts of the body, or under the belly, are far less 
dangerous or troublesome situations than on the parts just named; they also 
prove to be symptomatic of the actual state of the blood, of which they then 
form the crisis or point of cure, and therefore the repression of such (as re- 
commended in other cases) should not be attempted, neither should the animal 
system be lowered, but the contrary. If, however, the tumour appears near a 
joint or just above it, as the hock, so as to impede its action, in which case it 
would soon assume an ulcerous appearance, by reason of the movement of 
the muscles of the limb in going, repression sliould then be resorted to with 
assiduity and skill. Artificial inflammation, excited upon the skin and cellu- 
lar membrane, near the part, by means of blistering, or rowelling higher up, 
has the good effect of drawing off the heat and tension from the more import- 
ant joint, nor does the animal by this application undergo so much pain as he 
would were the tendon affected, whereby the limb would become irremediably 
stiff and useless. 

CRITICAL ABSCESS 

Is that swelling or tumour which is occasionally thrown out on the body or 
limbs from no apparent accident, but what may be traced to that derange- 
ment of the system we call fever, and is sometimes attendant upon protracted 
inflammation of the liver, when the disease appears on the fascia of the mus- 
cles of the belly, on the jowl, or other glandular parts. 

The cause and the effect thus become manifest together; and when great 
tenderness is evinced upon touching the parts in ordinary cases, nothing more 
is required ihan to make an opening in the lowest edge of the swelling, and 
expressing the contents; the cure is effected by means of the common "di- 
gestive ointment," which is prescribed under the article " Poll-evil," farther 
down. But the proper time at which the opening is to be thus made requires 



114 



FORM OF BANDAGES 



close observation. In general, this may be ascertained by a change in the 
animal's manner: he will eat more heartily as the matter increases: which 
proves that the disease of his habit has accumulated at this precise spot. He 
should not be allowed long to remain in this state, lest the offensive matter 
should penetrate inwardly or laterally. If the disease is thus distinctly known 
to proceed from the remains of ill-cured fever or inflammation, poultices should 
be applied to bring it forward to the surface, and the animal receive increased 
feeds of dry oats, of beans, or sodden oats, according to his former habits, in 
order to encourage the access of matter ; for nature, exhausted by the violence 
or the continuance of the disorder, is incapable of expelling this last remains 
of the enemy, and stands in need of support. Should the horse have been 
lately laid up with fever, or for some time past shown languor in his gait, and 
heaviness about the eyes, or it may be concluded from his recent hard labour 
and hard mode of living, that he has been long ailing inwardly : in this case 
the abscess being evidently a critical symptom of the general evil state of his 
blood, nature must be assisted in getting rid of the ofi'ensive matter ; and for 
that purpose bring the tumour to a head by means of a poultice. The head 
is most commonly the seat of swelled glands. 

Drawing Poultice. 

White bread, the crum of a 41b. loaf. 
Onions chopped, 2 lb. 

Boil the onions in water, and pour the whole on the bread: mix to.a tolerable 
consistency, and whilst blood-warm apply copiously to the parts in a cloth. 
Support the application by means of a bandage of stout linen cloth, with liga- 
tures tying over the forehead and across the poll thrice, as described in 
the annexed sketch. Some persons have recommended the use of a so- 
lution of gum to render the cloth impervious to liquids. See page 79. 




CRITICAL ABSCESS, AND THE DEEP-SEATED. POLL-EML. 115 

Should circumstances require a more extended application, or that the patient's 
Restlessness might rub off the bandage, let a more extended bandage be em- 
ployed. For such a one, and as to further particulars, the reader may consult 
page 79, where a bandage for sore throat is depicted. 

By those means the swelling will come to a head, and give signs of being 
about to burst, but which 1 have reason to believe seldom happens sponta- 
neously by reason of the thickness of the skin. Apply the knife, or bistoury, 
as directed much at large in the case of poll-evil ; give a mild laxative the same 
day, and lower his diet. When it so happens that the opening has been made 
too soon, before it has accumulated sufficiently, the orifice may be kept open 
by means of a seton passing through it to the lowest or most depending side, 
and the running continued for several days, until it assume a healthy appear- 
ance and the swelhng subsides. This plan must be always adopted with the 
slow or sordid tumour, which will not come forward, though heated with the 
onion poultice, and even with a blister : then let the seton be applied, chang- 
ing it daily and soaking the tape in the irritating mixture, as in case of poll- 
evil, page 119, That other critical abscess, called strangles, comes under a 
distinct head, farther down. 

Deep-seated abscess, under the fascia of the muscles of the bell}', is scarcely 
ever curable, being seldom discovered to the eye until too late to render assist- 
ance in bringing it to the surface by means of strong drawing poultices, as in 
case of obstinate poll-evil. On passing the hand over the part, the animal 
may be observed to flinch from the touch ; but this cymptom is seldom at- 
tended to, and it makes its way inwards, bursts in the cavity of the abdomen, 
and kills the patient. 

POLL-EVIL. 

Causes. — Next to a diseased habit of body, as just above noticed, which 
predisposes a certain description of horses to contract tum)urs in various parts 
of the body, the poll-evil is frequently occasioned by a blow, or gall, of a very 
trivial nature, if it do not come on without this kind of excitement. The 
action of the head is very great with some horses, arising probably from an 
itching in the upper part of the cervical ligament, where it is attached to the 
vertebra; of the neck ; and this causing irritation, we need not hesitate long 
in accounting for the inflammation that affects the muscle which interposes 
between it and the poll-bone, in a cavity that is greater with some breeds of 
horses than others. This variance in conformation is exemplified in the 
whole length portrait of a skeleton which is prefixed to chapter i. wherein the 
cavity that should form the seat of this disease is scarcely perceptible; whilst 
the small figure, inserted at section 16 of that chapter, to illustrate the uses of 
the cervical ligament, has this cavity of the usual extent. Of course, this 
latter would be still more predisposed to contract poll-evil than the former, 
which was a peculiarly formed horse in another respect also ; and it is more 
than probable, that, if the two were to fall into an equally bad habit of body, 
whilst the latter might acquire poll evil thereby, the constitution of the former 
might throw off any offensive matters that might accrue by some other means.* 
The reader will do well to turn back to the section referred to (p. 20); as well 
as to the skeleton [at A 5J. 

The wheelers, in a set of horses, will frequently throw back the head in 

* These might appear in shape of grease and farcy ; but it has been generally observed that 
a disposition to farcy abates, if it do not subside entirely, upon the appearance of potl-evil. 
Again, horses that are most liahle to contract the grease, are precisely of the same disposition 
as iliose which are afflicted with tumoun, &x.. viz. of indolent habit, heavy in the hand, and 
slow of blood, fleshy and dulL 



116 CAUSES OF POLL-EVIL CURE BY DISPERSION. 

warm weather, or after brisk work, at feeling the reins that run throncfh theil 
head-harness to the leaders : this action is performed, as the reader will hava 
learnt, bv the action of the cervicular ligament, the upper end whereof termi- 
nates where the ear-band rests, and perhaps pinches the part. Horses that 
are criven to shy are likely to contract poll-evil when hanging back, and throw- 
ing up the head with a jerk. 

But the most prolific cause of poll-evil I am inclined to attribute to the low 
stable door-way, whereby the animal gets many a trivial hit at going in and 
coining out; next in point of frequency is that brutal mode of attacking res- 
tive horses about the head with the butt end of the whip. Education of the 
lower classes has effected the abatement of this as well as many other unfeel- 
ing practices. Ofttimes, the edges of the ear-band, being sharp, create a 
painful itching, then soreness and irritation about the part, as does also the 
showy tip, or "cutting at a fly," practised by our flashy four-in-hand men, 
who may have discovered that touching up the animal in such a vulnerable 
partis "sure to make him go along." Stage-coach horses, however, do not 
now acquire poll-evil, so far as I can learn, like what they did formerly; for 
the great expedition these vehicles are constrained to, compels the proprietors 
to use better bred cattle than their predecessors — those that are less indolent, not 
so heavv in the hand, nor sluggish, consequently not so liable to contract dis- 
eases incident to a bad habit of body, or vitiated state of the blood, like poll- 
evil and its nauseous train of co-existent evils, that we shall proceed to take 
into consideration one after another. 

Symptoms. — At first the animal appears restless, throwing his head back 
and returning it to the former position, as if the efforts had occasioned pain. 
Soon after, it droops the head, holding it now on one side, now on the other; 
appears dull about the eyes, and becomes sluggish in its movements. In this 
state it continues a longer or shorter time (even weeks) as the violence may 
have been greater or less that brought about the evil ; the time depending alsc 
in some measure on the height of the pulse : a languid system making of 
course the slowest advances towards bringing the abscess to maturity. Thif 
uneasiness of manner is accompanied by heat, swelling, and shortly by ten- 
sion of the part, and increase in the pulsation. As it goes on, a disposition 
to flinch from the touch is evinced whenever the part is a[)proached with the 
hand ; if the evil be deep-seated, the swelling is wide, but not so high ; but 
when nearer the surface, it presents a point, is circumscribed within a well- 
marked circle, and ultimately tells how necessary it is that the contents should 
escape, by a throbbing which may be felt at this point. Again, to ascertain 
that the matter is near the surface, apply two fingers alternately on the sides 
of the tumour, and the matter will recede from side to side. Let it out. 

Cure. — At first, this may be attempted, in the earliest stages of the disor- 
der, by repression or dispersion, provided the disorder be not deep-seated near 
the bone : which will be the case if it has been brought on by violejit means, 
or it be a second attack, when endeavours to repress it would be vain indeed. 
On the contrary', if we can trace the cause to a hurt of no long standing, or of 
trivial import, and we know the horse was in good health before the swelling 
took place, then oui duty is to carry off the evil through the animal system, by 
means of active pliysic. Foment the part well with bran and water, warm^ 
rub it dry with cloths, and apply the 

Embrocation. 

Spirits of wine, half a pint, 

Camphor, 2 drachms, 

Goulard's extract of lead, 1 drachm. 



POLLEVIL, RADICAL CURE BY SUPPURATION. 117 

Mix, and apply the same two or three times a day, gently rubbing the part as 
much as the animal can bear. Give also at the same time the 

Alterative Ball. 

Aloes, 4 drachms, 
Castile soap, 2 drachms, 
Calomel, half a drachm. 

Mix with mucilage, and give one every third day, provided the embrocation is 
applied so long. 

During these applications, a cooling regimen should be observed, the feeds 
being reduced to half the usual quantity of oats, and ultimately discontinued 
altogether. There will be no propriety in clothing up the patient, nor need 
he be exposed to the cold air, if it prevails. When the disorder has been 
brought on by simple compression of the ear-band, and is recent, I have never 
kflown the foregoing treatment to fail ; and in cases of vigorous constitutions, 
the swelling, heat, and tension have been reduced so quickly (j. e. in four or 
five days) as to leave certain careless observers in doubt whetner the animal 
had really laboured under a genuine attack of poll-evil. 

Remove the halter, and if the animal be put to work, contrive to keep back 
the ear-band. A good and valuable embrocation will be found in simple vine- 
gar three or four times a day, or the sediment of very stale beer. Old verjuice 
answers the same end ; and all this kind of embrocation must be laid on warm, 
by means of cloths soaked and applied repeatedly. 

*+* The same treatment and observations will apply to all the other species 
of abscess in its milder state, fistula, warbles, quittor ; but of these 1 shall 
speak more particularly under their respective heads of information. 

Second method of cure. — Very few cases present themselves to recollection 
of even recent poll-evil, that would admit of being completely dispersed, and 
a radical cure effected, by any means whatever ; and it is due to candour to 
acknowledge, that some of the most stubborn attacks were found to tiave re- 
lapsed after a while, which proved that the cure so effected to all apy>earance 
was not radically good, but had left a violent predisposition to renew its rava- 
ges afresh. Probably, the time of inflicting the injury had not been accurate- 
ly marked, nor its degree ingenuously reported to the owners in those cases 
of relapse. 

However this be, when the disorder is found to baffle the endeavours em- 
ployed to disperse it, the whole course of proceedings must be changed, as be- 
fi»re hinted in the concluding sentence of my general observations on this to- 
pic. Instead of putting back the swelling by those means, let us pursue a 
direct ct)ntrary course, in order to bring it forward : the mode of feedincr must 
be changed along with the medicines that now become proper to procure sup- 
puration, or a discharge of the offensive matter; a full habit being mainly 
conducive thereto, and proving how closely connected is this disease with a 
gross habit of body, which in all fleshy animals superinduces a diseased habit, 
vulgarly but accurately termed '-full of humours." After having found use- 
less your efforts to disperse the tumour, or. mayhap, finding at the first view 
of it, or by the first touch, certain symptoms that prove it ought never to be 
dispersed, the practitioner will of course seriously set about permitting, or 
forcing, the offensive matter to escape. Every hour's delay in putting this 
resolve into practice serves but to render the ultimate cure still more difiicult 
and hazardous; for the evil is all this while extending its baleful effects in- 
wards and sidewise, and forming around it, in every direction, the fistulous 
case or ciEstus before spoken of, which is a film, or skin-like substance formed 
12 



118 



BANDAGE FOR POLL-EVIL. 



of the cellular membrane, thickened by the disorder. (See Book I. Sect. 27. 
page 28.) In this event, the tumour has become decidedly fistulous, and is to 
be treated as such, when the great length of time it may have been suffered 
to make head, and its now extended surface, warrant that conclusion. The 
knife is almost the only remedy, notwithstanding the superficial tumour will 
in some cases break and discharge matter of itself; this, however, never hap- 
pens with the deep-seated abscess, which lies close to the bone, and destroys 
not only it, but the muscular substance of the poll, and the end of the cervical 
ligament also. In these series of abscess or fistulous tumour, nothing but the 
knife can ever reach the disorder, and it must be employed fearlessly, but with 
a commensurate share of skill, after the skin has been prejiared with fomen- 
tations, &c. Let the parts be softened and drawn with j)oultice of oatmeal, 
put on lukewarm, twice a day; and if the effect be not visible to the eye and 
touch, as before described, increase the powers of the poultice by the additiori 
of onion chopped and mixed with the poiUtice whilst warm. Or, a mere 
change may be adopted, and a bread poultice applied instead ; for, notwith- 
standing oatmeal is stronger, yet 1 have occasionally found the milder have 
more effect when the former had not succeeded entirely according to my wish. 
The poultice should be provided in sufficient quantity to cover the whole 
swelling two inches thick at least, having a small quantity of sweet oil, hog's 
lard, or oil of turpentine mixed therewith. Fix it on by means of a contri- 
vance that is sufliciently explained by the annexed cut, in which it will be 
Been that the girth is to have a web breasting, to which the lateral corners of 
the cloth are to be attached by broad tapes, as was explained in another simi- 
lar case at pages 79 and 114. 




I have here represented the bandage rather longer than requisite, under the 
presumption that it may occasionally be applied to other affections farther back ; 
a prolongation of the bandage may be affixed at either end, either plain or 
plaited, according to the amount of the swelling. 

When the symptoms above stated inform our senses that the matter ought 
to be so "let out," an opening is to be made the whole length of the abscess, a 
little below its centre ; taking especial care that the knife do not pass cross- 
wise, lest the attachment of the cervicular ligament to the first (vertebrae) bone 
should be severed ; in which case the animal would droop its head ever after, 



TirE SETON, HOW APPUED. HO 

as may be learnt by consulting its construction at p. 20, of Book L On the 
escape of the matter, after ascertaining by a probe whetber it runs in pipes, of 
sinuses, this way and that, or with small bits of diseased filire or membrane 
stretching across the cavity, so as nearly to divide it into unequal parts — let 
each be just touched with the knife or scalpel. There is no propriety in the 
old practice of squeezing out all the oflensive matter from this kind of abscess, 
although it be very proper in that deep-seated sort w'here no pipes, nor the 
pmall cavities just spoken of, are to be folt or seen, for the following reasons : 
the first mentioned kind have the case or coestus before described, which con 
tains the matter, and if laid open before the evil be sufficiently ripe, it doe 
not come away freely. This, however, the operation effects in two or three 
days, if kept running by means of a seton, or other contrivance placed at the 
orifice; but the application of tow, or any other substance, that obstructs the 
esca[)e of this mattei, is ever to be avoided. On the contrary, when the ab- 
scess is very deep, reaching to the bone, which may be felt, and presenting 
but one large cavity, then the matter should be expelled by pressing gently on 
two sides of it at once. Let the lips of the opening be dressed the first lime, 
and as long as it may be found necessary to keep open the wound, with any 
ointment hereafter mentioned, on which has been strewed sulphate of copper, 
powdered. Should the lips adhere together, or appear much diseased, wash 
with muriate of ammonia, taking care it does not run upon the sound parts, 
nor into the cavity. In either case, wash off the dead parts with warm water, 
before each new dressing is laid, sponge it well and dry, after inserting the 
prcbe on every side into the fistulous minuses, and continue this mode of treat- 
ment until the parts assume a healthy appearance. 

The seton should never be neglected in bad cases of either description, but 
be introduced at tfie lowest or most depending side of the abscess, after being 
wetted with the following 

Irritating Mixture. 

Spirits of wine, 2 ounces, 
Corrosive sublimate, 1 scruple ; 

Mix and saturate the tape therewith daily. This will keep open the orifice 
until the offensive matter has run off, and is succeeded by the more healthy 
issue of a thicker consistency, and nearly white. On this appearance the 
Sfcton is to be withdrawn, and the parts dressed with the digestive ointment, 
the animal physicked once or twice with a moderate purging ball of six or 
seven drachms of aloes, and the cure will complete itself with the usual dress- 
ings, viz. 

Digestive Ointment. — No. 1. 

Yellow wax, ) 

Rosin, > of each 1 pound. 

Burgundy Fitch, ) 

Turpentine (common) 4 ounces. 

Linseed oil, 20 ounces. 

Dissolve over a slow fire, and spread upon leather or stout linen cloth, sufii 
ciently large to come over the undiseased region of the evil, after the wound 
has been well cleansed. Fresh dressings hereof should go on daily, but in no 
case until the matter assume a healthy appearance, which it never can be 
brought to, unless the whole recess has been reached with the knife or by thfl 



130 SCALDING MIXTURES-PRECAUTIONS IN USING. 

operation of the "scalding mixture" of the old school of farriery. This reme- 
dy, so applied, though at variance with our modern notions of pathology, has 
been adopted by the collegians of St. Pancras, and with good reason, for it 
never fails to effect a cure, by effectually cleansing away the diseased parts. 
Three several mixtures are adopted in different parts of the country — the 
Hertfordshire and midland county farriers employing No. I.; No. 2 is that 
recommended by Gibson ; and No. 3 is Ryding's. 

Scalding Mixture. — No. I. 

Tar, ) 

Mutton suet, > of each 2 ounces. 

Rosin, ) 

Bees wax, 1 ounce. — Melt slowly, and mix in 

Spirits of turpetine, 2 ounces. 

Verdigris 6 drachms. 

Mix and pour into the orifice hot, and close it with stitches. The next two 
have the recommendation of being more scientitic, and are withal better adapt- 
ed for penetrating into the sinuses. 

Scalding Mixture. — No. 2. 

Corrosive sublimate, 1 

Verdigris, > of each 2 drachms. 

Blue Vitriol, 3 

Green copperas, half an ounce. 

Honey, or Egvptiacum, 2 ounces. 

Oil of turpentine, K,f each 8 ounces. 

1 ram oil, y 

Rectified spirit of wine, four ounces. 

Mix, and apply as before directed. The difficulty of retaining this last in its 
proper place, is its only defect; but Gibson appears to have prescribed a quan- 
tity sufficient to allow for spilling a good portion. Since writing the above, 
however, 1 have inserted the sketch of bandaging for poll-evil remedies at page 
118, to which the reader will refer, when requisite, and introduce such modifi-. 
cations as the nature of the applications may demand to prevent the loss of 
any part. 

Scalding Mixture. — No. 3. 

Oil of turpentine, 2 ounces. 

Verdigris, 1 ounce. 

Ointment of yellow resin, 6 ounces. 

Mix and apply as above. In using any of those hot mixtures, a y)icce of tow 
should be so placed as to surround the orifice and j)revent its running over the 
Bound parts — which would be injured thereby, as would the operators fingers, 
&c. if he neglect the proper precautions. These he should not fail to take as 
regards the acrimonious discharge from the abscess, as absorption thereof 
might take place at the root of his nails; so, if the discharge be allowed to rest 
upon the sound parts of the horse, it will be found to corrode and produce 
ulcers. 

Frequently it happens — and I believe the old farriers always "repeated the 
dose," that a second application of the " scalding mixture becomes necessary, 



CONNEXION OF POLL-EVIL AND FARCY, ]21 

for tl^cir cases were always very bad ones. In this event, opportunity is af- 
forded of employing both prescriptions in succession; but whichsoever is first 
adopted, let it remain undisturbed from sixty to seventy hours, if the stitching 
do not sooner burst. Sponge out the parts with warm water; cleanse away 
the adjacent filth, and either repeat the same or proceed at once to the cure — 
a determination the doctor will come to, according as the rottenness may have 
sloughed off, and the inside of the abscess may present a healthy appearance, 
or otherwise. If it be quite clean, the adhesion of the parts will follow with 
very little further care than applying the digestive ointment according to the 
receipt in page 119, — or the following 

Digestive Ointment. — No. 2. 

Common turpentine, 4 ounces. 

The yolks of two eggs. — Mix these well, and 

add ^ 
Myrrh, in powder, 4 drachms, 
Mastich, 2 drachms. 
Tincture of myrrh sufficient to bring the whole to a proper 

consistence. 

Should the cure of the wound proceed too fist, the over luxuriant granula- 
tions of new or proud flesh must be touched with caustic. 



But notwithstanding all that has been said above, it sometimes happens that 
a totally different course becomes necessary, when abscess in the poll is con- 
nected with another disease arising from the same vitiated state of the animal's 
system, and the remedy for one of these will cure the other. Farcy is the cor- 
respondent disease to which 1 allude, or rather I should say a tendency to 
farcy, visible in certain scanty lumps or tumours on the body and legs: these 
will run off sometimes by means of a copious discharge at the poll. More 
frequently, however, the farcy is of too inveterate a description, and proves 
that the whole mass of the animal's system requires correction, and that it 
must be treated with medicines proper for the farcy, as well as the local affec- 
tion of the poll. 

People in general like to be borne out in their most novel opinions by those 
of longer standing in society, and 1 confess myself one of those sort of people 
as regards the doctrine of a vitiated or a corrupted state of the animal's system, 
which it is absolutely necessary to correct by medicine before the cure of some 
disorders can be effected. 1 strongly touched upon this topic in the first book, 
and at page 59, to which probably the inquiring reader will turn, and become 
convinced with me that poll-evil may be no other than the critical abscess of 
farcy; which farcy is a disease of the system, and is correspondent with glan- 
ders, as poll-evil is with quittor, &c. The writer 1 shall quote as agreeino^ 
with me, mainly, in this view of the subject, is Richard Lawrence. He says, 
" the poll-evil is sometimes connected with a disposition in the habit of body 
to farcy ; this may be known by the animal appearing universally [i. e. gene- 
rally] unhealthy in his coat, the tightness of his skin, and also by small lumps 
or swellings in different parts of his body, and particularly on the insides of 
his legs. When it is ascertained, therefore, that the po4I-evil arises chiedy 
from a disposition to farcy, the mere operation of opening the abscess, and 
using the dressings usually recommended, will not prove sufficient, without 
the aid of medicine given internally ; because the abscess, not being then a 
12 » 



122 SYIVIPTOMS OF FISTTJLA: CURE. 

local affection arisinor simply from partial injury, it will be necessary to correct 
the general habit of h(xly, before a cure can be effected. The medicines best 
adapted for this purpose will of course be found under the head of "Farcy," 
a few pages further down. 

FISTULA IN THE WITHERS. 

Cause. — Although closely resembling poll-evil in so many respects as to 
seem the self-same disorder arising from precisely the same causes, but differ- 
ing in situation only, 1 must here premise that some other distinctions are 
proper to be taken, which it will be necessary to kee]) in mind. We have 
seen, a few pages higher up, that poll-evil may be produced without external 
violence ; this never happens with fistula in the withers, which is always 
brought on by external injury — namely, the galling of the saddle: in the tlrst 
case the tumour frequently turns out a simple abscess, in the present case 
never, but becomes fistulous at its very earliest stages. This arises from the 
quantity of the membrane which is found in the shoulder and whole forehand 
of the horse, in the cellular structure whereof the ofi'ensive matter finds an easy 
receptacle, and spreads its ravages from side to side; and accumulating in 
quantity, by its own specific gravity, finds its way, eventually, amongst the 
muscles, and forms sinuses. How this operation of nature is performed, the 
reader is instructed in the first book, at sections 26, 27. I have also descant- 
ed somewhat at large, in the general introductory observations on this whole 
series of disorders, as to the distinctions pro})er to be kept in mind between one 
kind of tumour and another, how they are formed, and what descrij>tion of 
horses are mostly liable to this or that sjoecies of the disorder. At page 112 
will this information be found, and which the reader would do well to consult 
once more before he sets about treating his horse for fistula in the withers 
The symj^toms are most obvious t(.) the touch, as in all inflammatory tumours, 
the animal shrinking when the hand is passed over the shoulder from the 
mane downwards. But the ill-formed saildle, or one that fits the particular 
animal like nothing, or one that is so badly girthed on, that the poor beast may 
be perceived going in great pain, shall be set down as the symptom of all symj)- 
toms, that the animal is destined to contract this particular disorder of the 
parts so injured. Sometimes he tumbles down, or seems to trip frequently, 
which should admonish its inconsiderate rider or driver, that his carelessness 
is very likely to cost him a broken neck. 

Cure. — As soon as the journey can be brought to a close, which has been 
thus improperly pursued, remove the cause and bathe the part well with the 
cold saturnine lotion, and when the saddle has undergone the proper altera- 
tions, the journey may be pursued, if necessity demand such an exertion. 

Cold Lotion. 

Subacetate of lead (goulard), 2 ounces, 

White vinegar, 4 ounces. 

Water, 3 quarts, — Mix, and apply with a sponge. 

Should not this prevail, and the horse evince pain at the touch, with in- 
creased heat and tension, and swelling of the part commence, the disorder is 
Confirmed; and if not repelled in its very earliest stages, suppuration must en- 
sue. Let it be taken in time however — that is to say, in the course of a day 
or two, or a week, with healthy active horses, is not too long — and the heat 
and inflammation will be reduced by emj)loying the embrocation, recommend 
ed in incipient attack of poll-evil, at page liO, and giving at the same time tiio 



RADICAL CIJIIE OF FISTULA. ]23 

alterative ball there set down. Success more generally attends this first me- 
thod in the present kind of tumour than in that to which I have just referred, 
viz. po!l-evil ; but this method of curing both is so exactly similar, that it would 
be a waste of words to go over the same grounds again, or make the same ob- 
servations which I thought proper to set down under that head of information. 
At page IIG, the reader will perceive, that when he is attempting to repell the 
tumour and allay the inflammation in its earliest stages, he is to em|)l<)y a 
cooling regimen ; that when the disorder has been brought on by a trivial 
cause, this method of cure seldom fails, if taken in time ; and also that fistula 
is easier prevented hereby than is poll-evil. "However this be, when the dis- 
order is found to baffle the endeavours employed to disperse it, (as I before ob- 
served), the whole course of proceedings must be altered;" the regimen, or 
feeding must be higher, the parts encouraged to collect matter and come to the 
surface, instead of making inroads upon the adjacent muscle and bone, which 
it will effect more hideously as the animal may be afiiicted with a gross habit 
of body. 

After having found all efforts useless, the practitioner will change his plan ; 
and force the matter to escape as soon as may be; for the disorder is every 
hour extending its baleful influence. For this purpose the knife, or common 
bistoury, is to be employed when the tumour is sufficiently ri[)e, which is a 
state it may he hrought to, by means of the application of a poultice. Of these, 
I prescribed two or three kinds, with the method of fastening them on, but in 
this latter respect, a material difference arises in consequence of the different 
shape of the parts. The bandage in this case must be allowed to come farther 
back, and be there detained by tying the tapes short behind and lengthening 
the front ones. See figure at page 118. 

Fomentations of warm water, in which cloths have been steeped, slightly 
wrung out and applied to the parts, will be found highly serviceable, and may 
precede the application of poultice. When by these means the tumour ap- 
pears ripe and ready, open the most prominent part with lancet or bistoury, 
and insert a whalebone probe to ascertain the direction that the fistulous sinu- 
ses or pipes extend, in order that these may be laid open, and the whole mat- 
ter suffered to escape. In some cases a stiffer and larger probe may be em- 
ployed, and when a sinus lies favourable, introduce the probe, and cut down 
upon it. But as to the lowermost sinus, when it tends towards the shoulder, 
so as to interfere with the action thereof, the knife is not to pass through it, 
but a seton is to be inserted in its lowest or most depending part, so that tho 
matter may escape through. 

As directed in the previous case of poll-evil at page 119, the knife should be 
fearlessly applied in severing any small bits of muscle that may appear to grow 
across the cavity; a touch of the knife will be sufficient for any purpose, as 
by keeping open the lips of the wound, all that belongs to this diseased part 
will slough off, and should be wiped away as before directed, every time new 
dressings are applied. Let the seton be soaked in the mixture of corrosive 
sublimate and alcohol as directed at the page just referred to; and in the worst 
cases apply either of the scalding mixtures in the manner mentioned at page 

120, and repeat the same if the first does not accomplish all that is desired. 
The operator in this case will not fail to use the proper precautions as re- 
gards the application of those scalding hot remedies, nor neglect to remove tho 
matter that is discharged from the wound, in the manner set forth at page 

121. Most frequently the lips or edges of the sore are thickened, and assume 
a very inflamed and ulcerous appearance; this should be reduced by the knife 
or caustic, or it becomes so luxuriant at times as to close the orifice, and to 
cause a renewal of the fistula, in which case you have all your trouble to go 
over again. At Alfort, they have a very neat method of cleaning out fistuloas 



124 FRENCH METHOD OF CI.EANING SORES. 

ulcers, by rolling up pledgets of linen cloth, the edges whereof have been 
scraped out thin, so that when introduced dry to the bottom of each sinus or 
pipe, and being twisted round, it brings forth the offensive matter and any 
residue of blood which may have got into them during the operation. They 
also employ gentian root to keep down the swelling or thickening of the lips 
of the sore. The healing is not to be suffered to go on too fast, nor until all 
the offensive matter has l)een expulsed, and a more healthy discharge, whilst 
it manifests the change that has taken })Iacp, anil warrants youv closing the 
sore. Blue stone spread on any plaster of digestive ointment will effect this; 
or take 

Ointment of nitrated quicksilver, 3 ounces, 
Oil of turpenvine, half an ounce. 

Mix, and apply as long as may be found proper to keep the orifice from closing, 
to which it will be ever too much disposed. 

Something was fornierly said about scraping the bone when the long con- 
tinuance of the disorder, its virulence, or the bad state of the horse's general 
nealth, hath been such as to affect its surface ; but this part of the operation 
is rather showy than useful, as the rottenness so occasioned will conic away 
as the discharge is kept up, there being a constant disposition throughout the 
whole system to throw off all such offensive matters. 

SADDLE GALLS; viz. WARBLES, SITFASTS. 

The first of these partake of the nature of the disorder just above treated of, 
viz. fistula, and are caused by the same means, bruise of the saddle ; but being 
situated farther back, less sco|!e is allowed for the spreading of the original tu- 
mour. Consequenll}^, the smallness of the affliction renders it much less for- 
midable, though, if suffered to su[)purate, tho^y become most troublesome sores. 
The means to he adopted for the cure of warbles are similar to those recom- 
mended for other tumours, viz. at first try to prevent the accumulation of mat- 
ter by repellants, such as the embrocation prescribed at pnge 116, the domestic 
remedies in the next page, as verjuice, made hot and applied by means of 
cloths soaked therein, and repeatedly changed. Or apply, in the same man 
ner, the following 

Cold Lotion. 

^A\^« ^;"^?^'-' Lf each 3 ounces. 
Spirits ot wine, \ 

Super-acetate ot lead, 2 ounces, 

Water, 6 ounces. Mix. 

Should not these succeed, change your treatment, adopt the direct contrary 
mode, and bring the tumour forward to suppuration by means of poultices, 
&c. as before recommended ; and finally, when ripe, open the tumour with a 
lancet, promote the esca{)e of the oflimsive master, and then proceed to heahng 
the sore, as in the former case of poll-evil and fistula in the withers. 

Sitfast is an indurated tumour, one that has neither matter nor motion m it, 
and may arise from either of two causes. The first is simply a gall or bruise, 
which has produced no inffammation, and consequently no matter has been 
engendered ; the second conies of an ill-cured warble, tliat has closed, leaving 
u hard insensible swelling behind. Blistering is the favourite remedy with 
most farriers, though fomentations and poultices will frequently achieve aa 



SITFASTS, HATID TUMOURS, QUITTOR. 135 

much goovl in very little more time. When suppuration has taken place, 
the cure i-s to be completed by dressincrs of detergent ointment, taking care 
that the sore does not heal too fast. Should this be the case, put blue stone, 
powdered, upon the piaisteronce or twice, or merely touch it with lunar caus- 
tic as often. Sometimes the callosity does not come off of itself, though the 
eilg!\s rise up; it is then to be taken away by force, separating it from the 
living parts with the knife. The small portion of blood that comes away does 
no harm, but the contrary. If, however, any one objects to the use of the 
knife, or doubts his skill in this operation, mercurial ointment will effect the 
same end, as ibllows : 

Ointment for S'dfast. 

Oil of turpentine, 10 ounces, 
Blue ointment, 8 ounces, 
Gum ammoniacum, 4 ounces; 
Mix and apply to these and all hard tumours. 

aUITTOR 

Is a disease of the foot, at the coronet, but is so decidedly fistulous, that I 
choose to treat of it in this place, rather than in the chapter devoted to the foot 
in general, that the student may more readily remember the general observa- 
tions I thought necessary to prefix to this whole class of diseases, at page 110; 
&c. 

Cause. — A tread which the horse inflicts on itself, for the most part, seeing 
that it generally occurs on the inside of the foot. This tread or bruise may 
either be infiicted upon the coronet, or lower down, by over-reaching, or even 
at the sole; by taking u[) a stone or other hard substance; also by a prick or 
blow in shoeing. A quittor is also sometimes occasioned by gravel working up 
into an a[)erture left by an old nail, acting upon the sensible laminated sub- 
stance, separating it from the insensible, leaving a cavity from the aperture 
quite up to the coronet, where it lodges, inflames, and produces abscess, which 
is frequently very difficult and troublesome to cure ; if not early attended to, 
sinuses form, sometimes reaching to the coffin bone. The blood vessels at 
the coronet cease to perform their proper function of secreting new horn and 
the consequence is frequently the loss of the inner quarter of the hoof. 

Cure. — The sore is always very small, but admits of a probe being intro- 
duced, by which the extent of the evil may be ascertained, and this is gene- 
rally very extensive and ruinous, according to the time it may have l)cen al- 
lowed to make head. The probe will pass readily forward and backward to 
the wliole course of the disease, and sometimes it will be found to have pene- 
trated to the coffin bone, every where forming sinuses or pipes, as in fistula of 
the withers before described. But in this case situation makes considerable 
diiference : unlike the former, poultices are rendered inapplicable, whilst the 
employment of the knife or lancet is dangerous in the extreme. Besides 
v^'hich, the diseased part is already open, and seems to invite the only species 
of remedy yet known, in the shape of cscharotics, that by irritating the case 
or cfEstus, which forms the sinuses, shall cause it to slough off. In slight 
cases, those which are found not to have penetrated deep, the simple applica- 
tion of a wash will j)rove sufficient, and may be em])loyed in this manner. 
Dissolve blue vitriol in water, and charge a syringe therewith; this is to be 
discharged into the orifice, and suffered to remain, as much as can be retained. 
A poultice of bread or oatmeal is to cover the part, and the cure will be com- 
pleted after two or three days. But unfortunately tor the owner and the ani« 



12G THE VR^ES ; CAUSE AND SYMPTOMS. 

mal. the disease is seldom taken in hand thus earl}', bnt is suffered to proceed 
until much stronger means become necessary. For this pur|)ose take a lonjj 
narrow slip oftUin paper, and moisten it with muriate of antimony; over this 
strew powtlcred corrosive sublimate, and roll up the paper, so that it may not 
be too big for the pipe which it is intended for. Generally it ha[)pens that the 
opening requires to be enlarged before this pledget so charged with the escha- 
rotic can be fairly introduced. Take especial care that the pledget reach the 
bottom of the pipe, cut it olf close, and pass a similar one into as many sinuses 
as may have been ascertained forms the disease. As considerable irritation of 
the part will quickly ensue, a poultice sufhcient to cover the foot should be pre- 
viously got ready, and apjihed immediately. 

In three or four days, the bandage being removed, the diseased parts will 
slough off, a considerable opening presents itself, leaving a healthy looking 
sore. Let this be sponged off with warm vs'ater, and when dry apply tincture 
of Benjamin, which will eflVct a cure. A solution of white vitriol is used 
with advantage, especially when a disposition to secrete unhealthy matter is 
at any time perceptible. Physic the patient after the operation, according to 
tlie actual state of his bowels, the motion whereof will alleviate the pain ne- 
cessarily attending the escharotic quality of the pledgets applied to the foot. 
If the horse's bowels be found in the ordinary state, give two balls on succes- 
sive days, thus : 

First Alterative Sad. 

TT f' J of each 2 to 3 drachms, 

Hard soap, ) ' 

Oil of cloves, 6 drops, " 

Calomel, 1 drachm ; 

Mix, with mucilage sufficient to form the ball for the dose. 

Second Alterative Ball. 

Aloes, 4 to 5 drachms. 
Soap, 6 drachms, 
Oil of anise-seed, 10 drops; 
Mix, and give one dose the day following the first ball. 

VIVES.* 

This is the term given to swellings of the glands just under the ear, to- 
wards the angle of the jaw, that mostly attack young animals. The tumour 
is easily rejtressed or driven back into the system, and by more simple means 
than those employed in more inveterate complaints of a similar nature, show 
irig themselves in other parts of the body. In some respects this disordei 
bears near aflinity to the strangles. 

The cause of Vives maybe distinctly pronounced " a cold," that prolific 
source of so many other disorders incident to man and horse. The vives 
usually comes on after hard work and sweating, by being then exposed to a 
current of air, or cold rain. 

The season of shedding the teeth, when the contiguous parts are unusually 
lender, is that in which swellings similar to vives pervade animals of any s[)c- 
cies. Nevertheless it sometimes attacks horses at an advanced age, notwith- 
Rtanding they may have previously got over the most healthful form of stran- 

* From the French "avives," and the verb aviver, to be brisk and Uvely, as if it were con- 
ferred Iroaically upun the animal in its dullest state. 



CAUSE AND SYMPTOMS. VIVES— A GLANDULOUS DISORDER. 127 

gles, when we might reasonably suppose nature had ridded itself of a disposi- 
ti:)n to secrete any more such pestilent matter. Want of the usual head- 
clothing is then the immediate cause of vives. The violence deemed neces- 
sary in breaking colts also causes the vives, when the pressure on the parotid 
glands, at reining up the animal, irritates the parts. 

Sy7nptoms. — Swellings under both ears, generally, that occasion manifest 
pain when touched : the animal coughs more than one which has the stran- 
gles, and a difficulty of swallowing soon becomes evident. Stiffness or aridity 
of the neck follows, and the patient makes frequent efforts to swallow the 
saliva, which it is the proper function of these glands to secrete, but which 
they are soon disabled from performing, by reason of the cold checking or 
chilling those functions. Of glands generally, their construction and uses, the 
reader will find many instructive particulars in the first book, at page 29; 
these of which we now speak being called "the parotid glands," from their 
situation ; and as they now refuse to perform the office of secretion, the watery 
humours flow from out the animal's eyes, which it partly closes, as if he were 
about to sleep. For want of the same supply of saliva, inflammation of the 
mouth and gums takes place, producing what is vulgarly called " the lampers," 
or swelling of the roof of the mouth near the front teeth, which 1 shall speak 
of separately a little further down. Sometimes the swelling of these glands, 
if not assiduously subdued, continues a fortnight or longer, becoming more 
troublesome everyday, and evidently occasioning very much pain; all this 
while the horse loses condition, is feverish, and at length so weak as to totter 
when he moves even in his stall. Spreading downwards under the throat, 
they at length terminate in strangles, and are then to be treated as such. 

The cure of the vives that arises from simple cold is very easy, but not so 
that which is connected with a general bad habit of body; for then the swell- 
ing and subsequent suppuration of the abscess must be considered as an effort 
of nature to relieve itself from something that is offensive to it, and must be 
treated as a disease of the whole system, nature having adopted this or that 
particular spot for demonstrating its offence. But 1 have already explained 
my opinion on this interesting point of veterinary pathology, much at large, 
when treating of other tumours and abscesses. Vide page 110, &c. Often- 
times it happens that the vives depend upon glanders or farcy, of which they 
are then a correspondent symptom, and will only subside when the virulence 
of these are reduced. However, no harm can come of fomenting the part 
with warm water at least ; and after it has been well dried, clothe the head so 
as to keep off the air, upon the principle of "remove the cause, and the eflect 
ceases of course." The application of the bandage described at page 114, 
wiU sufficiently clothe the part. 

Much of the pain and tension of the tumour will be alleviated even by this 
treatment, and a slight attack will be removed by following it up with fomen- 
tations of marshmallows; or, anoint the parts with ointment of n'.arshmallows, 
and cover the head as before. A bread poultice affords relief, and bleeding 
in stubborn cases of simple vives is often necessary, with purgatives. In- 
deed, the body should be opened, whether we bleed or no : always leave open 
the main road for such humours to escape by. This alone will carry ofl' a 
recent attack, provided the head clothing be kept on at the same lime, nature 
performing the remainder by absorption. To assist nature however, employ 
the following 

Lotion. 

Sal ammoniac, half an ounce. 
White vinegar, 6 ounces, 
Goulard's extract 1 ounce ; 
Mix and rub the part well twice a day. 



128 LAMPAS, A DISORDER OI' YOUTH. 

Low diet, a plentiful supply of water gruel, and bran mashes, to which an 
ounce of nitre may be added daily, will reduce that thickened state of tlia 
blood which ever attends this species of tumour. But, as in the ])receding 
cases of tumour (poll-evil and fistula), it is sometimes found impossible to re- 
move the vives by those means or any other ; matter is formed, the tension 
and inflammation continue upon the increase, and plainly indicate that sup- 
pura-iion must ensue, and all our labour is rendered vain, if it ought never to 
have been so employed. In this event, apply a meal poultice, restore the ani- 
mal to his ordinary diet, and promote suppuration, which elf'ects the cure in 
the same manner as all other abscess mentioned before. See i>:ige 114, &c. 

False vives, or imperfect ones, that are hard and insensible, sometimes 
cause a good deal of needless trouble. They ne.vther come forward nor re- 
cede, do not seem to cause any particular pain, but still continue an eye-sore; 
and give reason to apprehend disagreeable consequences, and always prevent 
an advantageous sale of the animal. Stimulating embrocations are well cal- 
culated for reducing these hard tumours, and the blistering liniment, made of 
cantharides and oil, never fails. 

LAMPERS, OR LAMPAS. 

Cause. — As just said, lampas is occasioned by inflammation in the mouth. 
This is brought on by inability in the parotid glands to secrete the saliva ne- 
cessary for lubricating the throat and gums. These glands, though liable to 
the disorder we term vives, yet the derangement of their secretory function 
does not always show itself by the vives : it may continue to flow, though not 
in sufficient quantity to meet the increased heat of the animal. Idle or ill- 
worked young horses are most liable to lampas. 

Sym-pLoms. — A swelling of the bars of the mouth follows the rising vigour 
and heat of the animal; they then project below the surface of the teeth, and 
interfere between them while feeding. The pain is necessarily very great on 
feeding, and the animal ceases to chew of a sudden ; it afterwards commences 
anew, with greater caution ; but as the disorder becomes worse, it rei'uscs 
food entirely, and starvation would be the consequence if something did not 
intervene which is always sure to happen. 

The cure would be efi'ected of itself, if the horse lived in a state of nature, 
or more probably in that state he never would have contracted the disease. 
Over-gorging and consequent fulness of habit having occasioned the blood to 
flow luxuriantly towards the region of the head and throat, so that the disor- 
der is thereby produced, the reduction of that full habit follows this compul- 
sory abstemiousness which the afflicted animal practises much against his will, 
and might teach man himself a monitory lesson he is usually slow in attend- 
ing to, until too late. Reducing the system is the neatest method of removing 
lampas, and purgatives should be employed ; bran mashes, in which an ounce 
of nitre daily has been introduced, may also be given until the pulse becomes 
more natural. If the lampas be not lessened, by these means, the projecting 
part is to be cut with a lancet, but some people commence opera-tions with the 
searing iron, as the readiest way, and give physic afterwards. This applica- 
aon never fails. 



fORULENT TUMOURS: DISEASES OF THE GIAN1>S. ^^g 



CHAPTER III. 
EXTERNAL DISORDERS. 

Purulent Tumours : Diseases of the Glands. 

Strangles, Gr.jiNDERS, Farcy, Greask, as they owe their origin to the 
same predisposing cause so evidently, that the appearance of either is good 
assurance that no other disorder is then to be apprehended — neither of the 
above nor those treated of in the preceding chapter, a few preliminary obser- 
vations should occupy attention, before we treat of any one in detail. Both 
series of diseases are in like manner constitutional, or residing in the blood ; 
and the whole class agree together so nearly in cause, symptoms, and effect, 
that the situation of each on the various parts of the body constitutes the maiu 
distinction between them; as this does also affect the appearance and consis- 
tency of the matter produced. 

What I most strenuously maintain is, that the latent cause of all tumours, 
inflamed glands, and spontaneous discharge of matter by skin or membrane, 
is entirely attributable to the actual state of blood of the individual animal. 
Whence 1 infer, that some horses are more liable to incur contagious diseases 
than others, and this in a degree proportioned to the state of the blood at the 
time of communication ; so that some might escape with impunity, whilst others 
meet with certain death from the self-same cause. This accounts for the great- 
er virulence with which some horses incur glanders, for example, compared 
to what others suffer, which catch the disorder at the same moment of time ; 
as was proved on a largish sort of a scale, and that pretty well known among 
practitioners, during the late war on the continent. The case was briefly 
this: — A transport with cavalry horses on board, on its way to the Low Coun- 
tries, met with bad weather, so that the hatches were battened down, and in 
this manner were part of the horses suflbcated. Of those which survived, 
amounting to some twenty-two or more, scarcely one escaped the glanders; 
but, notwithstanding we may conclude that they infected and reinfected each 
other at the same moment, and under precisely the same circumstances as to 
heat, respiration, and privations, yet the symptoms varied greatly, and some 
few recovered so readdy as to leave great doubt whether they really had re- 
ceived the glanders or not, whilst others exhibited real glanders in the highest 
degree of virulence. Between these extremes, we are informed, the re- 
mainder were variously affected : all which circumstances prove incontestibly 
how much depended upon the previous health of each individual, the vitiation 
of its blood aud its co-filness or adaption to receive the infection. 1 imagine 
this to be conclusive of the doctrine 1 have all along laid down. But 1 wili 
adduce another authority — a veterinary writer of France, who carries the 
principle even farther than I have adventured to push it. 

With that specious ingenuity which attends all affairs of research in that 
country, an author named Dupuy, who also quotes the rapport of another 
called Gilbert, deduces the disposition to contract such disonlers from the pro 
genitors of the afflicted, or, as I should have said, from the blood or breed, and 
he recommends a corrective kind of regimen for brood mares and stallions ; 
that is to say, in other words, an airy situation for the breeding stud, with 
13 



j[30 GLANDERS : HOW ACQUIRED. STRANGLES, CAUSE OP. 

pastures rather elevated, where they will have sufficient norriture during the 
period of gestation, and can find occasional shelter from the weather. "By 
these means (says M. Dupuy) the disorder may be prevented in great mea- 
sure." The disorder he here speaks of he calls "scrophulous tubercle;" to 
which "all cattle whatever, bred in marshy situations with scanty allowance 
to the parents, are very liable." This disorder of the blood or breed, accord- 
inc to M. Dupuv, "predisposes the horse to contract those diseases that are 
known to us under the terms strangles, bastard strangles, fare}', and defluxions 
from the eyes;" which latter, it will be seen, at page 127, is a corresponding 
symptom and never failing attendant u[)on the vives, as it is of all other glan- 
dular swellings about the jaws. The Frenchman thus converts a single 
symptom into a disorder! 

In England, moreover, we do not talk or write of scrophula in horses, or a 
disposition thereto, this being a sym[)tom of a vitiated system in carnivorous 
animals. For, the mange in dogs, scurvical or scrophulous eruptions in man- 
kind, and the farcy or grease in the horse, although appearing very similar to 
the eye of a common observer, and all originating in a depraved state of the 
system ; yet the immediate cause of each of these differs greatly, by reason of 
the manifest diflerence in the structure of the cajiillary vessels or tubes that 
deposit the offensive matter of cither kind, demand a very different treatment 
at our tiands, and we reject the anomaly of M. Dupuy as inapplicable to 
korse-medicine. But when this gentleman represents the general predispos- 
ing cause as a "tuberculous or fistulous affection, that is capable of being al- 
leviated, prevented, and in some cases cured," he brings his arguments quite 
within the range of our conceptions; and 1, for my part, take all that he sub- 
sequently adduces, as being in perfect consonance with my own doctrine re- 
s[>ectinw the predisposing cause of diseases. As to ancestry, and breeding 
from a good stock, in favourable situations, of which this writer appears to 
entertain correct notions, 1 had already anticipated him, as the reader may 
perceive at pnges 18, 19, which is a part of my book that appeared in the 
Annals of Sporting for 1822. 

THE STRANGLES. 

The Strangles, as the name imports, is first indicated by a coughing, and 
difficulty of swallowing, as if the animal would die of strangulation. It is a 
disorder of youth (like our hooping cough), is inherent to the nature of the 
animal (as is our small pox) once only, and its virulence may l)e abated by 
inoculation, whereby we clioose a favourable period for meeting the inevitable 
attack, after duly preparing the patient. 

Cause. — Hepktion of the system of life, and the deposite of blood in the 
glands under the jaw ; which failing to be taken up and reconveyed back 
au'ain into the system (called absorption — see book the first, ji. 21), the glands 
become infiameil, swell, and burst, the discharge of the offensive matter being 
the cure. 1 have always considered it a critical disease, and treated it as such, 
encouraging the formation of matter, and assisting nature in throwing off a 
something that is e\idtntly obnoxious to the constitution. Indeed, I have 
never henrd of any other })ractice; t!ie impertinent attempts at repression, so 
frequently adopted at the request of proprietors in other cases of tumour, 
never having extended itself to this. Strangles, strictly speaking, are inci- 
dent to the young animal only — that is, from two years old, until five or near 
six ; when the circiilution (as the blood is called) has attained its fulness, and, 
perha[)s, slight cold has first detained any portion thereof in the glands, where- 
by the inllaiumation is engendered that constitutes the disease. When these 
glands swell and discharge at a more mature age, the strangles rnust then be 



OPERAIION FOR SUFFOCATION. 1^1 

Cor.s> lered as the effect of constitutional depravation, and would as properly 
come under the general description of ciitical abscess, treated of at a former 
page, 113. 

Symptoms. — A swelling commences between the upper part of the two 
jaw-bones, or a little lower down towards the chin, and directly underneath 
the tongue. A cough, and the discharge of a white thick matter from the 
nostrils, follow ; with great heat, pain, and tension of the tumours, and of all 
the adjacent membranes, to such a degree that the animal can scarcely swal- 
low. The eyes send forth a watery humour, and the animal nearly closes the 
hd ; this is mostly the case when it happens that the two larger glands under 
the ear are affected also, which frequently happens; but when these latter are 
disordered without the animal having the strangles, we then say he has the 
vives. The swelling increases and usually bursts of itself, sometimes with- 
out any medical aid whatever, and even without being perceived by any one. 
This last happens to colts and fillies at grass, when their wants are little at- 
tended to, and they seldom fail of doing well. Consequently, it follows, that 
those attacks which take place in the open air are of a milder nature than 
those more obstinate cases we so frequently meet with among in-door cattle, 
which serves to prove, once more, my doctrine as to the cause of all tumours 
or "tuberculous affections," as M. Dupuy has it. The horses that are kept 
in -doors accumulate gross humours, by this mode of living on dry food and 
lying on soft beds, the exercise they take not being sufficient to carry off the 
effects of either. Enervation generally accompanies this mode of treatment ; 
the glands and membrane suffer relaxation, the pampered animal is not ex- 
posed to the air sufficiently to occasion that check, or slight cold, which is ge- 
nerally the immediate cause of strangles, and the accumulation of these hu- 
mours proceeds, until they overcome the capacity of these organs, and the 
strangles then become a formidable disease. 

When this is the case, the feverish symptoms run high, loss of appetite fol- 
lows with constipation of the bowels, the horse can ncitlier drink nor eat, and 
the pulse increases. The tumours in these bad cases will be found to have 
risen nearer the jaw-bone than they do in a mild attack, and are longer in 
coming to maturity than those which begin more towards the middle. The 
disorder is seldom fatal ; but when this docs happen, the animal dies of suffo- 
cation, in which case it stands with the nose thrust out, the nostrils distended , 
the breathing is then exceedingly laborious and difficult, and accompanied by 
rattling in the throat. 

Cure. — For this last mentioned extreme case, no other remedy is found than 
making an opening in the windpipe, through which the animal may breathe. 
For this spirited operation, 1 must refer to Mr. Field, the veterinary surgeon, 
who has performed it frequently, and says his practice was to cut an aperture 
the size of a guinea, which nature afterwards supplies in due time. With this 
exception, perhaps, I might be justified in saying that we have little or no bu- 
siness to meddle with the strangles ; unless, indeed, unfavourable symptoms 
arise, and the previous habits of the horse, his present fleshy or gross habit of 
body, with the unfavourable situation of the tumours near the bone, give good 
reason for believing that the disease will turn out a tedious or dangerous case. 
And yet I should be very loth to recommend purging or bleeding for stran- 
gles, as I have seen done with no good effect; for, although the symptoms are 
thereby lowered, yet the continuance of the disorder is protracted to an un- 
measurable length, and I have heard of the strangles devolving into glanders 
by this course of proceeding — the subject of this case being a five year old 
mare. 

On the contrary, the disorder being constitutional, that is to say, an effort 
of nature to relieve itself of some noxious matters, the strength of the animal 



132 OPENING THE TUMOUR, WHEN PROPER. 

Bystem should be sustained in some degree proportioned to what it may ob- 
viously require. Therefore, horses that may be in good condition at the time 
of the attack, and withal highly feverish and full of corn, will only require 
opening medicine, whilst a brisk purgative might do harm by lessening the 
access of matter to the tumour, and the system would still retain a portion of 
the offensive cause of disease, which would break forth at a future period ia 
some one or other of the correspondent diseases dependent on tubercular af- 
fections. In this case give the following 

Laxative Ball. 

C^stflesoap, | of each 3 drachms, 
Ginger, 1 scruple. Mix for one dose. 

If difficulty of swallowing is already perceivable, a drench would be found the 
more desirable form of arriving at the same end. Then give the 

Laxative Drench. 

Captor oil, 6 ounces, 
Water gruel, 1 quart, 
Salts, 6 ounces. Mix. 

Meantime, at the first appearance of the disorder, let the hair be clipped ofT 
close at the part affected, and a little way round, to allow of greater effect from 
any application that may be deemed necessary. The head being clothed, will 
restore as much warmth as hath hereby been abridged. Mild cases will re- 
quire no more than this, probably, and the assistance of a poultice and fomen- 
tation of marsh-mallows daily to the throat, to bring the swelling to a proper 
state for opening. This will be shown by its pointing, or becoming soft and 
peaked in the middle. But a premature employment of the lancet is to be 
avoided, for the reason before assigned, viz. to give time for the whole matter 
to collect; when this period arrives, the whole swelling will be soft and yield- 
ing to pressure, unless the animal be a very thick-skinned one, with a great 
chuckle-head. In these cases, the part should be rubbed with a stimulating 
liniment, and if the tumour is working its way inwards so as to threaten suf- 
focation, blistering ointment may be applied. After each and either of these 
applications, the poultice is to be again put on with care: and as much of 
its efficacy depends upon its remaining in contact with the throat, the adjust- 
ing of it properly requires great pains and some adroitness for the thing. 

Much difficulty being experienced in making serviceable bandages, i have 
annexed a descriptive sketch of such a one as would be proper to keep on the 
applications. It needs no further explanation than is given in cases of sore 
hroat at page 78, and of abscess, at page 1 14. 

Stimulating Liniment, 

Mustard, powdered, 1 ounce, 
Liquid Ammonia, 3 drachms, 

Mix and apply assiaously to the part. 



BANDAGE FOR STRANGLES, STRANGLES OF THE GULLET 133 




The suppuration maybe further promoted by steaming the head over warm 
water, or fumigatincr it as follows: give him bran mashes frequently, placing 
the vessel that contains this, well secured, in another vessel larger than the 
first, into which much hotter water can be introduced, so that the vapour may 
rise up all round the mash, and constantly envelop the head. When tho 
tumour is ascertained to be ri})e, and not before, an opening is made at its most 
depending part, and the matter expressed gently; wash it off clean with warm 
water, and if the sore appear healthy, it will heal spontaneously, or witn the 
application of adhesive plaster. 

Inoculation for the strangles has been recommended above and was par- 
tially practised. About 1802, M. La Fosse, the younger, mentioned the af- 
fair "in his Manuel d' Hippiatrique, which book I translated into English the 
following year, and we hear that two or three country practitioners in En- 
gland afterwards adopted the suggestion. The method was merely to scratch 
the inside of the nostril, and then smearing the sore with matter from the ab- 
scess of a diseased horse — it never failed. In careful hands the practice was 
feasible enough ; but great danger would accompany this imitation of variolous 
inoculation, inasmuch as the matter might likewise convey a disposition to 
farcy or glanders. 

Strangles of the gult.et. Sometimes we find those symptoms of 
strangles reduced to one only, viz, an obstinate running at the nose, which 
usually lasts a long while, aiid occasionally ends fatally, by the animal wast- 
ing away in pulmonary consumption, as I am informed from good authority, 
but never witnessed such a termination of this species of strangles, which La 
Fosse calls "strangles of the gullet." Many people mistake this disorder for 
glanders, but it may be distinguished from that conlagion by a rattling in the 
gullet, whence its French name ; also by the quality of the running, which 
13* 



134 GLANDERS. SYMPTOMS OF THE TRUE GLANDERa 

is neither so white nor of so much consistency as the true sort; but watej » 
and curdled. The animal scarcely ever is troubled with a cough, and then \ 
is very feeble , but to make up for this exhibits frequent contractions of th 
larynx. 

After the tumour is opened, give gentle physic, for which purpose the laxa 
live ball recommended in page 132 will answer every desirable purpose; a 
you may add thereto one drachm of emetic tartar, and give another ball aftei 
an interval of one day, unless the pulse is low. 

Bastard Stkangles is a favourite term with some persons, who would 
soften down the real fact of their horses having the glanders, which it really 
is, and not strangles. But bastard or not bastard, it is always infectious, and 
the animal either dies of strangulation, or the disorder becomes the glanderSj 
producing a sanious discharge from the nose when the cough ceases. Apply a 

Fumigailon. 

Take the leaves and root of marsh-mallows, an arm-full. 
Water, G quarts. 

Boil them, and yit the whole into a nose bag, and hang it round t!»e head of 
the animal to make him inhale the steam. I'he bag may be made of stout 
cloth, hut hung with the upjier part quite open, to avoid sutfocauon. Leave 
the bag at the animal's nose until no more steam will arise. I'his will be 
found a very proper remedy in all cases of strangles, the iirst stage of glau- 
dersj and obstinate colds. 

GLANDERS. 

For about twenty years I apprehended that we had arrived within a short 
space of finding the true cause of glanders, and that we should then soon as- 
certaui the means of preventing our horses from engendering the malady, if 
we could not avoid their catching it. nor discover a specific remedy. But, lo! 
we were not yet agreed even as to the symptoms of true glanders; as to that 
which was communicable and dangerous, compared with another aiiection of 
the glands and pituitary membrane, which was but a temporary disease, not 
easily comnmnicated, and was asserted to come within the reach of the cura- 
tive art. Most small proprietors, unwilling to destroy their afflicted horses, 
maintained that they belonged to the latter description, and in this ihey were 
frequently supported by the cupidiiy of practising farriers, who administered 
medicines and performed operations with a confidence which never could be- 
long to any department of science — and least of all to that of medicine,* which 
is, alas! ever uncertain. 

During this state of the question, we turned to the French veterinarians, 
who up to a certain period enjoyed the reputation of being superior to all Eu- 
rope besides in this and a few other pursuits [war and ciiemistry, videlicet], 

* Much inhumanity was shown by the country practitioners in their mode of treatment* 
they scraped the bone .-ifter sHiting the nostril ; and also seared tlie swelled gland with a hot 
iron. A late writer applauds the piactice of searing ulcers and abscesses, generally, "where' 
by (adds he triumphantly) iliey are reduced to common scalds:" he was then s[)eaking of the 
doctors in Morocco! meie Turks. The gentleman, probably, did not distinguish between ab- 
scess and indolent tumour. 

It is reiuted by La t'osse, that in 1801, several regiments in Alsace and Loraine employed the 
actual cautery as a cure for glanclered horses, fiome "applied fire to the jugular gland in three 
lines; oJiers cauterized the bones of the forehead and nose; but the most ridiculous atlair of 
all waSj V.I see loriy horses together which had fire applied round their eyelids to cure lire rim- 
Oiiig,'" uut is common to all glandular- atl'ecuuns about the head' 



GLANDERS: OF THREE SORTS, TWO CONTAGIOUS. 135 

and found one of their most respected names had arranged the boundaries and 
distinguishing qualities of the two into three divisions. Nor was this all. M, 
La Fosse, the younger, who enjoyed the post of " principal farrier to the French 
army," and was withal a member of the Institute, insisted with much energy 
that "glanders of the first species, the real glanders, glanders properly so call- 
ed, absolutely consists of nothing more than the loss of the sense of smelling," 
and is "a curable disorder, if treated early, but incurable when confirmed." 
His treatment was very simple, and worthy of calm consideration, as are also 
the means he proposes for ascertaining by ihe symptoms when it is a horse is 
afflicted with communicable glanders, and ought to be destroyed. It is in this 
latter respect that 1 reprint here the substance of La Fosse's researches on this 
highly interesting subject ; for, since none of us can offer a remedy that ought 
to be relied upon — unless the animal be submitted to our measures earlier than 
is usual* — 1 think a useful particle may be added to the new study of medical 
jurisprudence, by showing the line of demarcation that divides health and 
contagion — the point at which destruction ought to commence, by authority, 
or, in common humanity, to prevent the thoughtless from immolating the pro- 
perty of others, who are usually little proprietors. 

I am the more determined in this course of proceeding, because all my in- 
quiries on the subject are already in print, and these coincide so nearly with 
the speculations and reasonings of two or three respectable writers now before 
the public, that 1 could add but a small portion of novelty to what has been so 
elaborately discussed by others. On all those points on which I differ from 
them, 1 shall offer a few practical observations, in the hope of being servicea- 
ble, whilst 1 shall sedulously avoid the "debateableland," which some contend 
for a little unamiably. 

" So great has been the destruction of horses which have either really been, 
or reputed to be glandered, through the prejudice of ignorant persons, that it 
has been said, whoever can j)oint out the distinction between tbe communica- 
ble disease and those which bear some affinity to it, will confer a benefit on 
society, and serve the cause of humanity. Much labour had been bestowed 
on this subject by the elder La Fosse, who threw a great deal of light on a 
disease, which, of all others that attack the horse, is least known, and there- 
fore most misrepresented." 

What M. La Fosse proposes to show is, L " That it is easy to confound 
this disorder with others that resemble it, in some particulars. 2. That among 
the different sorts of glanders (so reputed), some are infectious, whilst there 
are others that are not so ; and 3. That some of these are curable, and others 
incurable. 

" There are few veterinary practitioners who do not know that strangles, 
bastard strangles, pursiveness, or asthma, and other pulmonary complaints, 
exhibit the same external appearance as the glanders, properly so called ; con- 
sequently it is easy to be deceived on the subject, and the farrier will fail in 
his euileavours at a cure if he has not previously ascertained the distinguishing 
symptoms of the disorder. What then ought he to do in order not to be led 
into error, and to ascertain with precision that species of the disorder with 
which the animal is affected 7 

"After much experience on the subject of the diseases of horses, we are 
convinced that it is necessary to distinguish three sorts of glanders, viz. The 
first sort, which is the glanders, the real glanders, the glanders properly so 
called ; the second is nothing more than some disorder circulating in the mass 
of blood ; and the tliird may be denominated the farcy glanders. Glanders 

* From the number of experimenls which have lately been made at the Vctermary College 
;n London, and the beneficial results ai'ising therefrom, we may at length hope tliat tlijs di'catl- 
iul malady is brought within the sphere of curable diseases. 



136 ENLARGED GLANDF;, A CURABLE DISORDER. 

of the first kind is not infectious, except it be complicated with other disorders j 
but this is seldom the case, though we may daily witness horses thus attack- 
ed abandoned as incurable, or with little more humanity put to death. On 
the contrary, glanders of the second species is communicable, because the 
horse, besides running at the nose, and becoming glanderous, has likewise ul- 
cers, and these ulcers appear to be the only proximate cause of contagion. 

" The third species of glanders is in like manner contagious, because it not 
only occasions a running of the nose, but the tumefied glands and the carti- 
lage of the nose are ulcerated, and likewise certain parts of the body are cover- 
ed with lumps and ulcers, which latter characterise the farcy glanders, the 
most dangerous disorder of the three, but not the most common. These two 
latter species of glanders are infectious, because the disease resides principally 
in the blood ; but the glanders of the first species, the real glanders, the glan- 
ders properly so called, is not in anywise contagious, although it most fre- 
quently occurs. 

" The second and third species are incurable, but the last only is mortal. 
But as to glanders of the first sort, it is neither incurable nor mortal. In the 
first place, we repeat, this disease is not mortal in any case, and a horse at- 
tacked by it is in the same situati(m as a man who has lost the sense of smell- 
ing ; it is the loss of a sense, and the loss of a sense prevents neither the man 
nor the horse from fulfilling all the animal functions; for, as we daily observe 
men affected with ulcerated noses preserve an otherwise sound constitution, 
and even look jolly, so we may observe a glandered horse preserve his strength 
and health. 

"Secondly; it is incurable only when inveterately confirmed; but when 
taken in an early stage, its progress may be stopped with very little trouble. 

"Thus we find that glanders of the first species, the real glanders, glanders 
properly so called, absolutely consists of nothing more than the loss of the sense 
of smelling. Its cure may be readily effected by frequent bleedings and fumi- 
gations. Hence may be estimated the little necessity there is for killing 
horses attacked by this disorder ; and what important services may be render- 
ed to society or to a regiment, for instance, by an intelligent farrier making a 
proper distinction between this species of glanders and all other affections and 
diseases resembling it." 

So far M. La Fosse: his table, prefixed to the translation, "Veterinari- 
an's Pocket Manual," is sold separately by the booksellers, and may be con- 
sulted with profit by those who would push further their inquiries respecting 
"true glanders." 

Cause. — The glanders is a contagious disease only when it has lasted for 
some time. Original glanders may be acquired by horses being shut up close 
together, in hot, damp stables, in swampy situations — as in the case of the 
twenty-two cavalry horses adduced higher up (page 129), which were con- 
fined damp, under hatches, but were variously aflfected, according to the pre- 
disposing cause in the constitution of each individual. Those animals were 
improperly condemned, because the disorder had not continued long enough 
to render it contagious, and they might have recovered if treated as for a 
simple cold. 

A sudden transition from cold air to a hot stable, as well as from heat to 
cold, will occasion a running at the nose ; or a blow there, as well as a drench 
clumsily administered : either of those causes being foreknown, should render 
us chary of pronouncing the running contagious, and thus subject the proper- 
ty to destruction, as proposed. Almost any running, from whatever cause pro- 
ceeding, or however healthy the previous state of the animal's system, causes 
the glands to enlarge and inflame : after a while, remaining uncured, they 
usually adhere to the bone, when alone we should pronounce the glanders con 



SYMPTOMS. TESTS OF TRUE GLANDERS. 137 

firmed and incurable. This is " the second species " of La Fosse, which may 
be communicated by contact, or by respiring the same air, in the stable; 
though it does not appear until eight or ten days after the infection, in the en- 
largement of the gland, accompanied by running. The third species is caused 
by farcy being in the system, or by inoculation, in which way the glanders is 
often communicated by experimentalists : the running at the nose and swell- 
ing of the glands are then symptomatic of farcy, and must be treated as such. 
What inference is to be drawn from all those premises, but that we should 
endeavour to ascertain the length of time the patient has been afflicted ; whether 
he has received any external injury to cause it, or, has he been brought in 
contact with infected horses, and when? and out of the answers hereto we 
form the resolution of condemning the animal to solitary keeping, at the least; 
and setting about the remedies that are likely to restore him to health. Crowd- 
ed towns, posting stables and barracks, are most subject to contain glandered 
horses, on account of their closeness, and the frequent succession of inmates 
to which they are liable; for some horses will bear it for a good number of 
years, the discharge almost subsiding (though the swelling of the glands re- 
mains) upon changing to country quarters, or to a succession of regular living 
and regular work. 

Symptoms. — No cough accompanies real glanders in any of its stages; and 
this though a negative piece of information, shall be taken as a good and posi- 
tive criterion that must not be neglected : a running may make its appear- 
ance, as it does at the left nostril usually, in the glanders, and the glands under 
the jaw may adhere to the bone, as they do in real glanders, but no cough ac- 
companies these symptoms of glanders. When cough supervenes, the dis- 
ease may be a catarrh, or a consumption, the asthma, or strangles, but these 
are not contagious, unless they last a long time, and adhesion of the glands 
takes place : in these last mentioned disorders the discharge commonly pro- 
ceeds from both nostrils alike; whereas, the running in incipient glanders is 
chiefly confined to the left,* and the gland of one side only is then affected. 

As the disorder proceeds, it affects both sides alike ; ulcers appear all over 
the pituitary membrane, occasioned by the corrosive nature of the discharge. 
This assumes a different appearance as the constitution of the individual 
may have been more or less gross or vitiated ; the appearance or quality of the 
discharge differs also, according to the manner in whicn the disease may have 
been acquired ; i. e. whether it has been engendered or caught by infection. 
If it come of the first mentioned, through a depraved system, the glands are 
harder,- often smaller, and always adhere closer, than in those cases which are 
derived from infection, at a time when the animal is otherwise in comparatively 
good health. Again, with the infected horse, the matter comes off copiously; 
It is curdled, and may be rubbed to powder between the fingers when dried, it 
subsequently hardens, and becomes chalky when submitted to acids; whereas 
the animal that engenders the disease without receiving infection sends forth 
matter that is party-coloured, less in quantity, blackish, watery; and mixed 
with bloody and white mucus. Finally, if the animal that receives the disor- 
der by infection be previously in a bad state of health, those symptoms are com- 
plicated and more intense, the ulcers are more numerous, the cartilages of the 
nose become rotten, and the bones likewise in a short time : the creature seems 
to have combined together the evils of its own system with that of the sufferer 
from whom he had received it. In both cases the swelled glands are simply 
hard tumours without any matter in them. 

In addition to the preceding tokens for discovering at an early period thetruo 

•Of eisht hundred cases of glanders that come under the notice of M. Dupuy only one hors« 
was afFec'ed in >.he light nostril. 



138 LEGAL RESTRAINTS: CASE OF PRECIPITATION. 

g!an<Icrs from another disorder, having some of the same symptoms, let the 
nostrils of the animal be examined, and the left or running nostril will be 
found of a deeper colour than ordinary, whilst the other or dry nostril is of a 
paler colour than ordinary, or almost white. At this period the discharge is a 
white ghiry fluid, and the maxillary gland of that side is hut just perceptible 
to the touch ; but these being symptoms that belong equally to a catarrh, it is 
best to he guided by the varied colour of the two nostrils, remembering that in 
catarrh, or cold, both nostrds run. 

It has lieen remarked by some, that when horses in a tolerable state of health 
first receive infection, they show mettle, and are full of freaks theretofore not 
experienced; as the disorder proceeds in its ravages, this mettlesomeness goes 
ofl"; other acquired diseases have the same effects on all animals — the venereal, 
for example, on man. 

The remedies that have been applied to the afflicted animal in this forlorn 
disease are found of no avail, unless taken at an early period. As hath been 
said higher up, infection is not to be apprehended at first, and therefore the 
precaution some use to prevent its spreading, by bleeding and purging all the 
rest of the horses in that stable, is unnecessary, unless the animals require 
that process in other respects ; but some practitioners must be doing some- 
thing, and some owners will not rest satisfied unless preventive measures be 
undertaken. 

As soon as a horse is suspected of glanders, it should be kept separate from 
all others, ami the fumigation of marsh-mallows applied, as prescribed at page 
134, repeatedly; a purgative or an alterative ball may be given, according to 
the state of his body, and the usual remedies as for a catarrh, continued for 
a week or ten days, if the disorder does not lessen in this time, but the 
symptoms increase in virulence, the horse should be destroyed ; but unfortu- 
nately for healthy animals, this measure is not compulsory, no statute existing 
lipon the subject.* Besides which, disputes might arise as to the precise na- 
ture of the symptoms, and the executioner subject himself to heavy damages 
for his temerity. Something of this sort happened near Woburn, in Bedford- 
shire, early in the present century, to a lately deceased statesman. A neigh- 
bouring farmer having a horse in a state of confirmed glanders (in my opin- 
ion), persisted in keeping it in an old shed on the roadside : his obstinacy was 
highly provoking, and Mr. W. the gentleman alluded to, went with his ser- 
vant and shot the animal ; at which the venal part of the periodical press set 
up a great clamour, from which none defended him, for the transaction was at 
variance with his public professions. 

Stables that have been occupied by glandered horses retain along time the 
taint, and the means of communicating the disorder, which nothing will re- 
move but washing with soap and sand, and scraping with sharp instruments, 
every part of the rack, manger, and all other parts that may have come in con- 
tact with the diseased horses. After examining the cases reported by various 
writers, particularly St. Bel, I have come to the conclusion that there is no 
analogy between glanders ?nd the venereal disease, but the inoculation of 
sound animals ; and that the exhibition of mercury in any form is utterly falla 
cious. One case, in which this mineral was employed with asserted success, 
at the Pancras College, is proved unworthy of credit, by the failure of the 
same medicine in every succeeding attempt. 

'The common law, however, is fully sufficient to prevent improper exposure of animals af- 
tJicted with a contagious disease in horse-markets, fairs, and other assembiages of cattle. A 
r-aa* of this sort was adjudged at Guildiiall, London, the facts whereof were detailed in the Aa 
niUs of Sporting for March, 1826. 



FARCY. 139 

FARCY. 

Causes. — General ill state of the blood, vulgarly, but most appropriately, 
termed "corruption of all the humours of the body;" and, by prevalence of 
the farcy buds in the course thai the veins run, all over the surface of the body, 
?.o douhtcan exist that it resides in the blood. In fine, the original cause has 
been already defined at the head of this class of diseases, to which the reader 
who is fond of research would do well to turn back for a few minutes, at pages 
129, &c. However, infection is frequently the immediate cause and (as ob- 
served of the glanders) the animal will be afflicted more or less severely, as his 
constitutional health may be sound or otherwise at the time of receiving the 
infection. When this disease is engendered or created — which is easily 
supposed to have happened at first, and capable of being so produced at the 
present day, the blood being overcharged with offensive matters unfit for its 
proper purpose, it becomes stagnated at the lymphatics which follow the course 
of the veins (see Book I. page 30), and these corrode the parts, inflame, and 
appear on the surface in the form of "buds." And 1 should feel surprise if 
they do not also pervade the large glands of the viscera, though 1 have had no 
Oj'portunity of examining : such tumours on the skin of mankind have been 
found similarly seated on the inner surfaces, on dissection. "I feel all 
over as if pins were running into me, observed a patient ; and so, poor fellow, 
he migiit, for on dissection 1 found the same sort of tumours even on the 
heart," said Mr. Abernethy in one of his lectures. As regards the horse, I 
take this upon credit, and by analogy for a while, purposing to satisfy myself 
more closely upon the first favourable opportunity that offers. 

A predisposition to farcy must exist in the system, for it is cured by means 
of correctives of the blood; and its connexion with glanders has been proved, 
for the one will produce the other by inoculation : and without it running at 
the nose is one of the svmptoms of farcy. A certain inability to perform its 
office, termed "debility," that leaves the finer vessels filled with the vital fluid, 
which exercise might have carried ofi' — is one main cause of farcy; and a sud- 
den check by cold after exercise stops at once the perspiration, and the blood 
that would otherwise betaken up, or absorded into the circulation, remains in 
those fine vessels, as aforesaid. Hot and crov^ded stables relax the vessels, 
and indeed the whole system, when sudden exposure to the air inflicts the 
same evil 1 have just now contemplated. The reader may recollect, that 1 re- 
ferred the cause of fever to the same want of ventilation, to the same exposure 
to cold air, and made the remark, thut the state of the animal's bodily health 
at the period of the attack would determine whether it should acquire this or 
that [)articular disease; the quantity and kind of cold, or chill, would also de- 
termine whether the horse should be afflicted with inflammation of a certain 
part of his inside, or of his whole system, which we term fever. 

Symptovis. — Though too well known to be mistaken, we yet may describe 
them, as, in the first place — skin tight and dry, for want of perspiration, as 
just said, when some swelling is perceivable about the hind legs, and on the 
insides particularly. This symptom increases to an extremely large size in 
the course of a night, when the genial heat of the animal's system, and of the 
stable, appear to have matured the disease. The lymphatic vessels, and the 
more perlect glands, that run in the same direction as the veins, rise above the 
surface ; and it is easy to be seen that they are sore when touched, the glands 
in particular, which feel hot, light, and hard at first, similarly to the glands of 
the throat, as described in the glanders. A few hours confirm the exact na 
tureof the mischief: the inflammation of those glands proceeds, they become 
softer, and each throws out an ichorous, unhealthy discharge. They are ihen 
termed farcy buds. The edges have a chancrous appearance, which it it 



110 FARCY, rrs TIIREE STAGES: TUEATTMENT. 

found impossible to heal with ointments. As the disease advances, a gland- 
erous running at the nose takes place, with swelling about the' nose, lips, and 
all over the body nearly. 

According to the constitution of the horse at the time of receiving the infec- 
tion, so will the progress of the disease be rapid and disastrous, or unaccount- 
ably slow and uncertain as to the result. In this latter case it retains its ap- 
petite, and bears up its strength for a considerable time. 

Cure. — Three stages of the disorder present as many methods of cure : first, 
when the eflects are slight or partial; second, when it resolves itself into large 
tumours, and a riiore copious discharge from a smaller number of ulcers carries 
off the disease: third, when it is confirmed, general, and diffused over the 
whole system. 

In the first instance, when the glands only are affected, it may be treated as 
a local disorder, which has not yet found its way into the animal's system; 
and if appearing on one limb only, the natural inference is, that the system is 
indisposed to carry on the threatened evil. This happens mostly to animals 
in good condition, that are strong and vigorous, and of good habit of body ; 
'with such the farcy is not brought on spontaneously, or by being engendered 
in the animal, but has been acquired by infection. The limb afi'ected is gene- 
rally so to a good extent, and the corded veins scarcely visible ; this happens 
mostly to a fore-leg (not always), and has been considered of a dropsical na- 
ture, in a slight degree, or rather, lymphatic, the glands still continuing theii 
functions. In this case give a purgative ball, and repeat it in three days 
after; but should the animal be a very fleshy one, and full of condition, with 
full pulse, this may be preceded by bleeding to the amount of three quarts, 
or four. 

Purgative Ball. 

Aloes, 8 drachms, 
Castile soap, 1 drachm. 

Liquorice powder sufficient to form the ball for one 
dose. 

prepare the animal with bran-mashes; let his drink be chilled, and he may be 
moved about, under shelter, with body clothing on that covers the aflfected 
Umb. The limb should be fomented with warm water, or the chamomile de- 
coction, taking care to rub the part dry, and wrap it up warm. This course 
usually prevails against an ordinary attack of farcy, and the cure is aided 
when it afitects the fore-leg only, by a rowel inserted under the chest. But 
the absorption or taking up of the disorder into the system, and carrying it 
ofi'by stool, is by far the neatest manner of managing the cure; for this pur- 
pose give the following ball, after the animal has been reduced by the fore- 
going treatment. 

Alterative Ball. 

Camphor, "^ 

Emetic tartar, 1 /• t i i, 

Asafcctida, ' [of each one drachm, 

Ginger, J 

With mucilage sufficient to form the ball for one dose. Give one of these (or 
three successive nights ; then stop one night between each dose, until the dis- 
ease is removed. 



THIRD STAGE : MERCURY, A SPECIFIC. 141 

If these efforts to absorb the disease prove insufficient to conquer it, recourse 
must be had to the use of mercury, as recommended for the third or most viru- 
lent stage of the disease, which is also the most common of the three. Mean- 
time, we come to consider of that particular kind of farcy which is the least 
common of all three; and this is wherein the tumours are larger than usually 
happens, and smaller in number. The disease then partakes very much of 
the nature of critical abscess (page 113), and of the strangles (page 130); both 
of which, the reader will perceive, are but the efforts of nature to relieve itselt 
of an accumulation of offensive matter; and, this escaping, the cure is effect- 
ed, hi this second kind, or stage of farcy (as I call it), nothing more is requi 
site than to promote suppuration, as directed in the diseases just referred to, 
and f(»Ilow it with the physic prescribed for the strangles. 

The tl)ird, most common and virulent kind of farcy, that which comes on 
quickest, lasts the longest, and requires the most powerful means for its re- 
moval, is that which is spread minutely all over the body and limbs, and has 
penetrated the whole system. In whichever manner the animal may have 
acquired the disorder, we may safely presume that the mass of humours is 
hideously depraved, antl mercury, in one or other of its varied forms, is the 
only antidote to be relied upon for its extinction. Previously, however, the 
farcy buds and ulcers must be reduced to the state of common sores, by means 
of the actual cautery fruely applied to each. When these slough off, and the 
sores assume a healthy appearance, less of the mercurial preparation will be 
required ; but if these retain a livid and therefore unhealthy hue, accompanip'l 
by a poisonous discharge that ulcerates the adjacent parts, a thorough course 
of mercury is the only certain remedy, and this must be managed with cau- 
tion. 

Mercurial Ball. — No. 1. 

JEthiop's mineral, 2 drachms, 
Opium, 10 grains. 

Liquorice powder and mucilage to form the ball for one 
dose. 

Give twice a day, until the patient's breath smells very offensive, and then 
discontinue the medicine a day or two, as you should also when the animal is 
found to stale inordinately, or the bowels be very much disordered. But, when 
the bowels are only slightly affected, increase the quantity of opium to twenty 
or thirty grains. 

Mercurial Ball. — No. 2. 

Corrosive sublimate, 10 grains, 
Emetic tartar, half a drachm, 
Opium, half a drachm. 

Mix, with liquorice powder and mucilage sufficient to form the ball for one 
dose. Give as before, at night and morning. 

Feed the patient generously during the operation of this strong medicine, 
watch its progress closely, and lessen the quantity, or discontinue it altogeth r 
a day or two when he is agitated greatly within, particularly if a kind of sick- 
ness or gurgling be discernible, and the horse is off his appetite. Let him be 
clothed completely. Malt mashes, sodden corn, and coarse sugar mixed with 
his corn, dry, are good assistants to the proper operation of mercury. That 
's a mistakoii notion, which induced some farriers to give the edible roots, m 
14 



142 CAUTERIZING. ANTICOR— CAUSE, SYMPTOMS, CURE 

turnips, carrots, &c. to the horse under a course of mercury. They war with 
its operation, and cause that very commotion in the bowels we should most 
sedulously avoid. 

In recommending the free application of the actual cautery to the farcy 
buds, in the last page, I do but follow the common practice, being altogether 
the safest means in ordinary hands, who apply fire in many other cases, with 
much less reason than is done in that of farcy. Butter of antimony, or sul- 
phate of copper, effects the same end, and has the recommendation of being 
used exclusively by the French veterinarians. What La Fosse says on this 
point is emphatic, and shows his opinion of the predisposing cause of farcy : 
" Do not a])ply fire in any manner to lumps produced by farcy, under an idea 
of stopping the disorder. The disease being in the blood, treat it accordingly, 
and as for the lumps, cut them off: apply blue stone, dissolved in water." 
When he forefends the "idea of sto[)piiig the disorder," doubtless in saying 
this he only allows that to be the true farcy, which I have considered as the 
third stage, or confirmed kind. But the earlier or milder stages, which would 
ultimately end in the third or most virulent kind, if not sto|)})ed, being occa- 
sioned by the cessation of the lymphatic function — when the attendant glands 
refuse to communicate with the system (the blood,) can not have yet carried 
the consequence of that stoppage into the blood. In making this remark, I 
have not overlooked what was said of the practice in Morocco at a preceding 
page, 135, note. 

ANTICOR 

Is more prevalent in France than in this countr}', and is so named from its 
position, anti against, and cor the heart. The French words avte-coovr have 
the same meaning, and are derived from the same origin. It consists in an 
inflamed swelling of the breast near the heart, and the name is extended to 
any other swelling from this part back under the belly, even unto the sheath, 
which also swells: in this event anticor is decidedly dropsical. 

Cause. — Full feeding without sufficient exercise, similarly to this whole 
train of disorders which I have been just above considering. Hard riding or 
driving, and subsequent exposure to the elements, or giving cold water to ani 
mals that aie very fleshy in the forehand, as is the case with the greater }>art 
of French horses; these, combined with a vitiated state of the blood, which is 
then sizy, yjroduce those extended swellings that partake somewhat of the na- 
ture of swelled limb in grease, and yet terminate in abscess wlien the case is a 
bad one, 

Si/7nptoms. — An enlargement of the breast, which sometimes extends up- 
wards to the throat, and threatens suffocation. The animal appears stiff about 
the neck, looks dull and drooping, refuses his food, and trembles or shivers 
with the inflammation, which may be felt. Pulse dull and uneven. By })ress- 
ing two or more fingers alternately, the existence of matter, or a disposition 
to suppurate, may be ascertained (as in poll-evil) by its receding from side to 
side as the pressure is withdrawn. On the other hand, if the disease owes its 
origin to dropsy, each pressure of the finger will remain pitted a few seconds 
after the finger is withdrawn. Consult "Poll-evil" in its two stages. 

Cure. — As in other cases of tumour, that do not partake of critical abscess 
after fever, &c., this disorder admits of being repressed, readily, by the means 
before prescribed, or of being otherwise cured, as it may be allied to some disor- 
der of the constitution. To repress the svvellip.g, bleed the patient copiously; 
give purgatives and clyster him ; give bran mashes, and let the chill be taken 
off his water. Foment the throat and breast with bran mash or marshmallows, 
every four or five hours ; and when these have reduaed the symptoms, give all 



GREASE— OWING TO DEBILITY. 143 

Alterative Ball. 

Emetic tartar, 2 drachms, 
Venice turpentine, half an ounce. 

Mix with liquorice powJer enough to make the ball for one dose. Give one 
every eight-and-forty hours. On the contrary, if the swelling depend upon 
dropsy, as aforesaid, let a fleam or horse lancet be struck into the skin at four 
or five places tiistant from each other, and in the lowest or most depending 
part of the swelling. From these punctures a watery discharge will take 
place, that relieves the patient of his affliction hourly, and the issue of matter 
is to be promoted by keeping open the sores as directed in the case of fistula, 
&.C. at page 119: again, when the swelling indicates the collection of morbid 
matter, let it be fomented, poulticed, and opened as directed in cases of critical 
abscess, in poll-evil, fistula, &c.: the whole series of these diseases are of the 
same nature, but diflbring principally as to situation, which sometimes aflects 
the disease mainl\'. in this case, for example, the swelling sometimes ascends 
along the throat, and goes nigh to choke the patient : recourse must be had 
immediately to poultices, and let these he changed twice a day. The modes 
of bandaging may be learned by consulting those I have given sketches of, in 
other cases, at page 79, &c. 

GREASE. 

Causes. — This is another of the diseases that take their rise in a tardy cir- 
culation of the blood, and consequent indisposition to take up and carry back 
again to the heart that which has been sent into the extremities for their nour- 
ishment and renovation. In Book I. at bottom of section 44, this pnicess of 
taking up, or absorption, is spoken of, whilst the few pages that are there be- 
stowed on the manner in which the circulation is carried on, show the im- 
portance of this function, and pomt out the principles that should guide us in 
promoting it, when aught has occurred to retard its action. When great age 
and consequent lethargic habits cause the blood to circulate slowly, our art 
can but ill sup[)ly the remedy, though the evil may certainly be alleviated by 
stimulants. A small portion of beans given to aged horses admirably assists 
the circulation of the blood, especially towards the heels, whilst this very spe- 
cies of food given to young horses will promote humours of the hind legs in 
particular, where grease is mostly situate. That is to say, at the part of the 
animal that is remotest from the heart is the effect of a slow circulation most 
frequeTitly recurring, and to heavy fleshy cart horses oftoner than to those that 
are lighter and freer from flesh about the heels. 

Trimming the heels of the hair, which was intended to keep them warm 
in winter, is a very prolific source of grease. Thorough-bred horses never 
incur this disorder, so far as 1 can learn ; and the chances in favour of those 
which are produced by crosses from blood stock, is in proportion to the amount 
of their breeding, 

A cold in the heels is caught by walking the horses through water whilst 
they are hot : or beir.g put into the stable with wet feet at nights ; or lying in 
a stable that imperfectly keeps out the wind; all conduce to that stagnation 
of the l)lood, or tardy performance of its function, that causes the animal to 
generate this disease. They term it debility, but I think we had better say 
" want of ability," or of vigour to drive on the circulation of the blood ; so that 
if the blood that is left behind in the fine capillary vessels be ever so good and 
proper for its purpose at first, yet the very circumstance of its remaining idle 
causes an inflammatory heat, that attracts towards itself all such congenial 



Hi EXPERIMENT. WHITE FEET, LIABLE TO GREASE. 

|)articles of the blood which may have been sent through the arteries to iho 
|»art lor the propagation of new horn, or the su|)ply of marrow — of the nature 
whereof the matter partakes. Indertl, I have very httle doubt that tlie mar- 
row is concerned in the production of grease ; for I have successively examined 
twenty legs which were affected with grease at the time life was extinguished^ 
and the marrow was invariably confined to the lower part only, as if it were 
fallen down there for want of vigour, whilst the upper part of the bone was 
hollow, in every iiistance : healthy leg bones are aKvays full to the top of each 
and I have reason for thinking that this is the case with all ilebilitated horses. 
Again, the glutinous substance that pervades the surface of the coffin-bone, 
and to which I have attributed the formation of new horny matter of the 
hoof, is always found scanty in greasy-healed subjects. See my observations 
on the foot in the next cha[)ter. 

One of those legs [)arted from the knee, having the skin removed, but other- 
wise untouched, was hung up in the yard whilst the sun was at 70 degrees 
(July, 1825). in three or four days the grease might be seen to give a colour 
to the lower part at the fetlock joint, and every day the greasy nature of the 
colour was evident to touch and smell, whilst the articulation of the large jias- 
tern and sesamoid bones remained unaflected in either way. Upon breaking 
the bones nine months afterwards, the marrow had all escaped without a 
puncture, i. e. through the bone. 

The following ingenious suggestion I find among much voluminous Vete- 
rinary Memoranda, but whether it be my own, or 1 owe it to some friend, I 
have no means at hand for ascertaining, nor does my recollection serve me 
sufficiently to say who. "Horses with one or two white feet aie more liable 
to the grease in the feet that are white than in the others; and if the pr posi- 
tion be true that white feet are weak ones, we come to the same conclusion, 
that the want of colour having occurred through want of vigour in the part; 
then weakness and grease have the same cause." 

Symptoms. — First perce[;tible by a swelling at the heels, mostlv of the hind 
legs. 'I'his is occasioned by local inflanmiation, and is soon followed by a 
slight issue of greasy n^.atter, whence the name ; but it is sometimes more wa- 
terv, ichorous, and offensive, which will de[)end principally on the constitu- 
tional health of the patient. The swelling, sometimes extends much higher 
than the fetlock joint, even towards the bough, and occasions stiffness i»f the* 
limb and indisposition to move. He can not lie ilown, by reason of the un- 
bending nature of his joints, and therefore stands to sleej), which renders the 
disorder more virulent by the accession of fresh matter to the part ; the skin 
cracks at various places, and ulceration ensues. The hair sticks out like furze, 
the discharge is darker than originally, is thin, acrid, corrodinc, and stinking. 

Reviedy. — The grease is one of those disorders about which we should em- 
ploy our ingenuity in preventicm rather than the cure; and this indeed is the 
case with nearly all the diseases that depend uj)on constitutional defective- 
ness, or rather inability of some of the organs of life to perform aright the 
I'unctions of nature. How these ought to act I have spoken at large in (he 
second chapter of book the first; and pointed out the free circulation of the 
blood as the principal cause of health, as would also the want of a good circu- 
lation prove the harbinger of disease. Now this aflair of grease being pro- 
duced entirely by such inactivity, it seems clear that exercise would be the best 
preventive of it ; and the horse-keeper should also keep tht^ heels dry after work 
is over, and hand-rub him a little with as much industry as he can afford. He 
should also let the hair remain on the heels of his heavy horses, and give to 
the large ones sufficient depth of stall and bed, so as to prevent su«di from 
throwing their long legs half way out in the stable (as too often happens) upon 
the cold floor, of winter nights. 



WASHES. 115 

In slight attacks, a wash made of a solution of alum, as under, will correct 
the disposition to grease, and a dose of physic set all to rights in a short time; 
both, however, regulated according to circumstances. When considering 
these, we should inquire into the preceding habits of the patient, as to his 
Usual evacuations, and whether these have been stopped ; for it frequently 
hap|)ens that grease is caused by the suspension of the urine balls, to which 
many pro[)rietorsare so very much addicted, that they give them without rea- 
son, or suspend the giving through the same whimsicality. In this latter case 
give the diuretic powder, and the horse will require very little more physic. 
Again, if the animal require opening physic, give him the purging ball as 
under, and in-door exercise; but should his debility be then very great, the 
commotion this would occasion might reduce him too much, and therefore, the 
alterative ball will do better, with the same attention to in-door exercises if he 
can bear it. Sometimes, however, the heels are so cracked and chapped, that 
every step the animal takes only makes the matter worse ; we should then 
assiduously apply ourselves to keeping the heels clean, with water of which 
the chill has been taken off, and with a brush get rid of as much of the run- 
ning as possible; and after drying it well with cloths, use the alum wash of 
the stronger preparation ; provided always the inflammation be not too high at 
the time, but which the warm water without the alum wash has a tendency 
to alleviate. 

I will now set down the several articles just recommended above, premising 
this much as an apology for the numerous recipes here prescribed, that the 
grease requires we should be always doing a something for the animal, either 
of topical application, or in devising the means of carrying off the cause of the 
disorder by stool, by urine, or by perspiration. For, by keeping one or other 
of these evacuations a-going, we enable the animal system, to take up, or ab- 
sorb (as before described) the watery particles of the lymphatics, which re- 
maining indolent constitute the disease. 

Alum Wash. — No. 1.* 

Alum, 2 ounces, 
Blue stone, 2 drachms, 
Water, I pint. 
Mix and wash the part two or three times a day. 

Strong Alum Wash. — No. 2. 

Alum, ^ 

Sugar of lead, > of each 2 ounces, 

Vinegar, ^ 

Water, 1 pint. Mix and use as before. 

Strongest, or Mercurial Wash. — No. 3. 

Corrosive sublimate, 2 drachms, 
Muriatic acid, 4 drachms, 
Water, 1 pint. 
Mix and apply in inveterate cases. 

* Instead of this, tlie following is preferred by some persons, and those good judged MA 
Water, ] quart. Mix. 

14* 



H6 SWEA.TING AND URINE BATXS. ALTERATIVE REGIMEN. 

Diuretic Alterative Po'dcder. 



S^^"^^/ J • I of each 2 ounces. 
Powdered resin, J 



Mix, and give in four doses, of mornings. To be con'uiiucd until its efTect* 
are visible. 

Purging Balls. 

Aloes, drnchms, 
Hard soap, 3 drachms, 
Ginjrer, 1 drachm. 
Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the ball for one dose. 

The Alterative Ball. 

Aloes, 6 drachms, 
Hard soap, 8 drachms, 
Gringer, 3 drachms. 

Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the mass, and divide it into four balls. 
Give one every morning until the bowels are opened sufficiently. 
The perspiration must be promoted by the following 

Diaphoretic Ball. 

Emetic tartar, 2 drachms, ^ 

Venice turpentine, 4 drachms. 

Mix well, with liquorice powder sufficient to form the ball into oncdo.^c; and 
give every other night for a week or ten days, taking care to clothe the patient, 
or put a rug on his body at least, regulating his sweats according to the 
weather. Some persons do not think it too much trouble to divide the forego- 
ing ball into two parts, and give one every night lor tlie periods just mention- 
ed, which would bring the whole quantity of emetic tartar to the same amount 
in the end. Becareful to buy it genuine ; and if the horse be taken care of 
while in his sweats, it will mainly contribute to his getting well. The patient 
is not to have this sweating ball whilst he has other |»hysic in him ; but it may 
be given alternately with the foregoing powder of nitre and resin ; and is better 
administered thus, when it hap[)ens that the individual requires to be set a sta- 
ling, and we think best to sweat him at the same time. If the medicine malces 
his bowels grumble, add to the ball 

Opium, half a drachm, 

which some do put into the prescription, whether or no. But then the opium 
having a tendency to bind the body, it counteracts our labour in this resptct, 
and is not desirable in case the animal requires opening physic. 

Hegimen. — A good generous feeding should be allowed, with a few beans 
for the elder })atienls oidy ; and in all cases where the disorder has lasted a 
long w'.,ue and the cure is eftected with difficulty, a run at grass is greatly 
conducive to comi-tete recovery; especially if the convalescent ran be allowed 
the opaon of a field, or covered shed, lying high and dry, or the advantages 
of the nomestead, with an allowance of corn and hay. This change of regi 
wen is greatly assistant of absorption when the physicking has ceased, espe 



TIIE MANGE -ITS ORIGIN. 147 

cially where the disorder has terminated with a tedious ulceration which causes 
lameness, on which event he should not be exercised ; but let the parts Ix* 
poulticed with a turnip poultice, or it may be made of oatmeal and the grounds 
of stale beer, or both may be em[)loyed alternately ; and then the parts, if 'uxu- 
riant oi thick, may be washed with a solution of blue vitriol in water, or the 
wash, No. 3. Dress the cracks with the following 

Ointment. 

Oil of turpentine, 3 drachms, 

Hog's lard, 6 ounces, 

Litharge water, half an ounce. Mix. 

This may he varied by substituting Venice turpentine, half the quantity of 
the oil. In these inveterate cases we have now under consideration, a change 
of medicine is desirable, if but for the change which it occasions in the animal's 
digestive powers; for this purpose the blue pill has been given as an alterative, 
as well as that other preparation of mercury, the well-known calomel. Both 
act upon the kidneys, and set them in motion for the production of urine ; and 
calomel chirfly effects this, by j»reviously stimulating the liver, which again is) 
very desirable by way of change. 

Alterative Balls. 

Calomel, I 1-2 drachms, 
Aloes, 3 drachms, 
Castile soa[). 6 drachms. 
Oil of juniper, 40 drops. 

Mix ; make into three balls and give one daily for a week ; but should it gripe 
the animal, discontinue it, or add opium from lialf a drachm to a drachm. 

SURFEIT— MANGE. 

Both of these diseases of the animal's system, and the first-mentioned proves 
its connexion with the second by sometimes ending in the mange. Over- 
feeding, or too much of it, or gross feeding, as it is the cause of these twin dis- 
eases, so are the two appellations it receives in the ditferent stages of the at- 
tack descriptive of the cause : both are of French origin, as I apprehend ; stir- 
Jait or overdone, being tantamount to mange, in its imperfect ten«^s, the 
effect of eating ioo much, which kas brought on the disease. A surfeit, or 
8ur-fait, is not an uncommon disease with reasonable man, and is alike caused 
by eating improperly, if not too much, and sometimes from the preparation of 
viands that are over-luxurious for the stomach that is to receive it. and is in 
fact incapable of digesting it. This is a state of the stomach that is by no 
means uncommon, and up to a certain extent happens every day to the full 
feeders of every genus of created beings. If, during this full and over- replen 
ished state of tlie alimentary canal, and its then active state of lactification (o 
making of new blood), a sudden check be put upon the said process, by drink 
ing cold water for example, what happens but the rapid propulsion of some 
part of the blood through the arteries, whilst the mouths of the offended lac 
teals close up for a period, and the blood, already filling the capillary vessels 
of tlie surface, becomes extremely irritable 7 Perspiration ceases ; the lympha 
tics refuse to })erform their office of absorption, and the blood so deposited in 
a due course of nature, forms irmumerable small tumours under the skin or 
become icabby, and throw olia dry scurf. Tiie first lias received the appro 



148 CAUSE AND REIMEDY, CONNECTED. 

priate name of surfeit, the second is the more loathed manjre, both having bu 
one common origin. They are of the class of tubercular diseases, spoken of 
by M. Du[)uy quoted higher U[) (as partaking of glanders, &c.), are akin tt 
grease, and to other accessions of matter oti the surface, diflering only as ti 
situation, and like the grease, require that we should promote absorption anu 
the application of rcpellants. 

The cause of surfeit is thus distinctly met by the means of cure. The 
symptoms, however, frequently announce the disorder that has taken place 
within but a few minutes ere they subside again, to the utter surprise of all 
neholders. On such occasions mischief is supposed to lie in waif, and it is 
generally understood that the pustules, or tumours, only retreat from the skin 
M infest some more vital internal organ ; but I always considered that such an 
attack had subsided through its own weakness, for nothing ever came of it 
after thus retreating spontaneously. Like surfeit in man, these tumours are 
attended with a j)ricking })ain, the animal appearing restless, flinching from 
the touch, and looking round shar)) at his legs and sides as if he were spurred 
trivially. Whenever he can bring tiie parts to bear against the stall, the bail, 
or the wall, the animal will rub violently, until the hair comes off, and the 
skin is raw. Instead of tumours that emit a sharp, acrid, and stinking hu- 
mour, like grease, a dry scurf appears, resembling scabs, and this is mange in 
some animals: whilst other subjects exhibit no eruption whatever, though eve- 
ry hair is affected in a small degree, the skin becomes dry, and he is then hide- 
bound. 

Cure. — Surfeit is easily removed by a cooling purgative ; but if the pulse be 
high, he should be bled also. Promote perspiration by means of the diapho- 
retic ball recommended at page 14G, with the same |)recautions as are there 
set down. If the animal be fat, he must be reduced; give bran mashes, sod- 
den oats, and good exercise ; and should moisture be found to discharge from 
the skin, wajh it with the 

Surfeit Wash. 

Blue vitriol, 1 ounce, 
Cam})hor, half an ounce, 
Spirits of wine, 2 ounces. 

Mix in a quart bottle, and fill it with water. Wash with soapy water warm 
{as in grease), rub dry, and apply the above wash once a day, and at the sairvi 
time give one of the diaphoretic balls, as above. Let the diet be cool and open- 
ing, as scalded bran, sodden oats, or barley : and if the horse is low in flesh, 
mix an ounce of fenugreek seeds with his corn daily for a fortnight at least. 

THE MANGE 

Sometimes succeeds an ill-cured surfeit ; and is moreover an original disease, 
arising from filthmess, hard living, ill-usage, and the consequent dejiraved 
state of the system. It partakes of the nature of itch in ma , is communica- 
ble by means of the touch, by using the same harness, cloth \g, &c. and pro- 
bably by standing in the same stall as a diseased horse may have left. 

Tne symptoms are stated in the preceding pages, and from its cause we 
may rest assured never attack;^ horses in condition. As in surfeit, the horse 
•s constantly rubbing and biting himself: great patches of the coat are thus 
rubbed away, and ulceration frequently supjilies the places. Scabs appear at 
the roots of the hair of mane and tail ; large portions whereof fall away. 
When eruptions appear, they form a scurf, which peels oiT, and it is succeeded 
hy fresh eruptions. 



HIDE-BOUND, CAUSED BY INlfcllNAL TtHWOURS. 149 

The cure is to be effected by topical applications of sulpbur, and giving the 
same internally as an alterative ; but mercurials are mostly preferred by our 
moderns; and there is not such a variety of opinions and prescriptions at this 
moment in practice for the most momentous diseases, as for this loathsome 
malady : neglect and ignorance having brought on the evil, ignorance and 
stupidity engage to efii-ct the cure. I shall subjoin a few forms ot those which 
are in most repute, and have been found efiectual : even alteratiitn Js fre- 
quently found beneficial, though it may not at first seem to nave been for the 
best. 

Mange Ointment. 

Prepared hog's lard, 2 pounds, 

Sul[)hur vivum, 1 pound, 

Wliite hellebore, in powder, G ounces. 

Mix with oil of turpentine sufficient to make a soft ointment, ruh the animal 
wherever the eruption and scurf appear, with hair cloths, or a new besom, so 
as to get rid of the loose filth before applying the ointment. Rub it in well 
every other day, and give the following 

Alterative for the Mange. — No. 1. 

Tartarized antimony, 1 ounce, 
Muriate of quicksilver, 2 drachms, 

Ginger and ) powdered, of each 3 ounces. 
Anise seeds, j 

Mix, with mucilage sufficient to form the mass ; divide it into six balls, and 
give one every morning until the eruj)tion disappears. 

Alterative for Mange. — No. 2. 

Antimony in fine powder, 8 ounce:*, 
Grains of Paradise, 3 ounces. 

Mix, and add Venice turpentine to form the masw vhich divide into twelve 
balls. Give one daily whilst the rubbing is contir x'A. 

HIDE-BOUND. 

The cause of hide-bound is commoidy the same as tbat which produced the 
last-mentioned disease, viz. poverty, only that thtt particular animals may not 
both be in the same state of general health, and the more depravecl would in- 
cur mange, whilst another would become simply hide bound. This is less of 
an origiiial disease than the etlectof some other, and of bad digestion and con- 
sequent defective persjjiration beyond all others, as may be inferred from what 
1 have said concerning the intimacy that exists between those two operations 
of the animal system in my second chapter of book I, at ))ages 23 — 25. The 
justness of this view of the cause of hide-bound was furtlier proved by a series 
of dissections of this particular malady undertaken by me in May 1820. 1 
iHViiriably found tumours had formed upon the large'- lacteal vessels of the 
peritonffiiim, on the gut, or the like kind of attack e/.i the uleura that covers 
the lungs. The formation of those tumours was no •:iOubt the mediate cause 
of hide-bound, and had been brought on (1 have eve^y ^catun for belie vuj^) by 



150 fcYI\TPTOMS AISD CURE. 

the inordinate use of diaphoretics, the stimulating nature whereof, as is usual 
in all such cases, had thus defeated itself. 

Horses that are so affected with tumours, are they wliich hecome distressed 
easily, though in good apparent health, upon heing pushed on a journey, or 
at a heavy drag, particularly when the belly is distended. Thus the cause of 
hide-hound exists long hefore we can perceive it, and is tlie reason wliy I re- 
commend the arsenical i)re[)aration hereatU^r prescribed, as a tonic, previous 
to administering the sweating remedies. The ajipearance of hide-bound is 
frequently ascribed to the worms, botts, <fec. ; but in all those subjects examin- 
ed l)y me, amounting to half a score or more (for I kept no notes), no worms 
were to be found of any consequence, for it would he ridicultuis to talk of two 
or three such stray insects occasioning such an extensive disorder, so remote 
"'•om the seat of tlu^ir supposed ravages. What is very well worth remarking 
'(though such a thing is not very singular) is, that the writer who has most 
ustily cried out "Worms, worms!" upon every occasion of disordered skin 
and staring coat, has recently suggested that after all, worms are necessary to 
the horse's digestion: and the gentleman seems to think that these insects act 
upon the horse's stomach much in the same maimer as j)epper on that of man- 
kind! Thus he blows hot and cold with the same breath, or rather worms 
and pepj)er with the same pen ; for, whilst the worms are so lauded in one 
volume of his works, the malediction remains uncorrected in the other. 

S>/mpfoms. — As the word implies, the hide or skin seems bound or glued 
to the bones ; the animal is always very low in flesh, or we might aver that 
the skin adhered to the flesh. The pulse is low, and great weakness is mani 
fest in every ste|) the j)at'.ent takes. As the tightness is first observiible at the 
sides of the animal's body, before it reaches the limbs, and every hide-bound 
subject examined by me j)roves the fact, I have no hesitation in ascribing hide 
bound to disordered digestion, which includes the negation of wherewithal to 
digest, or starvation and hard work. Again, one of two extremes attends the 
bowels : they are either relaxed greatly, or much constipated — usually fhe 
former; which may be the effect of a long fit of illness from inflammation or 
fever, and the use of strong medicine, or much of it. 

Cure the animal by the direct contrary conduct to that which brought on 
the illness. If its stomach be em[)ty, as commonly ha[)pens, fill it nearly with 
food that is easy of digestion ; if it be too full, em[)ty it; give alterative laxa- 
tives and tonic alteratives afterwards; restore the pers[)iration by the diaphor- 
etic ball reconmiended at page ]46, and let the curry-comb and brush be assidu- 
ously applied to his coat, tie may then be exercised, but not before, as it is 
nearly impossil)le without inflicting great pain. Besides which, forced exer- 
cise, or sweating, as hath been strongly recommended, would in this case only 
aggravate the disease; for if the animal did sweat, it would be caused by in- 
ternal pain ; probably the tubercles which had formed upon the membrane 
would suppurate and burst, and thus confirm the disorder internally by the 
inflammation of the particular viscus where the disorder began. 

AUcrative Laxative. 

Aloes, 8 drachms. 
Hard soap, 7 drachms, 
Anise seeds, powdered, 1 oz. 

Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the mass into four balls. Give day 
after day until they effect the purpose of bringing away a good stool. Then 
give the arsenical tonic alterative, thus proportioned for a large horse, with 
eare. 



THE WORMS— AN UNSETTLED QUESTION. 151 

Tonic. — No. 1. 

Prepared arsenic, 10 grains, 
Ginger powdered, 1 drachm, 
Anise seeds, powdered, 4 drachms, 
Compound powder of tragacantli, "2 dr. 

Mix with mucilage sufficient for one dose. Give daily for a week, preceded 
and followed by mashes, and then give the bark, thus; 

Tonic— No. 2. 

Cascarilla, powdered, 4 ounces. 
Ginger, 8 drachms, 
Salt of tartar, 10 grains. 

Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the mass into four balls; give them daily.. 
If the preparation of arsenic in No. 1 is disliked, substitute the alterative ball 
at page 147, and follow it u}) with the bark as above (No. 2). 

The following ball is calculated to improve the coat, and will be found 
beneficial when the animal is recovering, if given in these proportions for ten 
days or a fortnight. 

Alterative Balls. 

Tartarizccl antimony, 3 ounces, 
Powdered ginger, 2 ounces, 
Opium, 5 drachms. 

Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the mass, to be divided into ten balls. 

WORMS. 

As remarked in a preceding page, 150, so many other disorders, external 
as well as internal, have been charged to the existence of worms in the intes- 
tinal canal by veterinary writers, that we find much difficulty in persuading 
ourselves that this is not the precise ailment which afflicts the animal when 
his coat becomes staring, and his skin sticks to his ribs. Most frequently, 
however, that ugly appearance which denotes hide-bound, and other similar 
symptoms that depend upon suspended perspiration, arise from, tubercular dis- 
eases of the mesenteric canal (see page 4G), and not within the gut or stomach ; 
for the excess or the suspension of pers[)irable matter must alike depend U[)on 
somewhat of a more general affi^ction than worms, that fosten on this or that 
part of the stomach or intestine (as we are told), and can only influence the 
part they immediately occupy. Unfortunately, we know of no specific cure 
for worms, the remedies that are usually prescribed being of a hot, burning, 
and destructive nature, that are as likely to injure the intestine as the worm; 
it becomes our primary duty, therefore, to a.scertain when the disorder be real- 
ly the worms, so as to prescribe the proper remedy when we have ascertained 
that the fact is so. It is very easy to say a horse " has the worms," and to 
give him worm medicine ; but much more difficult to ascertain the real fact, 
than to remove it when well authenticated. Our inquiries, then, shouid be 
directed towards this pouit as much as to any other unsettled question — the 
existence and quality of true glanders, for example ; and vet more tine 'earn 



352 CAUSES AND DISTINGUISHING SYMPTOMS. NATUUAL REMEDIES. 

ing has been bestowed upon the uncertain knowledge of botts and other 
Worms than has attracted the attention of our veterinary writers to any other 
portion of their hibours. 

Causes. — Indigestion and consequent stoppage of the ahment in the sto- 
mach and coecum ; which again may be occasioned by bad corn, musty hiay, 
or hay made from rank grasses, — if all hay whatever does not contain the 
means of generating insects, when used without suflicient water; also, when 
either substance be swallowed, as often happens, without being properly mas- 
ticated, through wearing away of the teeth (see page 17^^ the lampers, &c. 
Much pampering of the appetite, by dealers and others, to produce fine coals 
by means of stimulants, as eggs, wine, ale, bread, diapente, linseed, &c.; 
when the effects thereof are worn away, these leave the lacteals (see page 47), 
impaired or offended at being deprived of a short-lived energy. The articles 
just enumerated form indigestible crudities that become the appropriate ?iic/us 
or generating worms in the canal so deprived of its natural functions by arti- 
ficial means. Consult again what is said at the conclusion of the first book, 
at page 54, &c. Irreo-ular feeding also tends to the lodiiment of crudities in 
the coecum, or second stomach. 

Symptoms. — A staring coat, with emaciation and weakness, were formerly 
deemed sufficient indications of the existence of worms to warrant the doctor 
in pouring into the animal his monstrous mixtures; for a worm case was es- 
teemed by the professor like a little annuity, pro tern. Those sym|)toms, 
however, are at first rather the presage than the concomitants of worms; since 
they are also symptomatic of several other internal diseases, some of them pro- 
ducing worms in the sequel, whilst other some are found still more rajndly de- 
structive of life than worms are, and therefore demand more immediate con- 
sideration. Slitfht affection of the lunnr?, as well as of the liver, being of long 
continuance, occasion partial roughness of the hair, and slight hide-bound of 
the integuments nearest the seat of disorder, that spreads progressively all 
over. The cough which accompanies severe attacks of the worms differs from 
cold in the organs of respiration ; the first being more deep and cavernous, 
leaving a shake or vibrating heave of the flanks, whilst the former comes off 
v/ith a wheeze, as if not fetched from so deep a recess. 

As the disorder proceeds, and the worms may be supposed to extend theii 
ravages, the patient's appetite is subject to extreme variation ; he being some 
times ravenous after food, at others not caring to eat at all ; which shows thai 
the stomach is atiected, and is frequently succeeded by vertigo, or staggers. A 
horse with worms that give him uneasiness in the bowels will leave off eating 
sometimes for two or three minutes, when a cavernous rattle may be heard 
coming from his inside, and he resumes his feeding. If he endeavours to 
kick his belly, it has been construed by the worm advocates into the pain oc- 
casioned by worms gnawing his bowels ; but neither symptom is an invariable 
indication of worms, for he does the same when attacked by any other pain of 
the belly — whether colic, tight girth, injury of the sheath, &c. When the 
worms appear coming away spontaneously, with successive stools, no matter 
of which kind, it aflbrds proof that the animal has taken grass or hay that con- 
tains grasses of an anthelmintic property, and points out the propriety of con- 
tinuing him on the same food. 

A yellowish ordure a[)pearing about the fundament something like flour of 
sulphur, shows the death of a good number of small worms (ascarides) has 
been occasioned by some such natural means as the preceding. Some worms 
come away as soon as generated in the aliment, but if no other sign of their 
existence is manifest, the solitary fact should excite no uneasiness. When botts, 
having been detached by similar natural means, leave the stomach — where they 
do not always cause inconvenience, we find them adhering to the large intes- 



REGLMEN. MERCURY, PRECAUTIONS NECESSARY. 153 

tines and rectum, to which they adhere and cause the animal to rub his breech 
against the wall or upright of the stall. Should those symptoms continue, and 
the generating of worms remain unchecked, the horse falls into profuse sweats 
on the least exertion, and when these cease, he exhibits a weak and languish- 
ing condition, scarcely notices a brisk application of the whip, his skin adheres 
to his ribs and flanks — hide-bound has commenced. Cough more or less hec- 
tic according to his remaining strength, accompanies him to his end ; for, as 
to a cure being practicable when hide-bound arising from such a cause has 
fairly laid hold of him, 'tis clean out of the question. 

Regimen. — As the commencement of this disorder is mainly attributable 
to the coarseness of the animal's food and consequent incapacity of its guts to 
expel the hardened materials, so will an entire change in the mode of feeduig 
him do more towards effecting a cure than all the medicine we can prescribe, 
and all that the most liberal hand would bestow. I think it would be too much 
to expect that generous treatment alone should effect a cure of itself, but I 
certainly have known worms voided after a few days' casual good keep ; and 
in these cases I apprehend we may attribute the coming away to the change 
or alteration that was so elfected in the state of the patient's bowels. Hence the 
propriety of any change of his usual diet, as well as the advantages of alterative 
medicines. In the first place, try a run at grass, or give green food in-doors, 
or succulent and agreeable vegetables. If poor living has not been the origi- 
nal cause, some defect in conformation has; and the above change, with plen- 
ty of water-gruel, bran mashes, boiled potatoes, bruised corn, and the like, by 
'ubiicating the parts, may detach the worm, or at least assist the medicine, 
which ought to have the same tendency. 

Cure. — Since the worms are not always to be killed even by strong poisons, 
nor brought away by brisk {)urgatives, for a certainty, but are frequently dis- 
charged in a few days by an alterative regimen, reason dictates and nature 
t)eckons us to follow her course, in affording to the horse which can not be 
^pared from work, or a run at grass be obtained, to adopt the means nearest 
thereto that lie within our reach. Laxative alterative medicines then obtrude 
theuiselves upon our notice, and in all cases are found to do good, more or less 
as they may be addressed to the actual seat of the disorder : in pills, if the 
worms lie in the intestines ; in powders or liquid, if they occupy the stomach 
— in all forms alternately when we are uncertain. The various preparations 
of mercury and of antimony, with Barbadoes aloes, as being more drastic in 
operation; also common salt, box, sulphur, savin (a vegetable poison), and sal 
Indicus, offer a sufficient variety for the bases of as many varied prescriptions ; 
and variation here is most desirable, inasmuch as some kind of worms which 
resist the effects of one substance may be detached and hurried off by another. 

Water-gruel, as it relaxes the parts, and prepares them and the worm for 
receiving the antidote, should precede every other remedy, particularly the 
mercurials; a course of which should be followed by a purgative, but not 
be given together, as is commoidy practised. For ascarides, which usually 
infest the large guts, I have found great service in calomel to the amount of a 
drachm or more, given over night twice, followed by a purgative next morning 
after thi; second. 

No. 1. — Mercurial Bolus, 

Calomel, 1 1-2 drachms, 
Anise seeds, 5 drachms. 

Mix with treacle for two doses. 
15 



154 CALOMEL AND MERCURY, GOOD. 

No. 2. — Purgative Ball. 

Barbadoes aloes, 4 drachms, 
Gamboge, 1 1-2 drachms, 
Prepared kah, 2 draclims, 
Ginger, 1 drachm, 
Oil of amber, a tea-spoon, full, 

Syrup of buckthorn suflicient to form the ball for ona 
dose. 

Particular care should be taken of the horse, hut he should not take any 
gruel for the two days that the mercury is in him, as directed by White, but 
give him bruised corn or other dry food with little water, the calomel not hav- 
ing entered the system. Neither does he require any of the exercises usually 
forced upon pati(?nts " in pliysic." Let a week elapse ere the same bolus and 
purge are re})eated as before, when they seldom tail to bring away whatever 
worms he may have in him. Instead of the foregoing, some persist in the fol- 
lowing old method, by way of laxative mercurial, which, however, I must pre- 
mise, seems much too strong, notwithstanding the high character some be- 
stow on it. 

No. 3. — Laxative Alterative Balls. 

Gtuicksilver, 1 ounce, and 
Venice turpentine, 2 ounces. 

These being well rubbed together in a mortar, add 

Aloes in powder, 2 ounces, 
Ginger, 1 ounce. 

Mix with syrup of buckthorn, and form the compost into four balls, one to be 
given with intervals of five or six days. Water-gruel or a bran mash to pre- 
cede each ball, as before, and give the same when the physic may be working 
off. 

Some horses, however, can not bear the bolus No. 1, calomel having a ten- 
dency to gripe ; in that case the quantity should be divided into three balls 
and given on throe successive nights, followed by No. 2, on the fourth morn- 
ing. In like manner, if the horse be not a very strong one, the above quanti- 
ty of No. 3, may be divided into six or eight balls, and given at intervals of 
two days each until purging is produced. Indeed, neither of these medicines 
should be given, least of all continued, when the animal dungs loosely. From 
those precautions, it is manifest that my opinion, so often expressed regarding 
the misuse of strong medicines, remains unaltered ; and if I have been suc- 
cessful in impressing the reader with the same wholesome and humane truths, 
he will at once perceive the absolute necessity of attending to the symptoms, 
to assure himself that the patient really has the worms, and not some other 
affection of the liver, kidneys, ccecum, &c. as remarked by me at the head of 
this article. Mistakes in these res|)ects often prove fatal, or at least affect the 
animal's future health. 

11 worms do actually exist, they can not fail to come away with the forego- 
ing course of medicine ; and the patient, though a hltle weak at first, will come 
out of hand with a good appetite, brisk in his manner, and bright as a ruby. 
These considerations, however, should not infiuence us to neglect a trial of 
the milder medicines, before enumerated, as containing anthelmintic prope"- 
ties, less powerful indeed than the foregoing, but not therefore less likely o 



WORMS; VARIED REMEDIES. STAGGERS. 155 

prove serviceable in ordinary cases. Of these, the Indian salt (sal Tndicus) 
deserves the first consideration, th<iugh denounced as dittering very little from 
connnon salt, with a small portion of sulphur, both of which are known to 
he goodly anthelmintic. Be its virtues what it may, the following substitute 
will be found to contain all the properties of the genuine salt, and may bo 
employed when this can not be readily procured. 

Laxative Powder. — No. 1. 

Sublimated sulphur, 4 ounces, 
Emetic tartar, 4 drachms, 
Liver of sulphiir, 1 ounce, 
Bay Salt, 4 ounces. 

Mix for six doses, onv to be given daily in the corn, which should be previ- 
ously moistened with water-gruel. As soon as the bowels are tolerably open- 
ed, desist for a week at least, but should it fail to produce this effect, give the 
following 

Laxative Balls. 

Barbadoes aloes, 4 drachms, 

Gamboge, 1 drachm, 

Hard soaj), 3 drachms, 

Anise seeds powdered, 4 drachms. 

Oil of cloves, G drops. 

Mix with syrup of buckthorn enough to form the mass, and divide into two balls. 
Give them on two successive mornings, unless the fir3t prove effectuaL I 
have found these balls, without any other aid, produce worms, a few, by re- 
peating as often as five or six times. Another preparation of antimony may 
be substituted for the first mentioned powder, viz. 

Laxative Powder. — No. 2. 

Liver of antimony, 3 ounce^ 
Cream of tartar, 4 ounces. 

Mix for six doses, one to be given daily until the body is opened. But should 
not this happen, the laxative ball just advised should be given. 

Savin (the leaves pounded, and a spoonful given twice a day in the horse's 
oats for ten days, and then laxative balls above, bring away slimy matter with 
the dung, and worms ahve. 

Arsenic has been tried, to the amount often grains a day, for a week, but 
its powers are tonic only : it is a dangerous remedy in unskilful hands. All 
bitters are anthelmintic and tonic; thus wormwood, rue, and chamomile flow- 
ers, have been attributed the faculty of killing the worms, but the fact is not 
exactly so; those elfects are produced by bracing the stomach, and restoring 
its tone, and thus disposing the parts to throw. off the intruders. 

STAGGERS, APOPLEXY, MEGRIMS, VERTIGO, FITS. 

Staggers is the common or vulgar name given to all those disorders of the 
head, which consist in vertigo, or "swimming of the head." Drowsiness at- 
tending this symptom confers the distinction of sleepy staggers upon this kind 



156 FITS, MEGRIMS, NATURAL REMEDY. 

of attack, whilst mad stags^ers is that affection of the brain which causes the 
animal to kick, to tumble, and plunge about: both are occasioned by diseased 
stomach, brought on by inflammation of that organ, or simply by the retention 
of a great mass of indigestible food there and in the intestines : constipation 
attends every species of staggers, and in some cases the hardened dung may 
be felt or observed by applying the senses to the proper parts. The breath 
is offensive, the respiration impeded, and the pulse high and sharp in mad 
staggers, whilst in the sleepy it is slow, heavy, and full, without vibration [see 
page 63]. When these latter symptoms continue a long time, the blood de- 
termines towards the head, and the pulse increases, if the animal be one in 
good condition : and unless bleeding and purging be employed effectually, 
sooner or later ends in apoplexy, or one paroxysm only, which terminates fa- 
tally. High-bred cattle, staUions, and brood mares, which are pampered in 
their food with stimulants, frequently fall victims to this kind of attack, as do 
their progeny wh-ilst under training, sometimes. In some cases the animal 
makes one effort, in others it drops instantaneously; so the reader may per- 
ceive that he does not stagger at all : and I infer that a manifest difference 
exists between the two, although both arising from the same cause ; for, the 
one we may afford some assistance to, and usually succeed in performing a 
cure ; in case of a[)Of)lexy, the only symptom is remediless — death. To pre- 
scribe for such an event would be utterly useless. 

Under the head of "costiveness" I have already considered the origin of 
staggers, and prescribed the remedy at page 68 ; because that is the disease, 
whilst staggers, &c. are but the accompanying symptoms. 

The megrims is an occasional attack on the sensorium or brain, in which 
the animal drops down as if shot, lies motionless awhile, recovers slowly, and 
is next day fit to go and do the same thing again, if pushed in his work. 
This disorder originated in a foul stomach, in one case that came under my 
care, and was at first a fit of the sleepy kind, which afterwards degenerated 
into megrims; the morbid state of the head, I apprehend, continued in a tri- 
vial degree, which any great exertion brought into activity. Sometimes these 
megrims are preceded by a short warning, when the animal rears up before it 
falls, or rambles like a drunkard ; it then tumbles and plunges about with con- 
siderable danger to those who may collect around it. The muscles of the 
eye are usually affected, much in the way of horses in locked jaw, or the hu- 
man subject in a " falling fit ;" but all those symptoms disappear upon em- 
ploying the proper remedies, some of them so quickly and by such means as 
to appear the efifect of a simple mechanical operation. 

The cause of staggers, and the symptoms that distinguish the one kind 
from the others, being thus settled, without distracting the inquirer with need- 
less distinctions of agriculturists or the fanciful reveries of the doctors, let us 
proceed to the 

Remedies. — Farm horses that live much in the straw-yard, and work hard 
on bad hay, &c. will sometimes stand still at once, as if struck motionless in 
the midst of their work, which is a sure sign that some great leading function 
has been suspended for the moment by reason of the great exertion. The 
driver has nothing more to do in this case than let the tired creature rest for 
the space of a minute or two, and then proceed in his work a little more lei- 
surely. Prevention is better than cure. 

In all ordinary cases of staggers, simply opening the bowels will effect a 
cure nine times out often ; and when the animal shows symjjtoms of a disor- 
dered stomach, the coming disorder may be warded off" by a dose of pbysic. 
In violent attacks, let a clyster be first employed, of warm water, in which 
common salt has been dissolved, and the hardened dung brought away by 
manual assistance — as more fully detailed elsewhere — see the mode of «loing 



CASE OF LOCKED JAW. 157 

this efTectually, at page 69. I have known violent cases of staggers cease by 
this remedy alone, and the cure was completed with a purgative ball, as pre- 
scribed at page 63. 

The fits that constitute megrim, or the more genuine staggers, will require 
the lancet, and let the quantity of blood taken be commensurate with the 
violence of the animal, his hulk and fleshiness. From four to six quarts will 
thus reduce his powers, and lided by the back-raking and purgative just re- 
commended, a cure is soon clfected. 

LOCKED JAW 

Is rather the effect of other diseases, of the acute kind, than an original attack, 
and is symptomatic of approaching death." A prick in the foot and docking 
the tail, are fruitful causes of locked jaw. Hot weather is most conducive to 
this manner of dissolution, which is brought about by great excitation of the 
nerves, and accompanied by imperfect digestion. The remedy would of course 
be found in restoring the tone of the former, and opening the main outlet of 
nature. I have seen a case of locked jaw proceeding from inflammation of 
the intestines, of a very aggravated nature. 

Symptoms. — The case to which 1 allude was that of an old horse, from 
twelve to fourteen years of age, just oflffrom hard work, which seemed to have 
lived badly and suffered severely the ills of a protracted Ufe. Date, May 14, 
1820, when the weather was prematurely hot. As usual, it began by the ani- 
mal thrusting out its nose and eating, with some difficulty, which increased as 
the stiffness of the neck became worse. The ears stuck up, and the sufferer 
Could scarcely move a foot, and this with the greatest pain. Thus, every hour 
the malady is found to extend itself towards the more vital parts, until reach- 
ing the heart, life is then extinguished. The brain appears to be affected at 
the very earliest period of the attack, when the animal evinces unusual appre- 
hension, and will neigh and prick up its ears at the approach of any one, as 
the last effort of nature to obtain the notice of man. The pulse is then in- 
creased to about 70 ; but in the future stages of the disorder it falls again be- 
low 40, and lower still until its final extinction. 

In a few hours, the balls of the eyes of the animal just alludedto were turn- 
ed back, showing the nerve which retained the ball in position in a very dis- 
gusting manner; he appeared to suffer much pain, respiration had ceased, the 
abdomen was drawn together, and immediate dissolution was expected mo- 
mentarily. When the subject was opened, I was struck with the inflamed 
state of the mesentery, and all the lacteals assumed a bloody appearance. Pre- 
viously to this catastrophe, I hit the animal hard on the forehead with my fist, 
once : the blow shook his whole frame, which before was as stiff as if made 
of wood ; its eyes immediately returned full one-half way back again towards 
the proper situation, and 1 was not mistaken when I imagined that its jaws, 
■which had been knit together, seemed to relax somewhat, and the rigidity of 
the neck gave way. 

Remedies have been prescribed, and Mr. Wilkinson of New-castle reports 
several cases of successful practice upon young horses which had acquired 
locked jaw by being nicked, or docked, or pricked in shoeing. The chief ob- 
stacle to the administering of any medicine being the closeness of the teeth, 
which defies the introduction of a horn, it may not be amiss to observe, that 
profiting by the foregoing experiment, I have in several cases caused a little 
relaxation in this respect, by placing a piece of wood upon the forehead and 
striking a smart blow upon it with another piece or a small mallet. Some 
substance might then be placed between the teeth to prevent their return to 
the original closeness, whereby the remedies recommended by Mr. WilJiinsoa 
15* 



158 TREATMENT OF LOCKED JAW. 

may be employed with much prospect of success, for he only failed in fou'^ 
cases in which the jaws were immoveable by any means which he then knev- 
of; and as he has treated this particular subject more happily than any vete 
rinarian of our time, 1 think 1 can not do better than follow the example o. 
copying his account of a well-marked case successfully treated. 

When called in, he observes, " I found the s}'mptoms were a spasmodic af 
fection of the muscles of the jaws, head, neck, back, hinder extremities, and 
abdomen, which occasioned them to become rigidly contracted, and the abdo- 
men was much drawn in ; the pulse was about fifty, with some irregularity, 
the breathing a little quickened, the jaws were considerably shut, but not so 
close but medicine might be administered as a drench with a small horn : the 
appetite not diminished, but she could not masticate hay; the head somewhat 
raised, and on elevating it a little more, the haws covered great part of the 
ball of the eye, the nose was thrown out from the chest, the nostrils expanded, 
the ears erect or perched up, a great stiffness of the neck and back, the tail a 
little elevated, and, upon a little fatigue, a shaking of it, a straddling of the 
hinder extremities : the animal was very costive, and the urine was somewhat 
diminished. The mare had been ehoed about three weeks before, and the 
farrier had driven a nail into the sensible part of the foot while shoeing her. 
The lameness thus produced was soon removed ; and the disease came on 
after performing a journey; that is, about three weeks after the injury in the 
foot had been inflicted. Two quarts of blood were taken off; a purgative 
drench and an emollient clyster were given ; considerable friction was used 
over the muscles of the jaws, head, neck, and back, particularly where they 
were found most rigid; a stimulating liniment of turpentine, hartshorn, mus- 
tard and oil, was well rubbed over those parts, which were afterwards covered 
with sheep skins, as recently taken oif the sheep as they could be procured, 
which soon brought on sensible persjiiration. The diet was principal'ly thin 
bran-mashes and oatmeal-gruel, of which she frequently took a little. The 
next day, pulse the same, breathing a little quicker, jaws not more locked; a 
constant perspiration had been kept up by the sheep-skins ; the purgative 
drench not operating, another clyster was administered, which promoted its 
action; the liniment was repeated. Next day (the ninth), symptoms nearly 
the same, perspiration copious : the purging having subsided, the anti-spasmo- 
dic medicine, composed of opium, camphor, and asafcEtida, was given with a 
small horn morning and evening, and a similar mixture, with the addition of 
three pints of a decoction of rue, was administered as a clyster, morning and 
evening. The drench and clysters were repeated morning and evening till the 
14th day; and during this, the quantity of opium, viz. 1 drachm, was increased 
or diminished according to the violence of the spasms, which at times were 
very severe. It was always administered in such a manner as to have its effects 
constantly in the system, without producing much restlessness ; during this 
time, there was also a most copious perspiration going on under the sheep-skins. 
The bowels becoming costive again, another purgative drench and an emollient 
clyster were administered. On the 15th, the dr*ench not operating, a clyster 
was given which produced the desired effect. Pulse and breathing a little hur- 
ried and irregular, jaws not more locked, still perspires under the sheep-skins, 
appetite good ; but can not masticate hay. IGth, Pulse more regular, breathing 
more calm, perspires freely under the skins: the purging having subsided, the 
opium, &c. were administered as before, and continued until the 21st, when 
another purgative drench and emollient clyster were given. The jaws were 
now more open, and the mare could masticate hay ; the muscles of the head, 
neck, back, and hinder extremities became considerably relaxed, and on rais- 
ing the head, the haws did not cover much of the eye. On the 23d day, the 
purguig having subsided, the anti-spasmodic medicine was again employed 



HYDROPHOBIA- 159 

Until the 10th of April, when another purge was administered. On the 12lh, 
the purging subsided ; the anti-spasmodic medicine was again used a few days 
longer, when she was completely cured of the complaint. After this, tonics 
were given, which, with a nourishing diet and suitable exercise, soon restor- 
ed the tone of the muscles, and the animal became as useful as ever." 

Of the twenty-four cases described, nine came on after docking or cutting 
off the tail, from ten days to a month after the operation. In such cases, the 
tail was fomented with warm water, and the sore dressed with detersive oint- 
ment. It should be remarked, that in all the successful cases the jaws were 
not so completely closed but medicine could be given with a small horn, or in- 
troduced as a bolus by means of the cane. In some instances, there appears to 
have been considerable difficulty in giving medicine at first, but by persevering 
carefully, both medicine and food were introduced in sufficient quantity. With 
respect to cold application, Mr. Wilkinson says, he has only tried it once, when 
the whole of a mare's body affected with locked jaw, except the nostrils, was im- 
mersed in snow for some time, without producing any relaxation of the muscles: 
on the contrary, the symptoms afterwards gradually increased, and she died on 
the third day. In four cases that terminated fatally, the jaws were so completely 
closed, that neither food nor medicine could be given by the mouth. On ex- 
amining these horses after death, tliere was some degree of inflammation in the 
lungs, stomach, and bowels. It was generally found on opening the spinal 
canal, that the membrane covering the marrow exhibited a very inflamed ap- 
pearance, and the marrow itself was tinged of a still deeper colour, whilst the 
membranes of the brain exhibited some marks of inflammation. 

HYDROPHOBIA. 

No notice whatever would have been taken of this dreadful malady, but for 
jome additions to the stock of information already before the public as to the 
means of discriminating the true from the false rabies ; which I am enabled to 
furnish from authentic sources. A disease confessedly incurable requires no 
more to be said of it ; but this having been at one time or other, the case with 
several other subjects treated of in this volume, I must not, consistently with 
the duty I have imposed upon myself, pass it by in silence. Even the names 
of authors who have written on canine madness would be serviceable to such 
of my readers as may be desirous of extending farther their inquiries concern- 
ing this melancholy and appalling disease. Preceding authors have all confined 
their information to the dog itself, with mere casual notices of his attacks upon 
other animals, and on man. Their researches extended not to the horse, or 
but trivially so. But, inasmuch as the symptoms of madness discoverable in 
dogs so affected are good to be known to those who would keep their horses 
out of danger, I am thus further induced to bestow a page or two on the dis- 
tinguishing character of the true symptoms, and add a hint or two as to pre- 
vention, since cure is nearly hopeless at present. 

Causes. — The bite of a rabid animal, universally of the dog, and in every 
case that I hear of, on the lip. The bull-dog, the lurcher, the mongrel, the 
Danish dog, and the shepherd dog, are the kinds most disposed to run at 
horses, especially when so afiected (the first-mentioned, on other occasions, 
usually fighting at the throat), jumping repeatedly at the horse until they get 
hold, and the two first pertinaciously holding fast a long time, even until kill- 
ed off, as we hear and believe.* This will happen mostly with horses tight 

* On the morning of September 9, 1826, as Mr. Hawkerford, of Bilston, Staffordshire, waa 
cUiv-ng 'w'j adies from Willow-hall, a bull-dog, which was with its master in the road seiaoU 



160 DISTINGUISinNG SYMPTOMS. 

rcino(], or which we bear up in harness, whilst those having the head loose 
rear and paw off the offender, or being at large, evade or trample upon him; 
•but however slight the bite, the mischief is already committed, so that avoidance 
by flight is the only preventive of an irremediable evil, unless we are prepared 
to shoot the caitiff, or to run him through. We hear the free use of horseflesh 
for keeping dogs in England, charged as one main cause for engendering rabies, 
or at least quarrelsomeness; add to this, the denial of water to which some of 
them are subjected at a season when dilution is most required — " what time 
the dog-star reigns," and we think the suggestion is not very far removed from 
the fact. At least, we are informed that this appalling disorder is compara- 
tively small in other parts of the world, where horseflesh is less plentiful, or 
water, the antidote, is found in abundance, and Lisbon is adduced in proof, 
where dogs perform the office of scavengers, and further are supplied with 
water by individual housekeepers.* Our own towns, too, in which water is 
easily obtained, are much seldomer subject to epidemic visitations of rabies 
than others more arid, yet lying open to an access of carrion in abundance. 
Dogs invariably take water with much eagerness in every stage of the disorder, 
so far as I have seen, or heard of, orally; some printed accounts differ. Man 
dreads it; but when he can get it down, which has been done within a day or 
two of his dissolution, he finds the raging heat of his stomach alleviated by the 
effort. 

Si/mptoms of hydrophobia. In the dog, its approach may be known by a 
marked deviation from the general habits of his kind, amounting to dislike 
of former friends, a symptom which ought to be particularly regarded. They 
have been seen to eat their own excrement, and lap their own urine, besides 
other marks of depraved appetite; though at this early stage of the complaint 
they are less likely to attack a horse than to resent an affront, or be guilty of 
treachery towards friends. But as the disorder increases, he shows an inor- 
dinate desire to gnaw any substance whatever, and evinces augmented an- 
tipathy to cats. Even the dog called Danish, though mostly kept with, and 
very fond of horses, would, as soon as affected, be the most likely to snap at 
his old companions' noses. As the malady increases, his eyes become in- 
flamed, and are affected with a blearing from the lids. He howls horribly 
when the throat is inflamed at the larynx, or part where the voice (barking) 
proceeds from ; the sound of which whoever has once heard, he can never af- 
terwards forget or mistake, unless he himself be bit, or become deaf. The 
confirmed mad dog now usually sits upon his rump to howl his obstructed 
bark, through very pain from apparent intestinal inflammation. If suffered 
to range about as the last stages approach, he seems bewildered and devoid 
of sight, and should be either avoided or attacked with clubs and other wea- 
pons to extirpation ; feeble opposition is obviously dangerous. 

The symptoms of hydrophobia coming on upon the horse are direct and 
positive ; blood on the lip, and other marks of violence, convey the first intelli- 
gence that the mischief has been inflicted ; for neither horses, sheep, nor neat 
cattle incur rabies without inoculation. We are further told, by M. Huzart, 
that they do not possess the power of communicating the disease by bite to 
other animals, even though labouring under the highest degree of hydrophobia 
at the time; a fact I do not further vouch for, but which, when proven by 
well-marked cases, would go far towards inspiring confidence and certainty 
iln applying any of the alleged remedies. What man is bold enough to ad- 
minister a ball, for example, whose own life is at stake, ingloriously, by the 

Uic horse by the nose, and retained its hold, thoue:h the horse ran away, overlnrned the gig, and 
llirew the pcirty Into a hedge. Still tlie ferocious brute retained its hold, until its throat was cut 
en the spot. Vide Annals of Sporting, No. 58, page 238. 
* In " Annals of Sporting," No. 46, page 217, signed J. B. 



REGIMEN, AND TREATMENT. 161 

feat? Tncreaspil pulsation, inflamed throat, and evident thickening of (he 
membrane that Hues it; soon after, the stomach being also inflamed, rejects 
food, or the patient is at least indifferent to it, which may occur about the 
eighteenth day after the inoculation; four or five earlier if the animal be in 
good condition, so still sooner if high fed and full of blood. Shortly after, i. e. 
from five to eight days, the bitten parts enlarge, and difficulty of swallowing 
evidently proves that the disorder is making progress; the patient rubs the 
part against the manger, stall, or wall, increasing in vehemence from the 
twentieth or twenty-third day. He does not drink water freely, as usual, 
thougfi this is by no means a certain criterion, for his power of swallowing is 
already imperfect : he does not flinch from water when sprinkled over his face, 
but will even drink to the amount of a pailful, when occasionally he can find free 
passage for it, and the whim may be said to seize him. Some rabid horses 
will take to water, and one in a very high state of excitement was known to 
have run into a river. Suppression of urine next proves that the inflamma- 
tion ha's reached the region of the kidneys, which is effected by way of the 
stomach ; perspiration and excessive exacerbation ensue, with inflammation 
of the parts of generation, accompanied by contraction in the male — yet a geld- 
ing was found to have protruded its sheath, and staled with much pain to the 
amount of half a pint, about the twenty-fourth day. 

Weakness of the back and loins sometimes is observable at any period of 
the disease; some quadrupeds being thus attacked, and falling down mad 
without previous indication of rabies. 

The eyes glassy, fiery or red — loss of vision ; tongue sometimes shoved out, 
and then gnashing of the teeth. The raging symptoms increase from the 
twenty -second or twenty-fourth day to the twenty-eighth or thirtieth day after 
being bitten, when the animal will beat itself to death, unless the owner more 
humanely puts it out of pain with a musket ; for 'tis dangerous to approach 
within reach: the interposition of a strong gate across the stable, and the ap- 
plication of a strong rope well fastened, are good preventives of accident 
during tiiis final operation, or a cart that will bear some kicking might be 
employed. 

Regimen. — None will afford any permanent relief, though it has been usual 
to place before it water as a test of its madness — though now known to be a 
fallacious one in any state of the disorder with any animal whatever. All 
horses continue to feed up to a certain period — until the stomach is attacked — 
and some eat voraciously in the intervals of the fits, and drink too, but no good 
can be expected from either, unless made the vehicles for the introduction of 
some nostrum. If a cure be attempted, certainly nutritious food, easy of di- 
gestion, and cooling, must assist it. The stomach being very much inflamed 
in this disorder, points out the propriety of bran mashes, marshmallows, and 
of water gruel, given cold, which will afford the means of alleviating the an- 
guish of that organ, to the coats whereof the last food taken by the expiring 
patient has been found to adhere after death; that is to say, the fibrous coal 
of the stomach of the subject alluded to identified itself with the food so inti 
mately, that it stripped off. whilst the insensible coat still adhered. 

Remedy. — Every possible remedy, some of them of op{)Osite tendency, has 
been tried on the dog, and on man. Sea-bathing, the Ormskirk medicine, 
copious bleeding, excision of the part, the actual cautery, and cupping the 
parts, have been each employed — successfully, we are told ; but no reliance 
can be |)laced on either, since they oftener fail, though there is no reason why 
the horse should not undergo bleeding and cutting oflT the laceration as sooa 
after the accident as possible. When we consider that the part bitten is ever 
observed to enlarge previous to the horse showing other signs of confirmed 
hydrophobia, it seems dear that the cutting off the immediate cause of iiicipi 



102 NOSTRUMS RECOMMENCED; BATHING. 

ent rabies presses itself upon our notice as the most efficacious measure for 
warding oil' the disease. Six months is no unusual time for dogs to conceal 
rahid uifection, a quarrelsome disposition being for a long time toe only indi- 
cation perceptible; but the horse seldom goes beyond the twentieth day in de- 
veiojiing all the symptoms before enumerated ; which shows that the peculiar- 
ly ra[)id circulation of the blood, noticed elsewhere (page 59) as the harbinger 
of inflammatory complaints of every kind in the horse, naturally demands 
early and coi)ious bleeding as a good accessary remedy for this particular one. 
In this case alone we should not be solely guided as to the quantity of blood 
proper to be taken by the quickness of the pulse, or actual inflammatory indi- 
cation, but its fulness, and habit of the patient's body : empty his body sub- 
sequently, as directed in cases of fever, with a brisk purgative, as follows : 

Purgative Ball. 

Aloes, 7 drachms, 
Calomel, half a drachm, 
Hard Soaj), 3 drachms, 
Oil of caraways, 12 drops. 

Mix with mucilage sufficient for one dose. If the animal seem not otherwise 
to require purging physic, omit the calomel, and omit it also if the bleeding 
has been trivial on account of the previous low state of the animal's system. 

The application of the plant Scutelleria laterifolia, is lately reported from 
• North America to have succeeded in several cases; but the symptoms do not 
accompany the report made to us, and we rest in doubt as to its efficacy. 
However, let it be tried. So we say of "any mineral acid," which a certain 
medical gentleman recommends may be applied — a few drops on tow to the 
wound whilst fresh. This may be trietl in the form of oxygenated muriatic 
acid, which has the property of being destructively detersive; it decomposes 
the virus, and acts as a styptic. Salt water bathing has been employed upon 
a large scale, and has been loudly commended ; then, let common salt be also 
tried to the amount of two or three ounces a day mixed with the patient's corn. 
It is but fair to. add, that sea-bathing failed of effecting any good, when tried 
upon the canine under the best auspices. The king's stag-hounds, in 1823, 
being more than suspected of rabies, were taken to Brighton, and the ablution 
well performed under the directions of Mr. Sharpe, the huntsman, but to no 
good effect ; they were all destroyed. Dr. Fayerman, of Norwich, published 
a case in the spring of 1825, of the cure of hydroi)hobia in a inan of forty-two 
years, by giving him superacetate of lead (Goulard's extract) in doses of from 
fifty to ten dro{)s on lumps of sugar. He also bled the patient, wiio was at 
one time raging mad. Strong soap boilers' lye, or solution of potash, in either 
of its varieties, has been used frequently as efficaciously detersive of the virus 
left by the bite or bites inflicted by a rai)id enemy ; besides which, the seat of 
all the wounds may thus be discovered, as they usually lie concealed by the 
hair; and thus, if excision be deemed necessary, every injured j)art may be 
similarly treated : let the eyes be guarded against the lye, and the wounds 
should be quickly pressed and assiduously washed. An eschar forms and 
completes the cure. The once celebrated " Ormskirk Medicine " is unworthy 
of reliance. 

The subject of canine madness has been well handled by Mr. Oilman, in 
his *' Dissertation on the Bite of Rabid Animals," 8vo. Mr. Daniel, in his 
"Rural Sports," has made some good, sensible, practical observations on this 
subject. Mr. Thomas, in his " Shooter's Guide," is more pithy than commu- 
nicative ; be recommends immediate death being visited upon the victims of 



WRITERS ON HYDROPHOBIA- 163 

the disease ; a very elTeetual mode of preventing communication, truly, but he 
seems not aware that premature judgments would be very hkely to consign to 
deatli many good animals afflicted with other disorders than rabies. Subse- 
quently, Mr. Johnson, in his "Shooter's companion," has printed some in- 
teresting details of occurrences within his own proper sphere. Dr. John 
Pinckard's " Cases of persons who ha^'e fallen victims to the bite," are well 
marked. But the labours of none are so much in point, as regards the horse, 
as the researches of my friend, Mr. John Surr, Surgeon, communicated to 
me, subsequently to 1810 ; in which year he published the result of his dis- 
section of several horses which had died of hydrophobia, partly under his own 
Inspection.* The substance of all my friend's observations is embodied in the 
foregoing pages. A writer, who adopts the signature of H. C. in addressing 
the publisher of the Annals of Sporting, has communicated much practical 
information on the subject of canine madness, that is well worthy the perusal 
of all persons interested in this order of created beings. 

* Those papers appeared in the " Medical and Physical .Tournal," No. 131, and several suc- 
cessive numbers: M\ Surr being accompanied on one occasion by Dr. Adams and Mr Pent 

grew. 



1G4 



BOOK III. 

OF THE LEG AND FOOT OF THE HORSE ; Oil SHOEING-SMTH'S GUIDE. 



CHAPTER r. 

Structure and Physiology of the Foot ; Mode oj" studying' it advantageously. 

Cf.rtatn disorders of the foot owe their origin to bad structure of the limb, 
and the manner it is attached to the body, which influences the tread, or bear- 
ing, that tlie foot has upon a plane surfaced ground ; others arise from accident 
or hard work, and a good number from the errors shoeing-smiths fall into 
when they neglect to adapt their work to the circumstances peculiar to each 
kind <if horse. Furthermore, almost every individual horse has its peculiar 
tread, and the scientific workman should place himself in a situation to ascer- 
tain whether this he owing to such original defectiveness, or to the evil accu- 
mulations of age and hard usuage : he must not pretend to counteract, but to 
follow the first mentioned ; the second he may endeavour to correct, to amend, 
and {.Tevent its evil eflects. In order to effect these objects, he should study 
the form and structure of well-formed limbs, learn the uses of each bone, liga- 
ment, and tendon, and ascertain how it hajjpens that deviations from symmetry 
in the limb always affect the sole of the foot, sooner or later. 

But so much space has been already occupied in the anatomical description 
of the leg, that it might properly be considered a waste of time to enter into 
new details to the same purpose. The reader will therefore turn back to the 
early sections of the first book (page 5, &c.) and he will readily perceive in 
what manner an originally defective limb, or the ill-adaptation of the parts to 
each other, or its awkward attachment to the body, may become the harbinger 
of one or other of the many diseases of the foot, which v/e come shortly to take 
into consideration, lie will know, also, that besides this error of birth, as I 
call it, there are others of mismanagement : as, the employment of horses in 
work that is beyond their powers, or of that kind for which nature never de- 
signed them; either of which is as likely to bring on distortion of the foot, and 
its train of disorders, as any accident of birth to which I before alluded. Na- 
tural delects go much farther than shape or make, and the distinction between 
these and the inflicteil, or acquired, may be aptly illustrated by the fact, that 
white-legged horses, whatever be their shape, are more disposed to contract 
"grease" than those of any other colour. This is therefore a natural predis- 
position to that disease; whilst the animal which is suffered to contract the 
"grease" entirely through mismanagement suffers an infliction as much as 
another, which, being put upon hard services, throws out splents, spavin, curb, 
&c. in consequence. 

Furthermore, the shoeing-smith who should inform himself of the primary 
causes of badly formed feet would carry on his business with the greatest 
emolument to himself, and with the most satisfaction to his employers; for he 
would adapt his shoes to the natural defects, whilst the acquired ones he would 
amend by degrees until he could control the horses' heels to a healthy shape, 



mS-SIIATEN FEET, HOW ACQUIRED. 165 

*nd thus promote the regeneration of healthy horn. He should also accuEtom 
himself to reHect on the various breeds of horses that are brought under his 
care, their limbs and hoofs, produced in certain situations, climates, or coun- 
tries, as we hear them denoniinated, eai^h of which requires some peculiar 
contrivance or adaptation. Thus, horses bred in swampy situations have long 
flabby limbs and large Hat hoofs, to say nothing more of their long washy car- 
cases, that [tredispose them to contract certain ills which come shortly to be 
enumerattxl. Ail those "countries" where ague prevails among mankind are 
unfit for breeding good horses, as is proved by the thick spongy heel and soft 
foot. It was to this peculiar climate I objected some years ago, when 1 first 
printed the advice given at page 18, which has since been corroborated by the 
opinion of M. Dupuy, as quoted before at page 130. Brittle hoof is produced 
by a hot, sandy breeding country, as nmch as by the heat and dryness of the 
animal's constitution. But, to whichever extreme the individual belongs that 
may come under consideration, mis-shapen hoof is visible from the earliest 
years. This increases as the animal is worked, and disease of one descrip- 
tion or another follows, which requires the care of the shoeing-smith to modi- 
fy, or of the doctor to cure. Thus the combination of ferrier (or iron-work 
er) and veterinary surgeon in the same person is not so very incongruous as 
at first sight may be imagined. 



In the anatomical treatise that occupies the first chapter in this volume, the 
reader will observe (at page 11) how strenuously I insisted on the proper shape 
or elevation of the hoof; and he will not overlook the great service our shoeing- 
smith, or ferrier proper, may derive from duly considering this shape and ex- 
ternal form, and of adapting his shoe to each deviation from the true form, as 
1 shall show presently in detail. For that attendant upon and assistant to 
nature, who is neglectful of her deviations, or ignorant of the causes which 
produce them, is ill calculated for his office, whether that be ferrier or doctor; 
in fact, he is ever the most prizable workman of either class who is best ac- 
quainted with those deviations^ accidents, or errors that, for the most part, are 
inflicted we know not how. The boot and shoe maker, for example, who can 
best suit the bumble-footed man, is a more ingenious mechanic than he who 
is wholly employed in making his cordovans for perfect-footed persons only. 
But then, the "shoe maker" of either genus should not be ignorant of well- 
turned feet, and the symmetry of the horse's foot should form an especial part 
i)i the education of an intelligent shoeing smith ; else, how is he to work for 
the preservation of the proper shape, of its restoration when time or circum- 
stances may have eflljcted those alterations we deplore, and strive to amend if 
we can not fully restore? 

Let him examine nature itself in its fastnesses; let him investigate the 
minute parts that constitute the whole foot, to which his operations are calcu- 
lated to afford support, or to effect alterations in its form. To aid him in his 
inquiries, 1 have annexed hereto the section of a foot of nearly perfect shape, 
pre[iared by myself, anil ;)ul)lished some time before these sheets, in order to 
meet and correct the blunders intelligent shocing-smiths jvere every day led 
into by relying upon the misrepresentation of the subject contained in certain 
publications of the present day. 1 lamented this the more, because it is im- 
j)ossible to withhold approbation from the leading parts o( the work in which 
the ill-conceived picture appeared, and therefore it is very hkely to have diffu- 
sed error more extensively than a less popular author could possibly inflict. 
As an antidote to all mistakes on this interesting topic, I would recommend 
every one who has occasion to meddle with horses' feet, as owner, groom, or 
IG 



166 



INTERNAL STRUOTUllE OF TIIE HOOF. 



shoeing-smith, to obtain a fresh hoof of a horse which has died in comparative 
health, and having softened it in warm water, proceed to make a section thero- 
otj in the same manner as I have here done. 

Fig. 1. Section of the Foot. 




This portrait of a section of the healthy hoof was taken from a freshly 
severed foot of a five year old horse, recently killed in full health. This latter 
remark veterinary readers will know how to appreciate, when comparing this 
with their own preparations, which may have been derived (as generally ha[> 
pens) from the anatomy of diseased subjects, after the "blood" which should 
have supplied fresh secretory matter has been long turned aside, or converted 
to increase deformity. 

To the general observer, the foot of a horse inclosed in its hoof would, in- 
deed, seem like a corpse shut up in its cofRn : and there is, certainly, no mode 
of arriving at a knowledge how these act upon, and witb, each other, than by 
dissecting the hoof By this means the whole arcana of its construction are 
laid open, but in no manner so intelligibly as by the section straight up and 
down from the toe up to the coronet, and throughout between the clefts of tho 
fro^ and heel. This being done, the vessels which supply the juices for reno- 
vating the wear and tear of the whole exterior are plainly bared to the view : 
the ligaments, bones, and tendons, show their means and manner of action ; 
and, above all, the back sinew laid flat behind the smaller pastern-bone, and 
quite so at passing underneath the navicula, and at its insertion in the bottom 
of the coffin-bone. On entering the hoof it acquires the term tendo palmaris 
among the learned, but this course only serves to puzzle the general reader. 

At (a) on the coffin-bone, the general porosity thereof is much greater than 
at any other part, being the avenue or receptacle for the blood which is diffiased 
throughout it, except on the surface, or border, at (bbb). The shape of this 
bone at the toe (/) is worthy of note, as being that which is best calculated to 
give firmness of tread, fitting with the greatest nicety to the shape of the hoof; 
oi rather, perhaps, we should say, that the shape of the hoof of a healthy ani- 
mal should ever partake of that which we have before us, and is evidently in- 
structive to the shoeing-smith in his final raspings, to keep clear at the toe. 
Deviations from this rule, bring the coffin-bone nearer the surfice of the hoof, 
as is shown in fig. 3, plate 3, where the coffin-bone (c) and the wall of the 
hoof (^) are in contact ; and even this representation, the picture of the Col- 
lege, shows tnat the toe of the bone is much sharper than the horn, which they 
rasp away so much at (/), that the new shod animals go a little groggy (or a 
short time. 



MODE OF SEVERING A FOOt. 167 

Between the hoof and the coffin-bone interpose an aggregation of secretory 
vessels, forming a juicy elastic substance, that prevents concussion, as would 
necessarily happen at every step but for this providence of nature. 1 have 
marked it (cc); but this substance, in like manner, pervades the concurrence 
of all other bones of the foot, only differing much in quality, and in structure 
a little : between the shuttle and coffin-bones it is more vascular, and the blood 
is still decidedly arterial. Underneath the coffin-bone at (d), it becomes more 
elastic, thicker, and striated, resembling pale India rubber, which quahties in- 
crease towards the heel at (e). These latter rest upon the frog (ff\ which is 
horny, or perforable with a point-knife, so far as (g), where it joins the toe 
of the hoof, more abruptly as the horse is most worked, or otherwise. 

The navicula (/?.,) or shuttle-bone, as it has been called, moves in the midst 
of much elastic substance, resting upon and pressing the back sinew flat upon 
the'strongest part of that substance, above the centre of the frog. This little 
bone, it will be seen, is well adapted, by its shape, to traverse the lower sur- 
face of the small pastern (i,) and the lateral edge of the coffin-bone (a,) when- 
ever the back sinew (Ar,) is drawn up to lift the foot, as it does from off the 
ground, always returning into its place as the foot comes down. At {I) is the 
toe, (m) is the heel of the foot, and at (n) is the near side cleft of the insensi- 
ble frog. At (o) is the coronet, or coronary ring, as at (p,) the lowest end 
of the large pastern bone. 

At (a) when the bone is recently cut through, no difference of structure is 
perceivable, though u\)on stricter examination, it will be found at the central 
part more porous, than that which is adjacent to the other bones; the hard- 
ness increases towards the whole surface (bbb), where the cutting presents a 
perfect enamel. But the contents of the receptacle at (o), I have proved by 
experiment to be unequivocally the same glutinous substance (in a state of 
preparation) as the hoof itself. This process of nature is well explained by 
the old aphorism that, "arteries entering bone engender bone, those of mus- 
cle create muscle," and so on ; and the blood deposited in the coffin-bone, and 
being dispersed over the internal part of the foot, partakes of all the qualities 
of bone, membrane, muscle, and skin — the whole combined becomes horn. 

If my advice be worth any thing — if my earnest exhortations to investigate 
the subject effect their object, every man who reads these pages, whatever may 
be his station in or about the stable or the smithy, will not fail to make a sec- 
tion, or cut down the middle of a hoof at the earliest opportunity. To effect 
this purpose, the now industrious operator needs little more preparation than 
to furnish himself with a cordwainer's knife, and a butcher's saw with fine 
teeth : if he can add to these the use of a carpenter's vice, in which t(t fix his 
subject, he will much accelerate his labour. Having secured the foot upside 
downwards, he will cut down between the cleft at the heel until he comes to 
the bone at (b), and the wall, or horny part of the hoof (at ^g-), where the la- 
bour of sawing is to begin. The shuttle bone (/») he will feel and hear rattle 
forward and backward at every stroke — the horn yields easily. As he pro- 
reeds, he will find his trouble lessened and his views of the matter in hand 
much enlargec. by driving into the chasm his exertions have made, some two 
or three wedges of wood, whereby he will ascertain that the stiffest part of the 
horn iselastic, even though he should not have adopted the precaution of soak- 
ing his preparation, as recommended. He will thus be convinced, that the 
a[)plication of Bracy Clark's jointed shoe is not without its uses. But if our 
inquirer ha? soaked his horn as directed, he will find that the warm water 
renders it more elastic, and he will conclude that the practice of permitting 
their horses to stand in the kennels during the issue of hot water from brew 
eries, die-houses, rectifiers' premises, &c., must soften the hoofs, and indispose 
thexn for immediate concussion over the rough stones of our paved streets. 



163 HORN, HOW COMPOUNDED: CONCUSSIONS. 

He will also thus fliscern why I advise, in certain cases, the enveloping the 
whole foot whenever the application of a poultice becomes necessary to any 
part of it. 

On completing the section, he will discover two branches of arteries which 
descend into the foot at the coronet near the quarters and supplied the coifin- 
bone (a), that occupies the cavity of the horny hoof, with fine blood for its re- 
production. In other words, the formation of new horn is derived from the 
blood, which is sent hither in good quantity, and pervades the internal part of 
the coffin hone in particular. In this bone the operator will perceive a cavity, 
or rather three hollows communicating with each other, in which the horny 
matter is generated. Or, probal)ly, this is the reservoir for such particles of 
blood as are suited to the formation of hoof, as it may be required and called 
for by the process of nature, and the demands of wear and tear, of rasping and 
drawing inordinately, all which must subtract from its quantity, and leave the 
bone comparatively hollow, and less fit for resisting the hard concussions to 
which it is liable at every step. This fact may be ascertained by keeping a 
bisected foot for a few months, when the moisture having left it in great mea- 
sure, in the cavity of the coffin-bone will be found a yellowish glutinous sub- 
stance precisely of the same nature and colour as that which fills the space 
between the hoof and coffin-bone at cc, in the section at page 16G: without 
odour and nearly tasteless, its uses are evidently the sup[)ly of new hoof. 

Seeing this curious construction of the foot, we are compelled to allow that 
numerous accidents may also occur to prevent the supply of blood to the parts, 
to say nothing of its unfitness at times to carry on its proper purposes. The 
two vessels before noticed that bring this supply of new blood descend into the 
foot behind the small pastern bone, and pass with the back sinew {k) under- 
neath the shuttle bone (h), as may be noticed in the section, at page 1G6. 
Here it enters the coffin-bone at the sole, by an indentation of the bone de 
signed for the |)rotection of the vessels passing in and out. From the recep- 
tacle in the coffin-bone, after concoction, the blood issues forth — part of it to 
lubricate and nourish the shuttle-bone and its adjacent ligaments, the remain- 
der to effi^'ct similar purposes elsewhere, but the greater part is destined to 
supply the horny material of the hoof. 

Those "concussions" at every step, before spoken of, as affecting the action 
of the shuttle-bone upon the posterior point of the coffin-bone, occasion trivial 
injury at every step in quick motion ; more harm arises as the animal is much 
pushed in his work ; then heat and fever of the foot supervene, contractions 
follow, with a train of evils that have acquired difllerent names, thirty in num- 
ber, but which 1 have reduced by three-fourths, with a view to simplifying 
the subject : most of these differ only in situation. Very hard concussions, 
or a single injury of sufficient magnitude, produce lameness at once, which 
most unaccountably received the name of "strain of the coffin-joint," and un- 
der which general misconception I shall shortly give it a moment's considera- 
tion. 



The student who would push his inquiries farther will next turn his attcH' 
tion to the muscles, ligaments, and tendons, that guide the foot ; that lift it 
up, and suffer it again to meet the ground ; that may perform these offices 
firm and effectively, or being relaxed, diseased, or ill-formed, they and their 
functions agree not with the well-being of the foot. Probably he will find it 
convenient to lay open this part of the arcana of progression by the horse's 
leg (the lower part of it) previous to severing the foot itself, seeing thai the 
subject will then be quite fresh, and that one part may intelligibly illustrate 




tJO 





16* 



FOOT AND LEG DESCRIBED. 169 

the other. This is more particularly the case with the flexor tendon, or hack 
sinew; which lie will ascertain is of great length, descending all the way from 
the huck, or back of the knee, behind both jtastern bones, under the shuttle- 
bone, and is fastened to the bottom of the coffin-bone. 

With the f()lk)wing "description" before him, he will study the figures 2 
and 3 of j)Iate 3; and after removing the remainder of the integuments, and 
cleansing the bones, he will then perceive the articulation of these, the man- 
ner of their working in and U})on each other; and as he proceeds to repeat 
the investigation, he will note the difference that exists in the shape of a leg 
taken from a thorough-bred horse and that of a cart-horse; the one small and 
tlat-sided, or sharp before, as best calculated for speed, the other round and 
heavy, as being made for heavy draught, and to support a large, muscular, 
and bony frame. In giving this advice, I presume he has already examined 
the superior part of the limb, though the lower bones and their covering come 
more nnmediately under notice in this place. 

Description of Plates 2 and 3, of Anatomy of the Horse's Foot. 

These figures were not designed or corrected by me, with one exception; 
viz. fig. 2, of plate 3; they are, however, very fair representations of the sub- 
jects studied, and depicted by members of the College. 1 have here a small 
objection to make to their mode of enlarging the coffin-bone, which they in- 
varial)ly draw much too big in proportion; why, 1 never could learn. In fig. 
4 of plate 2, for example, where the whole of the integuments are supposed 
to be removed, the coliin-bone projects inordinately beyond the small pastern, 
which is not the case at all when viewed in front, or at the back. In other 
respects these figures speak intelligibly without further explanation. 

Plate 2, fig. 1. Front view of a colt's foot, hoof, skin removed, and (a) the 
sesamoid bone, (6) the large pastern, (c) the coifin-bone, {d) the toe. 

Fig. 2. Back view of the same — a a the back sinew, or flexor tendon, as it 
appears above its ligamentary sheath and below it, descending flat into the 
foot underneath the coffin-bone at (c); d the coffin-bone, having the sensible 
sole still adhering to it, cc, the lateral cartilage; h is the sheath in which the 
back sinew is enclosed, and moves at every step, but part of the sheath has 
been removed in order to show the course of the sinew. 

Fig 3. The whole of the ligaments is here laid open by the removal of the 
flexor tendon, whereby is seen (at a) the smooth surface of the sesamoid bones 
over whii'h the tendon is ordained to pass; at 6&, part of the sheath is turned 
back, at c is the hollow {)art of the sheath; at dd the ligament that connects 
the small pastern to the bone above is shown, with its insertion below at e, 
whereby the large pastern is kept in position ; ff the lateral cartilages ; g the 
bottom of the colfin-bone, h the toe. 

Fig. 4 is a front view of the same, but with all the integuments removed; 
aa the sesamoids ; b the large pastern ; c the small pastern ; d the cofl5n-bone, 
but represented rather wider than ordinary. 

Plate 3, fig. 1, back view of the bones, in which a the shuttle-bone, is seen 
that works loosely behind the conjunction of the small pastern, c, and coffin- 
bone, d ; but the small pastern (c) has been lifted or strained upwards inordi- 
i.alely, as the lower part of it lies concealed, as far as the mark (c) in the 
healthy sulvject, behind the shuttle-bone. The shuttle bone may be seen at its 
middle or thickest i)art, in the "section of a healthy foot," at page 16G; and 
by turning the cut sideways, the perspective will be found sacrificed to no 
useful purj)ose. 

Fig. 2. View of the foot, with the hoof only removed, showing the front of 
ihe coffin-bone at &, and the coronary ring just above it at c, in which the sub 



170 AFFECTIONS OF THE LEG AND FOOT. 

stance is treasured up that constantly supplies the material for new horn tc. Int 
foot lu'low. At aa the sesamoid bones, freshly severed at the fetlock joint. 

Fig. 3. A section of a foot, agreeing essentially with my subject, at pago 
166, but evidently drawn from a diseased foot, the elastic process marked cciii 
that picture being wanting in this, and the shuttle-bone, d, having lost itg 
finiction ; neither do we perceive the descent of the back sinew {k in the pre- 
ceding) to its insertion at the coffin-bone. At a is the lower end of the large 
pastern, b is the small })astern, c the coffin, d the shuttle-bone, e the cleft of the 
frog, g the wall or hoof, h the situation of the .sinew, i the sensible sole. 

Fig. 4. Transverse section of the foot, from the coronet a to the point Oi 
the fro<T h, having the wall te on each side, and showing the divided edge of the 
sensible scjie d. 



CHAPTER II. 

Disorders of the Foot and Leg. 

Tntrodvdory Observation. — Ai.L those derangements of the limbs which 
we come next to consider, 1 shall divide, for the reader's more ready compre- 
hension, into — 1st, those of the leg, and 2d, diseases of the foot : for it does 
nt)t always happen that afieclions of the leg alone can be properly denominated 
diseases, whilst those of the foot are invariably so. 1 before observed, that 
both, or either, may be occasioned by accident, derived from ancestry, or be 
the fault of misconstruction and consequent misapplication of the individual's 
powers. They may be also considered as, 1st, those of the bones, 2d, of the 
ligaments, tendons, and muscles. But 1 shall not so subdivide the heads of 
my treatises on the several diseases, since each will appear under the respec- 
tive heads of information, besides which (as will be seen further down), when- 
ever the bones suffer derangement, original or accjuired, the integuments fol- 
low the same evil course. Enough, however, has been said on these points in 
the thst chapter of this volume. 

Rest is the primal remedy for all acquired disorders of the limhs, whether 
those of hard work or of accident ; but employing the animal whilst yet too 
young, is an universal error, which is but seldom remedied by allowing it rest 
when lamenessonce lays hold of him, much less is it capableof being cured. The 
im[)olicy of this practice, the fruitful source of so many evils, is demonstrable 
Dv the custom of the Arabs, who never mount a lame horse, even in the desert, 
nor propagate from horse or mare which is permanently marked with the ef- 
fects of overwork. One remote consequence whereof is, that the foal is not 
entailed with a predisposition to contract readily such disorders as I come 
shortly to treat of; whence the su})eriority of the Arab breed in this respect. 
At least, the tact is to be de[)lored, that most of our stallions of the wagon- 
horse breed are worked at plough and in the team at two and three years 
old, too much for their tender years, and [)ermitted to cover mares at this very 
early age ; the result of this lamentable cupidity of ownership is, that their get 
are impregnated with one or other of the maladies that I come shortly to enu- 
merate, ere they reach maturity ; but the causes and symptoms whereof I 
have shown are so similar, or proceed so naturally out of each other, that they 
dillV-r but in name for situation, in treatment nothing. Higher bred cattle 
are subjected to the same disadvantages in most breeding studs, in which the 
V)reeders prefer to derive their st(jck from parents which may have beon 
successful at winning three year old stakes, or probably strained every mus 
cle, bone, and tendon whilst yet yearlings. We owe to the late Sir T C 



LAMENESS, TEST FOR ASCERTAINING. QUITTOR. 171 

Bunbury, of Bildeston, the introduction of this practice on a large scale^ which 
is so evidently harmful to the rising generation — of horses. 



Lameness is universally the symptom that denotes disordered Urnb; it ia 
the only one perceptible for some time, until its continuance throws out some 
a|)pearance on the surface ; and that inquirer who can ascertain its true seai 
IS most Hkely to find the cause, and to elTect a cure. For instance, lameness 
occasioned by disordered bone, as in ring-bone and bone-spavin, is almost uni- 
versally ascribed by the stable-men and humble practitioners to strain in the 
stifle, fn the shoulder, or the whirlbone; whereby so much valuable thne is 
lost in ap])lyiiig the jjroposed remedies at the wrong place, that those two dis- 
orders in particular make head almost irremediably before the true seat of ail- 
ment is ascertained. The same species of blunder is propagated when a dis- 
ease happens to the foot, and the precise cause thereof, even when well known 
to those employed about the stable, is kept a secret from the owner and the 
doctor. " Let them lind it out" is sometimes heard niuttered in the distance ; 
and in order to comjily with the unfeeling permission, we pass the hand down 
the whole leg and foot from the top to the sole, compare the size of the lame 
limb with the corresponding sound one, and move the animal about. For 
without this examination it would be next to impossible to ascertain the pre- 
sise seat of the disorder, and quite so to apply even the right remedy at the 
proper place. As an illustration of this position by its reverse, I may adduce 
the coming on of bone-spavin as that kind of attack which we can ascertain 
with the greatest precision of all those which lie concealed from our view and 
touch. It happens, too, that this is one of the few disorders of the leg that 
admits of cure by early api)Iications, as it is also that which, being neglected, 
.enders the aninial wholly useless. When a horse becomes lame of a hind 
leg occasionally, and that after rest only, the complaint going ofl'on taking a 
short exercise, we may be quite sure he labours under incipient bone-spavin, 
provided no other distinct cause can be adduced for his lameness; but should 
the lameness increase with exercise, then it does not depend upon bone-spavin, 
but some other malady. Further consideration of the causes, symptoms, and 
cure of this disorder will be found a few pages lower down. 



*+* When lameness occurs to his horse unaccountably, and the inquiring 
reader turns to these pages for information, he had better run over once more 
the whole of the next six or seven heads of information ; their great similarity 
in many respects dictates the propriety of this additional trouble, as most of 
the series will be found referrible to the same causes, and require much the 
same treatment, though dilferenlly situated. • 

Throughout the whole of this chapter, the reader will find great help to un- 
derstanding the details, oy carefully consulting the delineations of the leg 
and foot on plates 2 i;nd 3, and the cut at page 166, with the description of 
each. References are not always made in words at length, it being presum- 
ed that he is already acquainted with the preceding pages, to which he is now 
referred. 

ClUITTOR. 

Under the class of fistulous affections, I spoke of this disease at page 1^ 
To what it; there said 1 may here add^ that as quitter is caused by sarui-cnck. 



172 MILD TREATMENT PREFERABLE. RINGBONR 

by a treaJ, or the prick of a nail, so will its situation be determined by the 
precise cause, on the inside of the coronet, or the outside, near the heel, or 
otherwise, as the cause may have been inflicted; and also, that the cure being 
effected by harsh means, or burning remedies, these leave the foot disposed to 
contract other disorders at this region, as ringbone, &c. Hence it follows, that 
the more moderate the means employed to get rid of this disorder, the less 
probability is there of the patient's contracting some other. Therefore it is 
advisable to try the milder remedies first, unless the quittor is of long stand- 
ing and of very bad sort. The extent of each sinus, and the course it pur- 
sues, is denoted by the colour of the soft parts of the foot, being black or livid, 
or else scarcely tinged, according to its virulence. In order to pursue this 
examination more accurately, it will be necessary to stop the circulation of 
the blood above, by tying a ligature tight round the fetlock joint, whereby the 
skin of the healthy parts below will appear white, and thus more distinctly ex- 
pose the nature of the sinuses. The pledgets that are to be introduced for 
the destruction of the pipes may thus be selected of a larger or smaller size, 
as the calibre of the sinus is greater or less ; as also may the quality of the 
caustic application be made stronger or weaker, as the virulence may require. 
Some hastily use the knife, and lay open the pipes freely along their whole 
course; and if it approach near the bottom of the foot, the coffin-bone is usu- 
ally affected with rottenness (caries). This they hesitate not to scrape offj 
though, if the patient be of strong and vigorous constitution, exfoliation will 
take place without extending the operation so far. Indeed, it seldom hap- 
pens that more is required than to give the disorder free vent at the coronet, 
whereby the necessity of operating underneath is superseded ; for it will be 
Been that the ascent of the hoof-making particles from the sole will bring away 
to the orifice of the ulcer any offensive matters from below ; and this process 
of nature effects the cure. Whenever a sinus leads towards the back 
tendon, or the joint, much care should be taken not to injure either with knife 
or caustic, for a bad-looking seam is then left behind, with lameness that ter- 
minates in anchylosis, or stiffening of the tendon, or growing together of the 
small pastern and the coffin joint (a) and the shuttle-bone (A), in the cut at 
page 166. 

RINGBONE. 

Causes. — At times a badly cured quittor, at others ill-shapen foot; which 
occasions that concussion of the hoof and small pastern bone at their conjunc- 
tion, which causes the latter to swell at the coronet. Cart and wagon horses 
with short upright hoofs, that do not sufficiently secure the articulation of the 
coffin and pastern bones against injury, are most liable to this disease. 

Symptoms. — Lameness is sometimes the first intimation we have of the ex- 
istence of ringbone, which is at first neglected, and only ascertained by pass- 
ing the hand down over the part. As usual with most diseases of the foot, 
the attendant commonly ascribes the lameness to a strain higher up — of the 
shoulder generally, as ringbones afflict the fore foot oftener than the hinder 
one. It consists in the ossification of the cartilage in front of the foot, which 
extends in time to the lateral parts also. 

Remedies. — These may be applied to relieve, but no cure is to be found for 
ringbone. As high-heel usually accompanies the short upright hoof, the con- 
cussions of tne foot may be lessened by lowering the heels. Apply blistering 
ointment to the scat of the disease, and firing may also be employed with ad- 
•jantage. 



WINDGALLS— TIIOROUGIiriN— SPA\1N, ITS VARIETIES. 173 

WINDGALLS. 

These appear a little above the fetlock, on each side of the back sinews, and 
consist of small puffy swellings, that occasion no immediate inconvenience;, 
but prove that the animal has been strained in his work, unless it has been 
occasioned by his having been put to it too early in life. They might be oc- 
casioned by the sinus of a tumour, pointing towards the pastern joint, having 
been cured too harshly, whereby the joint oil issues forth upon their being 
|.ricked. 

Blistering, and a run in the straw-yard, are the only remedies, though expe- 
riments are often tried (when it is found necessary to sell the animal) with 
preparations of muriatic acid, and muriate of ammonia diluted in water. Sa- 
turate a roller bandage herewith frequently, and partial absorption takes place. 

THOROUGHPIN 

Ts of the same nature as the foregoing, arises from the same cause, and is 
equally devoid of immediate consequence to the animal's going. It consists 
of a soft flexible swelling on the inside of the hock joint, as well as the out- 
side, immediately opposite each other ; whence it obtains the name of thorough- 
pin, being supposed to go through the joint. When one of those tumours is 
pressed it yields, and the fluid it contains is thereby forced into that on the 
other side; when the pressure is removed it immediately returns to the same 
state as before. 

This disorder has no other eflfect upon the animal's going, or value, than its 
appearance amounts to, as it conveys the information of its having bern work- 
ed too hard, and too early in life, as do all these minor evils we are now con- 
sidering. How this is effected, 1 have shown in the 15th and 16th sections 
of the first book, at pages 18 — 20. Like unto the other disorders of this "lass, 
blisters and rest are the only remedies: apply the blistering liniment composed 
of cantharides and spirits of wine. 

SPAVIN. 

Bog spavin is the more common, blood spavin but rare. Both varieties, as 
Well as bone spavin, owe their origin to hard work in early life, in the same 
manner as just adckiced in cases of windgall, and thoroughpin. Bog spavin 
.s caused by the joint oil of the hough iss'.iing into the membrane that sur- 
rounds it, and stagnating under the vein causes this to swell. The old reme- 
dy of taking u\) the vein by ligature should be abandoned as a long and tedi- 
ous mode of cure: the circulation has then to force a new channel, in doing 
which irritation of the parts adjacent is the means of cure, by promoting ab- 
sor|)tion; whereas the same effect might be produced by bhstering, as in the 
two correspondent disorders just named above. 

BONE SPAVIN. 

This disorder consists in a bony enlargement at the upper end of the shank" 
bone, inside of the hock-joint, or a little below it. It belongs to the hind leg 
only ; and if not undertaken in time becomes incurable. 

At the seat of this disorder the leg is composed of three bones, which fit to- 
gether into one common cavity at the hock; and notwithstanding they appear 
as close together as one bone, yet possess separate motion to give elasticity to 
the aniuial's tread, and assist him in the act of progression, as may be observed 
in the working of his haunches when the horse is going at full s[)eed, or 
making a standing leap. By mounting the colt whilst too young \o bear tha 
17 



17i CURB-WHAT, AND HOW CURED. 

superincumT)pnt weight, by pushing him hard in his work, as well as by work 
ing Young cattle at plough, a |)ractice some breeders of heavy horses inju- 
diciously adopt, these bones get strained asunder, as it were, and inflammation 
takes place. 

As almost every one knows, by misusing young colts in the manner just de- 
scribed, they become cat-hamine(I, if" they do not derive that particular mal-con- 
formation from parentage, as before hinted (p. 16t,) and is more scientifically 
accounted for in the first chapter of Book I. Generally it happens that 
horses so formed are good, easy goers, brisk and active ; but though well adapt- 
ed for light weights, are utterly incapacitated from undertaking horseman's 
weight at speed, until they are full mouthed. Jf heavily mounted, or hard 
driven earlier in life, they invariably throw out a curb or spavin. The shoe- 
incr-smith frequently contributes to the contraction of bone-spavin without 
knowing it, by turning up the heels of his shoes in frosty weather unevenly. 
In the same manner, wken the inside heel preserves its roughness longer than 
the outer heel, it is clear that this last nmst bear lowest, and further contribute 
to the evil strain that cat -hammed horses are ever liable to, about the hock. 
Cow-houghed is but another name for the same mal-conformation. 

Si/mpto7ns. — Inflammation is scarcely perceptible at first, or any other 
symptom; and as it is vitally necessary that we should apply the remedy thus 
early, we must employ the discriminating test described at page 171. If the 
existence of adhesion, which constitutes bone-spavin, be not discovered in the 
manner pro[)osed, the disorder proceeds until it may be })erceived upon com- 
paring the hocks togetht^r. At first, the inflammation is but trivial, when the 
horse is also lamest ; but when time has been allowed to unite the bone, the 
heat and enlargement increase, and the spavin is incurable, but the lameness 
is less. 

Cure. — At the commencement only it may be eflfected easily, by simply 
blistering the part all round the hough, in such a manner as to raise the blister 
to a good extent. Generally, in bad cases it would be advisable to repeat the 
blister; in which event let the former one be first well cleansed away with 
Goulard's extract, diluted with water. But should the duration of lameness 
and deiTree of swelling give reason for apprehending that the adhesion is vm 
commonlv extensive, let the part be fired ()reviously to blistering. Be careful 
to keep the horse's head up whilst the blister is operating, and subsequently 
dress with hog's lanl ; but do not use any greasy applications previously to 
blistering, as these only tend to harden the skin, and so obstruct the perspira- 
tion and absorption which promote the cure. 

Making the shoe thin on the outside at the heel relieves the pressure when 
the horse is worked : the contrary form of shoe is conducive to all diseases of 
the leg bones. 

CURB. 

Cause. — Inflammation in the sheath of the back sinew (6, fig. 2, plate 2,) a 
little below the point of the hock, where the sheath is attached to the muscle. 
Like spavin, curb mostly aftects young horses of the cow-hocked built, whose 
legs sland too much under the body, and which have been worked prema- 
turely hard, as in cases of bone-spavin. Indeed, the two diseases bear so 
much resemblance to each other, in cause and symptoms, except only as to 
situation, that 1 feel no difficulty in referring the reader to the preceding page 
for mv description of these, only premising that he can not discover the coming 
of a curb, by any other means than lameness, and comparing the two legs to 
eacli other sidewise, when a diffused swelling may be seen, but very little heat 
felt, by reason of the disorder being deep-seated . 



SPLENT, re:viedies for. 175 

Cure. — Tt may bo efTectually removed at first, by blistering, as in cases of 
Doiie-ap.'ivin ; but when the disease has lasted a long time, firing must be re- 
so-Ue*! ill witli the same {)recaLitions astliose Itefore recommended. Ease may 
be alloia -d by adding to the thickness of the heels of the shoe. 

* SPLENT 

May be looked upon as a disorder of the fore-legs, though occurring on the 
hind onf.i, at times. 

Cauae. — Working of young horses before they have acquired sufficient 
stamina, or on labour which is much beyond their strength, as in case of 
spavin, curb, &-c. to which the reader is referred, and the concussion which 
the leg receives at every step upon hard ground, stones, &c. 

Symptoms. — Frequent lameness, that goes off and returns without appa- 
rent cause for either, before the splent sliows itself upon the shank-bone, which 
it does above the knee, inside. Similarly hereto, it afi'ects the bone of the hind 
leg, and then acquires the name of bone-spavin. Inflammation of the skin is 
soon felt, and the horse goes lame until the splent is completely thrown, and 
afterwards he does as well as ever, except retaining the s{)lent mark, perhaps ; 
but severe cases occur, that do not terminate so favourably. Such happens 
when the shank bone has received the concussion, that causes the enlarge- 
ment and rupture, which constitutes the disease, at the hinder part of the leg, 
wliere it meets with tendons or the suspensor ligament — (See back view, plate 
2, fig. 2, 3.) The lameness and the inflammation are then greatest, and the 
splent requires our careful attention. 

Remedy. — But should not the horse throw out the splent on this last men- 
tioned dangerous part, and become lame, he will yet suffer much in all ordi- 
nary cases; for the enlargement of the bone strains the membrane which covers 
it tightly, as described in Book 1. sect. 17. p. 20. For this purpose apply a 
Warm stimulating embrocation, which affords relief in the more favourable 
cases; hut when the splent rises under the ligament or tendon, blistering or 
firing must be resorted to. The latter, however, is proper only in extreme cases, 
and only to be adopted when blistering is found inadequate to the purpose; if 
the swelling is hot and tender, firing would have the effect of enlarging the 
whole bone of the leg, and even the blistering Hquid is improper when this 
symptom is highly prevalent. Rather let the heat subside, or assist it in doing 
so by means of Goulard's extract, diluted with water, frequently applied. 
When this has reduced the heat, employ the following 

Liquid Blister. 

Cantharides pulverised, 4 drachms. 

Mix with sweet oil to the consistence of treacle, and apply the same twice 
during the day ; thus, — Let the hair be clipped off close from the part, and 
all round the leg, and the bhster well rubbed with the hand for five or ten 
minutes. If this does not cause further swelling and a discharge of a clammy 
nature, a third application of the liquid blister becomes necessary. After a 
day has elapsed, dress two or three days with hog's lard, and the patient may 
be walked about, to get rid of the stiffness. It may be proper, after this, 
farther to reduce the heat by more applications of the Goulard's extract, as 
above. 

Shoeing is supposed to occasion splents sometimes, it being the practice with 
most smiths to make the inner heel of their shoes thinner than the outer; and 
the inner heel being also lower than the outer, occasions the splent bone to re- 



176 SCURVICAL ERUPTIONS. STRAINS. 

ceive the concussion more sharply than the outer one; for, as T hefore ohservec^ 
Bplents oftener occur on the inside of the leg than on any other part of it. 

MALLENDERS AND SALLENDERS. 

Scurvy eruptions on the bend of the knee-joints, or on the correspondina 
bend in the hock joint; the first mentioned term being applied to those erup- 
tions that appear upon the fore leg, the second, sallender, is confined to thoss 
of the hinder leg. A crack, with much soreness, accompanies both. — The 
cause may be found in the gross habit of body, attended by suppression of some 
evacuation, as stool, urine, or perspiration ; therefore, to 

Cure the patient, restore the defective evacuation by giving one of the two 
purging-balls prescribed at pages 86, 87, according to circumstances ; or a urine- 
ball, or the emetic tartar, at page 65, or 143, in smaller doses, and the scurf 
decreases until it wholly disappears. 

Let the hair be cut off close from the part affected, and the scurf well wash- 
ed with strong soap-suds, and then rub over it daily, of the 

Ointment for Scurvy Eruption. 

Red precipitate powder, half an ounce. 
Hog's lard, 2 ounces. Mixed well together. 

Sometimes, a poultice, in which is introduced acetated litharge, becomes ne 
cessary when the eruption is divided by a gaping crack, which the ointment 
may have occasioned. The blue ointment is employed by some instead of 
the above ointment. 

STRAINS.— LAMENESS. 

These are the most deceptions class of ailments attributed to the foot of the 
horse; for many such are spoken of in the most confident manner which do 
not exist in reality, whilst others could not possibly happen to the parts indi- 
cated by the names they commonly bear ; yet shall 1 fall into this old method 
of titling the various affections of the limbs, in order to make myself more gene- 
rally understood. Our neighbours, and rival veterinarians, the French, in the 
instructions issued to their smiths of the army, went a little farther in their 
complaisance to error : " All swellings of the tendons from the knee to the 
coronet or from the hock to the heel, show an extension or strain of the in- 
tegument. Take off the shoe and pare the foot." In fact, their practice of 
giving rest in all cases of strain, which often effects a cure with very little 
further assistance, could not be more assuredly complied with than by thus 
taking off the shoes; for the Marechallerie were ill able to retain their sick 
horses in quarters upon urgent occasions of active service, unless they could 
demonstrate the fact upon the view to their superiors. By this general mode 
of forming their judgment as to the cause of all swellings before or behind, we 
may perceive they included all "extensions" of the bone in their notions of a 
strain, and treated spavin, splent, curb, strain of the tendons and ligaments, all 
in the same manner at first. Of these latter-mentioned we come next to con- 
sider the distinguishing symptoms and most appropriate methods of cure ; and 
I will here candidly allow, at setting out, that our neighbours took a correct 
view of the general cause of all lameness: those strains which occa;--iou in- 
flammation of the ligaments, tendons, and muscles, always communicate fever 
lo the foot, whence arise thrush, canker, sand crack, &c. &c. We very im- 
properly, as far as precision is concerned, term all lameness of the tendons^ 



SPECIES OF LAMENESS. 177 

&c. a strain, though it may ariso from any other cause, as frequently happens, 
viz. a blow given by the toe of the hind toot, in hunting over heavy lands, 
when the fore foot is detained too long in the ground, coming in contact with 
rolling stones in leaping, the kick of another horse, &c. 

STRAIN OF THE BACK SINEW AND LIGAMENTS. 

Cause. — Back sinew is the vulgar name for the tendon, which the reader 
will tind depicted in a section of the foot at page 166, and marked (k). It as- 
cends behind the small pastern (?") and large pastern, U}) to the knee-bend of 
the fore leg, or the hock joint of the hind one, respectively. In plate 2, fior. 2. 
at (a), this sinew is again shown, where it emerges out of the heel, and enters 
its sheath (6), to which it is attached in a certain degree, by means of very 
fine membrane, adhering from side to side, and capable of distention or re- 
laxation. The sheath itself is attached to the two pasterns, of which it thus 
becomes the tendon or sup{>ort; whence the back sinew and its sheath, or 
flexor, together obtain the plural — tendons. Within the sheath is secreted a 
fluid, intended for lubricating an<l defending the parts during the very great 
action to which they are liable in every effort of progression. As happens in 
all other secretions, this one sometimes fails to produce enough for the intend- 
ed purpose, when the sinew and its sheath adhere together, or at least do not 
act with freedom; the consequence whereof is lameness in a greater or less* 
degree, which may he tempc»rary only, or become permanent, accordimrto <'ir- 
cumstances. If the dryness and adhesion be trivial, as happens after hard 
work and a night's rest, the horse upon getting warm, loses the lameness this 
deficiency has occasioned, for the secretion has been thereby renewed, and 
the lubrication is now supplied in sufficient quantity ; but the horse falls lame 
again next day, probably, and if he can not be allowed rest, 'tis 7 to 1 that he 
becomes permanently lame. In this respect the French beat us hollow (as 
just before remarked), though they do not profess humanity so sensitively as 
the Rnglish ; and even the Arabs, though robbers by profession, by habit, and 
inclination, are too sensible of what is due to a faithful animal in distress, tc 
travel on lame horses. The same fact was before adverted to at page 170. 

Symptoms.^ — That sort of strain which consists of relaxation of the back 
sinews shows itself by the horse going low upon his pasterns, in consequence 
of his "carrying high," or being trotted constantly in harnes.s. Occasional 
lameness sometimes ensues in that fore foot which beats, or has the lead at 
setting out — generally the off one; inflammation of the whole foot may be 
felt by comparison with the heat of its fellow, which is aptly enough termed 
"fever of the foot" by the old farriers. This is a very puzzling kind of lame- 
ness, no other symptom than those presenting itself for us to ascertain the ex- 
act cause ; and of course the less observant persons are very likely to apply the 
wrong medicine, and render the horse a disservice instead of doing him good. 
The lameness sometimes goes off without any treatment whatever but rest; 
it is, however, more frequently accompanied, or followed, by some disease ot 
the sole, in consequence o( the secretion of horn in the foot being obstructed. 
Sand-crack, thrush, corns, are among these evils, arising from supernatural 
heat. 

Whenever it so happens, that the secretion does not restore to the entiie 
tendons their original motion, it follows that some }>art adheres to another : 
iniiiimmation is the consequence, and the horse becomes worse and worse 
every day he is put to work, the lameness never leaving him altogether. 
VViiea the adhesion begins extensively, the inflammation and swelling are 
equally so; the pain is then very great, and the lameness complete and per- 
aiaaent. This denotes the disorder called "strain of the back sinews." la 
17* 



178 APPLICATIONS IN EXTENDED STRAINS. 

very bad cases, or where a slight attack has continued some time, the ligament 
xhat passes between the back sinew and the pastern boJies becomes greatly 
diseased, and conducts the inflammation to the foot, affecting alike the sole, 
the coffin-bone, and the lioof, with heat. 

"Fever in tlie foot" ie that low state of the symptoms which arises from a 
slight attack which has been neglected; the more virulent attack must come 
under separate notice. 

Cure. — Rest is indispensable; foment the entire foot with warm bran- 
water, or make the whole into a poultice sufficient to envelo[)e the foot all 
over, as high as the inflammation may extend, which is sometimes as far up 
as the fetlock. When the heat is greatest at the sole, and the fever extends 
no higher than the coronet, a stutfmg of cow-dung will reduce the heat con- 
siderably; it may be secured by thin splinters of wood, and changed twice the 
first day or two — once a day afterwards. Introtiuce a strong solution of 
nitre, and let it be strong, as you can not employ much of it. Both legs should 
be stuffed at the sole, thougli the sound one (if one only be affected) does not 
require changing. Let the animal have a loose stall during any stage of 
strain, or disorder of the limbs. Look after his evacuations, and cause them 
to be regular: a simple fever (or inflammation) of the foot depending very 
often upon nothing more than one or the other of these being stopped, 
which affects the whole animal system sometimes, to say nothing of a single 
limb. 

Violent strains*, and swelling above the fetlock joint, when the lameness is 
very great, require strong physic ; and the inflammatory symptoms, when 
running very high, with a quick and irregular pulse, should be lowered by 
bleeding. Api)ly fomentations of bran, or a [)oultice of the same, or of oat- 
meal in which saturnine lotion has been introduced, as much as it will bear. 
When the great heat of the part has caused dryness of the poultice, saturate 
it externally with the saturnine lotion, either by soaking cloths in it, and 
spreading these all over the part affected, or in a ])ouUice as above. 

After this treatment has reduced the inflanmiatory symptoms, but not the 
swelling and lameness, apply opodeldoc, which may be made as under, viz. 
No. I. Embrocations. If this does not fully succeed in the course of three 
or four days, recourse must he had to No. 2: and if this does not prove suffi- 
ciently stimulating, apply the mild blister No. 3. 

Embrocations for Strains. — No. L 

Spirits of wine, 6 ounces. 
Camphor, half an ounce, 
Soap, 2 ounces. 

Dissolve the camphor in half the spirits; mix the remainder with the soap, 
and then put both together. Rub the parts assiduously twice or three times 
during the day. 

No. 2. 



Crude sal ammoniac, 2 ounces, 
Vinegar, 1 quart. 



• The word strain, as here employed, is evidently used in the wrong sense : It sliouid bo 
■prain, i. e. bent or twisted out ot^ its proper position. To strain or stretch any tiling long to a 
greater leogth, as when the baclc sinew is strained or elongated so as to permit the pasterna to 
■iloix; or bend down, as in mild cases of " breaking down," would be more accurate. 



DANGER OF RELAPSE. FIRING. IRON DEFENCR 179 

Mix in a bottle, and rub the parts twice tlaily. Let a long bandage, dipped in 
the eml)rocation just prescribed, be passed tightly round the parts, beginning 
at the bottom and making it fast above the knee, or the hock, as tiio case may 
be. Moisten the bandage after it is on. 

No. 3. 

Cantharides, in powder, 1 drachm, 
S;jirits of wine, 2 ounces. 

Mix, and rub it on the part. Although this acts as a very mild blister, the 
horse's head must be tied up for a few hours wliile it is operating. 

A course of treatment that has been followed in this manner steadily, and 
with due caution, seldom fails to restore the animal to a comparative sound- 
ness, if not completely so : though the swelling may remain after the lameness 
has ceased, it generally subsides when the convalescent animal can be per- 
mitted to walk out for a little exercise, which should take place gradually, and 
the use of a loose stall allowed, than which there is not in the whole catalogue 
of remedies a more certain adjunct to be found. Going out too early after ap- 
parent recovery is very likely to bring on a relapse, and a relapse, as every one 
knows, is always more difficult to remove than the original disorder. Time 
is required for the injured parts to recover their former posture and strength, 
if that event ever arrive. Firing may be employed after a while, but is very 
often resorted to prematurely, before the tendons and ligaments have recovered 
position, or absor[)tion has reduced the muscular parts to their former size, and 
restored their action. When three, or four, or five months of moderate laoour 
give reason for believing that these events have taken place, firing is likely to 
prove highly serviceable by bracing the whole together in a tight skin, much 
resembling, and greatly excelling the long bandage prescribed with embroca- 
tion No. 2, in p. 178. The reader of discernment will please to note, that if 
the said artificial bracing be found to lessen the lameness in that early stage 
of the disorder, no less will the bracing of the natural skin by firing be found 
beneficial when healthy action is restored, but not perhaps *he former strength. 



CHAPTER III. 



SHOEING. 

Terms and phrases, in all matters connected with the arts of life should 
convey a good and most distinct notion of the thing s[)oken of. This does not 
always hapi)en in our day, formerly never, and proved a vast stumbling-block 
to the advance of science; but whoever termed the horse-shoe an "iron-de- 
fence, was a happy fellow, and deserves well at our hands, inasmuch as his 
appellation is goodly descriptive of the ihimr intended, and tells plainly what 
a shoe ought to be in reality. If not made of sufficient quantity, and of a 
proper material, it {)roves inadequate to defend the hoof from injury : if made 
too hern-y, or ill-sha[)ed, the shoe becomes the cause of grievous offence, of 
pain, heat and contraction of the horn, with its train of evils. Any workman 
may learn by practice, and therefore every one ought to know, at least, when 
too much or too little is applied. Some feet have the wall very thick, and the 
shoe will require a good bearing ; if very thin, it can not carry a heavy 



180 EDUCATION OF THE SMITII. FOREIGN SMITHS. 

shoe, thourrh it stand most in need of defence. Again, the horn of some 
horses' feet is so well-tempered and stout, that they might he permitted to go 
without shoes without danger, if not worked upon stony roads. Time, how- 
ever, and hard work, occasion hrittle hoof, and distortions, with numerous 
disorders that attach to the foot generally, or hclong to the sole only. 

When these ailments hegin to show their effects, the shoeing-smith must 
adapt his work according to the new pattern thus cut out for hnn, and here 
begins his ingenuity: in some cases he will even have to adopt a different 
shaped defence for the same set of feet; but in all cases, and under every cir- 
cumstance, he must fasten them on lirmly to the horny wall of the foot hy 
nailing and clenching. By paring the sole inordinately, the bones within are 
pressed out of position, and the wall having now no resistance in the horny 
sole to ke(>p it ex()anded, it contracts and becomes shapeless and diseased. 
Partial parings overmuch j)roduce partial accidents from without, and engen- 
der diseases within, which have received a (Treat nundier of names according 
to the situation, but all having their origin in this or some such injury, and all 
producing contracted hoof and sole. The importance of avoiding this baleful 
practice may be deduced from the great anxiety of our ancestors to particu- 
larize, by so many different names, this single disease of the sole arising from 
contracted hoof For whenever constitutional diseases fall into the foot, they 
never alfect the sole, or any part of the bottom, unless attracted thither by 
accidents or contraction of the hoof, by reason of this paring and rasping away 
of the natural defence. 

Under each of these heads of information, I shall presently place hefore the 
operative reader a few plain and intelligent precepts, accompanied hy some 
admonitions; for most assuredly, that teacher who contents himself with tell- 
ing the learner what is necessary to be done has but half performed his duty, 
if he leave uncorrected certain long standing errors, which he knows to exist, 
and to have received the sanction of ages that were confessedly working in the 
dark, as regards horse-shoeing above all other operations. But the method of 
performing this operation is avowedly not to be taught in its rudiments, upon 
paper. Practice is indispensable, manual labour requisite ; and much of it, 
conducted by an intelligent mind well versed in books, is necessary towards 
forming the proficient shoeing smith. Hitherto, however, from the nature of 
the black-smith's trade, its laboriousness, and the deficiency of general educa- 
tion down to a late period, most of the operatives in this branch of mechanical 
labour were precluded from acquiring the additional information that books 
contain, after they had once adopted their future calling. Error and prejudice 
laid fast hold of our ancestors, for ages ; but the prevailing national desire of 
acquiring the minor school endowments promises a different result at the pre- 
sent day, and on this occasion, when Science has been disrobed of her cloak 
and the niceties of Art are sought in language that all can comprehend. 

The shoes affixed to the feet of their horses by the continental farriers differ 
materially from our own and from each other ; which proves that no fixed 
principle is acknowledged by either of them; though the English and the 
French assimilate together the nearest of any, and are those, I apprehend, 
that approach nearest to perfection; notwithstanding the controversies and 
bold assumptions of superior wisdom, and the "patents" that enabled a few 
persons here to give themselves airs, and to set up pretensions they have mi- 
sc^rahly failed to substantiate. The jointed shoe, for instance, of Goldfinch, 
and of B. Clark, which is the best modification of the old semi-oval defence 
for healthy feet, was preceded a whole century by the French author of "Le 
Cheval," a folio French work, noticed by Mr. Bee in the Annals of Sporting, 
for 1823. 



FULLERING— A NEW METHOD. 181 

Practical Precepts^ 

TVie Shoe. In quantity or size, the common defence of the full crro'yn 
norse's foot is made nearly half an inch thick at the toe, but near the lieel - ne 
fourth less; here, also, it must be made narrower by the half than at the toe, 
where it is an inch wide, and so continues round to the quarters, lessennig 
away towards the heel, where it is but half an inch wide. Very near tise 
outer edge a gi'oove is made, not too deep, but sloping from the side next the 
rim, in mder to throw the heads of the nails slanting, when the final hammer- 
ing down takes place. A practice prevails of making this groove, called ful 
lering, much too close lo the edge ; and to so great an extent does this mista- 
ken notion prevail, that he who could so make it nearest to the edge without 
cracking the rim was long considered the best workman. This, however, is 
not the most approved method of our times; for the nail-holes that are to be 
punctured in this groove are thus brought too near the edge of the horn, so 
that the nails do not hold fast, unless driven and clenched high up on the 
hoof, which also is an exploded part of practice. Neither should the fullering 
be continued round the toe, nor to the quarters, lest you weaken the defence 
where its protection is most required. 

Iron is the only material proper, and the toughest is the best defence, as it 
affords a small degree of elasticity in action, is least likely to crack, and is ca- 
pable of being hardened at the wearing points at will. The toe alone is usu- 
ally hardened at the time of making, unless in winter, when it may be found 
necessary to turn down the heels, termed frosting, when these may also be 
hardened, or steeled. 

Some persons frost all their shoes in winter, by fullering them all over the 
ground surface ; but this rough soon wears away, or is of little service from 
the first. On turning the heel down, a crippling gait is produced if the rough 
be long, especially with heavy horses, having low hoofs, which may be coun- 
teracted, so long as the roughing lasts, by turning down the toe also, and steel- 
ing both. But then the necessity of frequently removing the shoe, ami thus 
impairing the wall or crust, may be remedied by making screw-holes in the 
ground surface of the heels, and providing a suitable supply of screws with 
steel heads, that may be applied and screwed on fresh every day if need be. 
Sizes of course would vary according to that of the horse and shoe. 

Shape. For sound feet, bt)th surfaces of the English shoe are made per- 
fectly fiat, the inner rim being thinner than the outer. The shoe extends all 
round the edge of the wall or crust, which it is desirable to defend, and termi- 
nates where the bar and crust join at the heel. A curve upwards, at the toe, 
to prevent tripping, though sanctioned by authority, and carried to an extreme 
by Goodwin, and others, is seldom desirable, even with heavy horses, or those 
which go close to the ground, and is well met by a modification of the Ger- 
man and French method, of forming the shoe wider than ours, and conse- 
quently less pointed at the toe. The toe being then rasped close to the shoe, 
no tri})ping takes place on that account. 

The French form, or shape, differs from our English shoe, in being made 
wider and approaching nearer to a semicircle, and instead of being flat next 
to the hoof, is hammered hollow, which renders the ground surface convex; 
1 mode of proceeding that suits admirably with their coarse fooled horses, and 
comparatively harmless roads [meaning neir petit chemin, and the sides of 
then grand cheviins\ but is inadmissible in England, exce[iting jjcrhaps with 
our agriculturist owners of the like ordinary cattle. They also make theii 
shoes as thick at the heel as at the toe, which is a transgression against tlie 
general precept, at page 180, that I can not reconcile with propriety ; what is 
more against the French, they take little heed of liardening eiilicr toe or heel. 



182 rNIPROVED SHOE AND FULLER. 

An ailjusting curve upwards, which they give to the toe, GoulJ add nothing 
Co tl<ie security of a horse's going along safe on our roads, whatever it might 
do on theirs; but their system of punching and nailing is altogether so excel- 
lent as to deserve imitation more extensively than it has hitherto been honour- 
ed with, and is described with due discrimination lower down. The horn at 
the toe would of course be made of a fit shape to receive such a form of shoe 
as the French ; and I have reason to believe that it affects the toe of the cof- 
fin-bone in [»rocess of tisne, which also becomes curved upwards, jirecisely 
after the form thus factitiously given to the horn, and doubtless gave rise to 
the discrepant representations adverted to at page IGG. 

On finishing off fine work, let the inside of the edge or rim of the hinder 
shoes be well bevelled off towards the ground, and rounded, to prevent the 
pissibility of coming in contact with the fore foot: with horses that are apt to 
forgo, the necessity of keeping the f )re-shoe heel short, so that it may not 
project beyond the natural heel, should never be lost sight of. So, of the in- 
side of the fore shoes to prevent cutting : let these also be filed off, sloping, to- 
wards the ground, though not so far as the heels. 

An improved form of shoe, preferable to both the foregoing, has been re- 
cently introduced, which is an assimilation of the French and English shoes. 
Itistead of adhering to the old practice of fullering the ground surlace of the 
common English shoe, to admit of punching the nail holes therein, it is the 
improved practice to hollow that surface, and leave a shoulder towards the 
outer rim as a protection to the nail heads. This is performed by a tool re- 
sembling the head of a hammer, one face whereof is well represented by the 
annexed figure ; the lower part at (a) being placed on the work, as is b 
usual in fullering, but nearly a quarter of an inch from the edge; the /~H 
hanmier is applied at (&), which leaves at (a) the desired shoukler, and W 
aloiig that surface so far as nailing is necessary, a hoUowness equal to " 
the inner slo|)e of the t(Kil. This hollow is not in fact any more than a wider 
fuller, extending the width of the shoe, excepting the width of the rim left at 
the outer edge; though some do further prolong ihe hollowing all round the 
toe, and to within half an inch of the heel, whereby they leave a slight caulk- 
ing that never incommodes the animal, but which may be increased in qiian- 
tity and hardness towards winter. The o})eration of hollowing the ground 
surface just described, produces a slight convexity upon the foot surface three- 
fourths of the shoe's width, leaving the outer foiirth still flat to receive the 
bearing of the horn. Hereby the distance between the sole and the inner 
rim is increased, and is moreover less likely to retain stones, gravel, or lilth, 
than is the usual flat surfaced shoe, and possesses all the advantages of the 
seated shoe of old Osmer, that has been claimed by some of our moderns. 
Moorcroft took great pains to recommend the seated shoe, but finding some 
diiliculty in getting them manufactured, he set up a machine for puncturing 
out the hollows, that quite failed of success, because the power employed was 
only equal to cutting soft iron, and this was found inadequate to the requireci 
wear, we are told. Why he did not subsequently harden, or " steel" the toe 
and heels, seem surprising. 

Healthy feet are those alone which I have kept in view hitherto; the bar- 
shoe, concave and seated shoes being contrivances for ill-formed and diseased 
feet, require se[)ai'ate notice. 

Objections have certainly been raised against this mode of forming shoes, 
that seem plausiltle enough at first glance: not so fast, however; for upon cool 
examination they vanish. The objectors aver, that because we can not im- 
part the desired freedom of expansion to the whole of the foot, forSv>oth, we 
are not to allow it at any part : if \ve can not get all we want, we are to reject 
what is within our reach. One ^i these, who is likewise the last, tells us, 



GOLDFINCH'S JOINTED SHOE. 183 

" Tn order to admit of expansion and relaxation of the hoof by a joint, it would 
be necessary to make the nail holes wide enough to allow sufficient play be- 
tween the shoe and the nails [!], thus producing an effect similar to the end 
play of carriage springs. But even supposing (says he) this provision were 
made, the shoe would soon tear out the nails." 

The jointed shoe. — A form of shoe was ])ropounded for cutting the shoe 
into three or more several parts ; then lining the foot surface with leather, and 
fastening on the shoe in the usual manner, with nails that were inserted into 
each part. But this contrivance though plausible, did not answer, inasmuch 
as the leather had not sufficient strength to stand the wear and tear. 

Mr. Bracy Clark inay have been the real inventor of the jointed shoe that 
bears his name, for aught 1 know, but .he labours under the disadvantage of 
being preceded by about a century, by a French author; so that his battered 
saying that his great discovery ! forms "a basis for the repose of the profes- 
sion," however elegant in expression, becomes nonsense to our ears, who con- 
cede nothing to simple gentility, and less than that to self-complacent egotism. 
"Clark's shoe," in its various modifications, differs nothing from the generali- 
ty of shoes, except in being divided at the toe, and fastened again by means 
of a pin, screw, or rivet. The toe would require to be made thicker than 
usual, let me suggest, to prevent the rivet's parting, and to secure each head 
of it in a counter sink; one half the thickness of the toe is to be cut away on 
one side at the ground surface, and from the foot surface of the other half, re- 
sembling what is termed in carpentry, a mitre; and these being brought close 
togetlier, a hole should be drilled or punched through b(jth, and let the rivet 
employed be the size of the hole. Whatever degree of rigidity the workman 
might restore to the entire shoe, it is plain that the great weight of the horse 
would very soon strain the rivet, so as to cause it to relax therefrom, and al- 
low the heels to expand by so much. That this Fig. 3. 
might extend over a larger |)art of the front of the 
hoof, Mr. Clark })referred naihng the shoe pretty far 
back towards the quarters, which 1 reckon among 
the mistaken notions of the whole class of improvers. 
But, mark the dissonance of our teachers! the next 
inventor or improver ran into the other extreme, er- 
roneously punching and nailing up intolerably near 
to his rivtcs or pins, for he has two of them, as per 
marginal cut. 

This representation of the shoe invented by Lieutenant Colonel Goldfinch 
exhibits a modification of " Clark's patent." Like it, the necessity of making 
the shoe thicker at the toe than usual with the ordinary shoes is evident. The 
patent was enrolled in October 1821, granting to Lieutenant Colonel Henry 
Goldfinch, of Hythe in Kent, an exclusive right for fourteen years; and his 
s[)rcification of its advantages and novelty, and the manner of making it, ap- 
pears to be as follows : " The separation is to be made in any indented form, 
and the two parts fastened together with pins. It is further proposed to at- 
tach the shoe to the horse's hoof by driving the nails obliquely, as in the French 
manner of shoeing. With this view, the nail-holes are to be punched about 
one-third to half the width of the shoe distant from the outer edge, and tend- 
ing in a slanting direction outvvards." In this latter reconmiendation I cor- 
dially join the colonel : he was the first writer who noticed it, and is the mode 
of punching and nailing before alluded to, and hereafter described as the only 
wise course. Since 1821 it was adopted by the more intelligent smiths of liie 
metro|)olis, rfrid is hereafter minutely described. One main blunder whicn 
the colonel commits is evidently intended to correct the visible insecurity oi oia 




184 



SPECIFICATION OF COLEMAN'S SHOR 



8hoe at the joint: his holes are punched so near his patent joint as to restore 
tlie rigid immobility the patent pretend? to amend. 

Coleman's patent shoe for giving pressure to the frog continues in use 
(though in a very limited degree), notwithstanding the demonstrability of its 
inapplieation to frogs already diseased. But, in the hands of the professor 
himself, and any practitioner tolerably habile in his profession, I was free' to 
allow, from the very first, it might be rendered available — but not in ordinary 
hands ;* with these it has failed of success — in some cases from the want of 
an assortment ada[ited to the various kinds of feet ; a defect that may be 
now remedied in some measure. 

Under these new circumstances, and seeing that Mr. Coleman's opinions 
as to pressure, and the diseases consequent upon the absence of it, are em- 
bodied in his specilication, drawn up to obtain this patent (for the professor 
has several), he may be allowed to speak for himself on this ever interesting 
subject. He says, "the improvement proposed in this patent is to prevent 
contraction, and to relieve (contracted feet, contracted frogs, fiat soles, corns, 
sand-cracks, thrushes, canker, and quittors, and also to prevent cutting." 

The patentee observes, that the "'fore feet of horses in their natural state 
are nearly circular, but from the ordinary shoe worn in this country, which 
keeps the frogs from ofi" the ground, the hoofs of horses with light fore-quar- 
ters are generally found to be more or less contracted, and this in proportion 
as the frogs are more elevated, and su|)port little weight ;" whence the cause 
of those diseases. To remedy this defect, and to afford the necessary expan- 
sion to the hoof the patentee proposed the annexed forms, observing that no 
specific form of shoe can be suited to all horses under all circumstances, and 
to every sort of road; it being necessary to alter the shoes of the same horse 
at different jjcriods. 

The construction of the professor's shoe will be seen in figures 4, 5, 6. 



Fis;, 4. 



Fisr. 5. 



Fig. G. 






" The bar of iron down the middle of the shoe, called the frog-bar, is made 
broader than the frog, and welded to the shoe. This bar, when the cleft of 
the frog is diseased, is slit open in the middle." But all that 1 have seen in 
use are without the slit re[)resented in the margin ; and the welding on of the 
bar is greatly objectionable, inasmuch as the chief strain is at the junction of 
the bar with the shoe or tip, and 1 have often seen the bar break off here, or 
else draw the nails, anil throw the patent shoe. altogeflier. 

Of preparing the hoof. — The general principb of all shoeing is to support 
the foot off the ground by means of the wall or crust, so that the frog shall not 
come in contact with the hard plain road, whilst it may be allowed to receive 
pressure from soft ground : the first prevents injuries and resists wear and tear, 



*The subject received lengthened notice, in the Annals of Sporting, for April, 1822, p. 246t 



THE HOOF, HOW PREPARED, 185 

the latter promotes the secretion of healthy horn ; the proper degree of ])res- 
sure being received by the heel, frog, and bars. Whatever is here said, the 
fore foot is still ke[)t in view, unless the hinder foot is particularly mentioned; 
and occasion will present itself for the distinction, as there is great difTerencc 
between the two, as regards heavy draught cattle. Greater heat, fever, and 
artt-ctioiis t)f the lunns also cause the fore feet to contract disorders unknown 
at the hind feet ; whilst a tardy circulation of the blood, and the consequent 
relaxation of the animal system, to say nothing of the evils incurred by heavy 
drags against the collar, produce aftections peculiar to the hind feet. Some 
thiiiL: more is said of this kind of variation at page 13, Book I. 

When very much flaky or rotten horn presents itself, the sole should then 
be pared the least, for this is a proof that great heat, or inflammation, affects 
the whole sensihle foot, aud that the hoof is then too brittle. Wheii the flaki- 
riess is trivial, run over the whole surface with the butteris, or knife, but go no 
deeper than the removal of the loose flakes. La Fvisse and Moorcroft were 
both in the right when they told us that paring the sole inconsiderately is "the 
chief cause of contraction," for the S(»leis thus rendered less capable of resist- 
ing the pressure of the wall on all sides, and of the cofhubone within, inso 
nmch, that were the paring carried to an extreme, this bone would [)rotrude 
at the sole and come U[)on the ground for want of sufficient resistance. 
Whenever a smith applies his thumb ti) the sole, and then cuts again until he 
causes it to bend under the pressure, let him be admonished that he contri- 
butes his aid towards contraction of the foot, and some one or other disease of 
the sole. He has hut to cut away a little, more to arrive at the sensible sole, 
which would produce blood, and ruin the horse by a quicker mode than thumb- 
ing and cutting. 

The frog seldom requires the knife; never after the removal of a shoe 
which has allowed it to come upon uni)aved ground ; for then the wearing 
away is carried on naturally ; but if not so, the ri)ugh and rotten outside must 
be taken awav, which some sn)iths effect by first tearing away the slips, or 
exfoliation, and then paring the mealy-looking part underneath. Hereupon 
the well recognised healthy horny frog makes its appearance, but is by no 
means to be meddled with. The clettisto be cleared out by means of a knife 
having a sharp return at the extremity; but it must be evident that if the cleft 
has incurred no foulness, nor the frog grown luxuriantly, neither the one nor 
the other will req\iire the least reduction. 1 will not say a word on the neces- 
sity of removing the rotten overgrown horn at the toe, and round to the quar- 
ters, so as to obtain a pro^.erseat or bearing upon tiie shoe, this being an affair 
withni every one's com|>ass; but the rasping should always proceed with the 
shoe before the workman's eyes, unless when he may find it necessary to take 
It to the flrc for the |>urpose of making alterations. The habit of doing this to 
a nicety with a single heat may be acquired without going to the fire half a 
dozen times, as 1 ha\e seen done; least of all should the shoe be tried on hot, 
that the most ignorant of workmen may see where it bears most, or the least 
industrious les^sen his labour by softening the horn. Ruinous consequences 
attend the application of fire to the feet, and yet 1 remember the period when 
it was the common practice to place a shovel of hot coals on brittle hoofs to ease 
the workman's labour! 

When a foot is fitted to receive the shoe, the bottom resembles somewhat 
the hollow and rim of an oval dish. On being placed on a plane surface, the 
frog and heels bear equally; but when the shoe is applied, the frog is raised 
by as nmch as the thickness of the shoe may be at the heel. At the heels, tor 
about an inch of its length, the rim of the shoe is to project beyond the out- 
side of the hoof. 

18 



196 PREPARED SOLE. NAILING. 

Take good heed that the inner edge of the shoe-heel bear not on tho 
ground more than the outer, but the contrary. 

Nailing-, a very important operation, requires much previous study of the 
formation and functions of tlie internal sensible parts of the foot, many inju- 
ries bciniT inflicted by penetrating those parts to the quick, and thereby occa^ 
sioniiitr them to fester, as we shall see presently, when treating of the diseases 
incident to the sole. A good aphorism has it thus — " If it were possible to 
keep the shoe in position without nailing, we should then have arrived at per- 
fection in the art of shoeing ; it follows that the less number of nails that are 
driven consistent with safety, is the most commendable practice," 1 believe 
it was Mr. Brucy Clark, in the plentitude of his many inventions, who once 
proposed to fasten on the shoe by enveloping the whole hoof in an iron de- 
fence, and fastening it by screws; but the scheme failed for a niv^st obvious 
reason — its weight increased the olfence adverted to elsewhere (page 179). 
But 1 will not sp(!culate on novelties, nor further object, simply contenting 
myself with taking the evil or puncturation as one that is inevitable, though 
capable of alleviation. All hands agree that the less nailing we could suffice 
with, the less chance there would be of driving into the quick — hence the 
firmer each nail is driven, the less liable is the shoe of loosening, and this good 
never can be effected unless the nails fit the holes so nearly as to prevent shift- 
inir, and also pass through a good [)ortion of the horn. Doubtless, a couple 
of nails on each side would be sulficient to retain a light shoe for a short time, 
if the work be not heavy, and allow that desirable ex[)ansionof the heel which 
all a'free promotes the secretion of new horn, and the health of the foot; but 
we employ double the number in conunon work, and seven altogether in the 
"improved shoe." 

As before remarked, the fullering usually practised upon the common shoe 
is so near the edge, that the rim son)etiines breaks otf of high-tempered iron: 
whilst, if it be solt, the punching inevitably drives out a bulge that the snnth 
seeks to re<luce by hanmiering, which again contracts the size of the nail- 
holes ; the latter error occasions the nails to break off in driving; the former 
leaves the heads exposed to be knocked off, or readily worn away; and by 
either the security of the shoe is din\inished greatly and dangerously. Be- 
sides which objection to the old method of fullering, there is a corresponding 
necessity imposed upon t!ie workman, of clenching high up on the hoot, which 
increases the danger of puncturing the sensible internal parts of the foot. This 
entire objection to the narrow fuller, or groove, is fully remedied by adopting 
the proposed manner of punching the nail-holes farther in from the edge, thus 
takinu" firm hold of the whole thickness of the horn, and driving out sooner 
and clenchim'' lower than is ordinarily practised — say, witiun 3 quarters of an 
inch of the slioe in all cases. 

The nail comnronly used is much too long in the shank for any kind of shoe, 
and too thin near the head ; but should be of the same thickness throughout 
from the head so far as the pointing takes place. The material must be of the 
toughest quality, equal to Swedish, insomuch as the nail may bear bending 
forward and backward half a score times without breaking: it should have a 
counter-sink head to match with the second punch-holes, and the hammering 
which the head receives before, at, and after driving, sufficiently hardens it to 
resist the immediate effects of wear. Do not point the nans too much, lest 
they splinter in the driving, nor make two or three punctures beforv^ you drive 
home each nail : both these practices proclaim the clumsy workman. 

Punching. — As before intimated, the nail-holes should be punched as fai 
from the ou.er edge of the shoe as the v '1 is thick. A small punch of tne 
size of the nail's sliank is to be first driven smartly and visibly through, but 
not so deep as to raise a burr on the hoof side. Then, open the hole with a 



NAILING SECURELY AND SAFELY. 187 

prUchol; anJ a large connter-sink punch, the size of the nail-head, is then to 
be eiii[)l(>ye(i, hut not driven so drep as the small punch ; the first being of th« 
size of the nail-shank, the second is to receive a small part of the head. This 
mode is, of course, best adapted to the "improved shoe" recommended at page 
182, where a shoulder and groove supply the place of fullering. But in every 
form of slioe, and every modilication of nailing, the manifest advantage of ad- 
mitting the naii-hetid to a rest or protection from rude concussions against the 
ground, must be evident, when the counter-sink part of the head is allowed 
to lie deep in the shoe. 

The number of nail-holes has hitherto been eight, but a better practice pre- 
vails in some forges of driving seven nails only, three on the inside, four out- 
side ; whereby the fourth nail outside is thrown so much farther back than the 
third nail inside. More play is thus allowed for ex})ansion at the quarters: 
and if the i)ui.ching and driving be performed effectively, the hold thus ob- 
tained will be found fully adequate to any service to which the greater num- 
ber of nails is applied. The safety of the slioe depends more upon the nails' 
passing through good sound horn, and filling up the punch-holes in the shoe, 
than ui>on their number. A good workman can hear when the nails thus 
tell^ by the sound of driving. After punching, the smith must not apply heat 
or a hammer to the shoe, with a view to reduce any bulge, or burr, which the 
punch may have occasioned; for this exploded practice spoils the shape and 
size of the holes, ujton the fitness whereof wholly depends the security of the 
shoe. Indeed, good and pro[)er iron does not readily incur either of those ob- 
jectionable forms, nor will it break or chip off at the fuller-edge (when such a 
plan is adojjted) like ordinary metal. 

Driving tlie nails home properly includes no small share of skill. Former- 
ly, he who could drive highest into the crust without occasioning lameness 
was reckoned the best workman, whilst the French method of driving both 
into sole and crust is an error in the contrary extreme, and argues no little 
slovenliness and disregard of the construction of the sensible part of the foot. 
As may be seen and accounted for by reference to the section at page IGO, 
immediate lannMiess is not always likely to succeed the pricking of the sensi- 
ble part at cc, but matter may form underneath, and lameness ensue at a fu- 
ture (lav, unless upon removal of the shoe it issue forth at once in the shape 
of blood. 'I'he hoof, which may have lost the elastic substance of this sensi- 
bl<^ part through age or infirmities, as re{)resented at(^) fig. 3, plate 3, is usu- 
ally " pricked to the quick" at once, and flinches, or goes crippling away from 
the smithy. 

According to the most improved modern mode of punching and nailing, the 
nail should enter at the conjunction, nearly, of the sole and crust, so as to pe- 
netrate almost the whole thickness of the crust,* and be driven slanting out- 
wards, so that the clinch be little more than half the usual distance above the 
shoe. If the nail-hole* he punched too near each other, and the driving be 
performed by a workman who drives and draws his nails, and then peers into 
the punch holes, then points his nail and drives again — however well his work 
may appear when put out of hand, he will but have prepared the hoof for fresh 
injuries at the next shoeing: after this treatment portions of the hoof are apt 
to come away, and the smith is thus compelled to fasten on his defence, by the 
toe, or at the quarters, and so produce fresh offence aiid incurable lameness. 

Do not nick the hoof, as is too commonly jMactised, previous to turning the 
clenchi's; as most feet can not afford to lose so much of their natural support, 
and even the stoutest foot ought not to be subjected to the loss of so much of 
its mam strength. Neither rasp ofi" the clinch, by way of finish, for the sam« 
reason, but hammer it down like the head of a rivet. 

' As shown in t,he figure of Goldfiijch's shoe, at page 183. 



188 NEW MODE. DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 

Mr. R. B. Toast recommends a construction of the foot snrfnce, that seems 
very well calculated to attain his object, the preventino; contraction and amend- 
ing the several evils arising therefrom, by raising a ridge along the whole ex 
tent of the shoe so far as the heels, exclusively, thus making an inclined plane 
outwards of the thickness of the wall or crust of the hoof. The punching 
and nailing takes [ilace at this ridge, thus alfonling secure driving tor the nails, 
and a safe hold upon the iron. Withinside, the shoe is convex on both sur- 
faces, but admits of modification, at will, on the ground surface. The hoof 
nuist be pre[)ared to receive this form by paring away the horn lower on the 
inner part than on the outer side, or external edge of the wall; in fine, so as 
to correspond with the form of the shoe. At least, this is what I understand 
in the course of reading a series of very obscurely written "Practical Obser- 
vations" on the sul)j<'ct; for, although the |)lan seems admirable, none of my 
connexions have seen it in actual use, notwithstanding I called at his forge for 
that purpose. Tiiis was in 18'21, soon after the promulgation of Mr. Teast's 
j>lan, 

Bv the means pro[)osed, the hoof is spread outwards at every step, so as to 
afford expansion to the heels, and avoid pressure upon the sole ; an advantage 
for such horses as are weak or thin-soled that is at once obvious and gratify- 
inci-. His idea of siting pressure to the convex sole, by making his shoe with 

■^ "".. . '.' 'Ill* 

the: whole foot surface inclining outwards, is more vague, snice all that is re- 
quisite is attained by the first method. 

Notwithstanding the French method of punching has been si)oken of in 
terms of approbation, and their moile of driving and clenching low is recom- 
mended to imitation, let it not be su[)posed tliat in other respects they make 
the best shoeing-snnths in the world, but the contrary. Their finest shoeing 
is sad, slovenly work to look at; and this very excellence of theirs is more at- 
trihutalile to laziness than to design or plan. As one instance of this undesir- 
able quality, they assign two men to placing the shoe, a lacquey holding the 
foot and bringing the tools, whilst le marechal himself hammers it on with 
niui'h ponqj. In Portugal they employ three, which includes the gallcgos, 
or porter. 



CHAPTER IV. 



DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 



When these can not be traced distinctly to any specific cause, they nre 
fairly attributable to ailment of the whole system drop[)ing into the legs, and 
"fever in the feet" decidedly so, in my O|)inion, when both are so aflhctetl. 
Therefore it was that I noticed this disease along with "strain of the tendons," 
to whiidi 1 attribute its origin, as nnich as to other causes of general heat of 
the foot. Intleed the whole structure of the foot of the horse is so peculiarly 
curious that it almost deserves a S'q)arate study, but we must always kee}» in 
mind, whilst considering its ailments, that the great irritation kept u\i by its 
extreme action is readily conunuiiicable from the one to the other, so that we 
can not intelligil)ly se|)arate the leg from the foot, when six'aking of the ail- 
ments of either, liolvvithstanditig I have thought pro})er to begin this chapter 
with the disorders that are situated higher up, and mean to close it with such 
AS only make their appearance below. 

But there remains still another distinction that may as well be drawn here, 



THRUSH, OR FRUSH— CAUSE AND SYIVIPTOMS. IS*) 

bffore T entei into other partirnlars, as to fore foot and hind foot. In alT 'he 
little dissertations which 1 have ventured upon in this hook, and elsewiiere, as 
to the structure of tlie foot, and all the dissections 1 have made from time to 
time. I have taken the fore leg and foot only, with one uniniportant exception. 
1 know not why this preference was first made ; 1 believe it to be general, but 
is of very little importance. For the hind foot, though a little smaller, and 
somewhat more upright in form, corresponds exactly in all its parts with the 
fore one, until age and deformity comes on ; the back sinew descending frona 
tlie hough behind the pastern bones, until its insertion underneath the coflin- 
bone of the hind leg, in the same manner as before described, as jiertaining to 
the knee and bones of the fore leg. Further, 1 believe the name given by the 
learned to this sinew in the hind leg differs from that given to it in (he fore- 
leg, that being tendo plantaris, this one the tcndopalmaris ; a distinction that 
became necessary, perhaps, that they might be enabled to make themselves 
understood by each other, when speaking of this important tendon as belong- 
ing to the one or the other leg. 

When we reflect upon this strict accordance between the structure of the 
fore foot and the hind, and then look over and lament the numerous disorders 
that the first is liable to, whilst the hinder one is comparatively free, it gives us 
reason to pause. But without entering upon an elaborate investigation of this 
difference as to health, I come to the conclusion that we ought to attribute dis- 
eases of the feet, as I have already those of the body, to excessive heat of the 
vascular system, promoted by the great exertions the animal is put to, and the 
rude concussions the forefeet in particular endure at every step; thus creating 
heat and attracting hither any evil humours that may afllict the bo^Jy gene- 
rally 

FRUSH, OR THRUSH. 

A running of matter at the cleft of the frog was formerly called "a running 
frush ;" the moderns, however, write it "thrush.'' But, to f rush, being old 
English for, to break, or crack, or crush, like the cracking of walnuts, 1 pre- 
fer that term before thrush. 

Cause. — Depraved habiJ of body and disordered pulse always accompany- 
ing the a|)pearaiice of a frush, 1 have no hesitation in ascribing its origin to 
that remote cause, especially as it is proved to be a deep-seated morbid accu- 
mulation ; aided more immediately, perhaps, by an injury received whilst tra- 
velling, either by the bruise of a stone, or the insertion of gravel at the parts. 
This latter, however, is nt)t a necessary cause of frush, though the gravel and 
dirt work into the ulcer as soon as it opens; for the lurking approach of the 
disease towards this consummate symptom may be ascertained by turning up 
the hoof and pressing the cleft, which will give pain and occasion the animal 
to flinch : inflammati<»n h<»s already begun at the insertion of the back sinew 
in tlie bottom of the coffin-bone, where the branches of crural artery also 
enter the bone, at the bottom whereof is the sensible sole which separates it 
from the horny sole. See this structure of the foot described at page 166, 
&c. Filthy stables promote frush, and, when the cure may be nearly efiect- 
ed. cause relapse in nine cases out of ten. 

Symptoms. — The earliest, as just said, is denoted by tenderness at the cleft, 
accom[»anie(i by sharp, quickened and irregular pulse, as usual in all cases of 
local inflammation, being at the same time l)oth cause and effect. Of course 
it follows, that as the disorder in the sensible frog proceeds towards maturity, 
the blood feels and tells of that fact by increased disorder of the pulsation. 
These timely indications being neglected, as usually happens, if the animal 
be then put along over stony or newly -dressed roads, the first discovered symp- 
18* 



190 DRESSING FOR TITRUSH. 

torn will then be his tumbling down through acute pain. The cleft opena^ 
anil an issue of a most offensive kind presents itself. 

Cure. — If not speedily taken in hand, canker will he the consequence of a 
neglected frush. But, as scarcely one in ten will take the precaution to as- 
certain, from the state of his pulse, when the horse is likely to acquire this or 
any other inflammatory disease, it may be deemed impertment in me to say, 
that the preventive of frush in its worse state may be found in i)urging phy- 
sic and a cooling regimen, as prescribed for general inflammatory and febrile 
complaints, set down at the commencement of l)ook 2, pages 59, 63, &c. ; for 
this disease frequently depends on some untimely suppressed evacuation, as 
the urine, stool, or perspiration; then let these be restored by giving the dia- 
phoretic [)ow(lers, purging or urine balls, according to circumstances. Avery 
much hurried [)ulse would of course point out the necessity of immediato 
bleeding; for the animal so suffering in the vital function must necessarily 
contract disease of some kind or other; and that particular organ or member 
which may be least able to bear it is sure to feel its effects soonest. This is as 
likely to happen to a horse with defective frog, as to its size, texture, or shape, 
as to any other part of him. Then, let the careful owner examine and find 
out the least perfect part of his horse, let him watch it closely in all its weak- 
ness, and endeavour to detect the first symptoms of illness, that he may aid 
nature and restore her functions, before these run riot beyond the help of art. 

When the frog has been pared away, and the filth of the sore removed, 
wash it with a solution of vitriolated copj)er, and apply a pledget dip[)ed 
in tar or turpentine at the opening. If the case be a bad one, the wash may 
be made stronger by the addition of a few drops of vitriolic acid to the solu- 
tion ; and the tar may be poured into the opfMiiiig whilst warm. Place dry 
tow, and keep it in position by means of splints. Repeat this tar dressing 
every other day, until the injured parts slough olF. Purging physic will be 
necessary to complete the cure. 

CANKER. 

Evidently a corruption of the word cancer, as applied to a running sore m 
human ailments, it is yet well silently to permit the iimovation, the better to 
keep the two practices separate, in small as well as more extended affairs. 

Causes. — Precisely the same as those which produce the frush, only making 
its appearance at various parts of the sole, frog, &c. Sometimes the canker is 
but an aggravated frush a very bad or neglected cure becoming in my estima- 
tion a canker, and next to incurable; whereas a frush, taken in time, is easily 
cured. Our French neighbours write of the two under the same head, of can- 
cer, let them be seated wheresoever they may. 

The symptoms are those of frush, extended also to the bars of the frof, the 
heel, the sole, &c. ; and so is the 

Cure ; with this addition, that the paring must be carried on to the extremity, 
baring all the diseased parts, though these extend over the whole bottom of the 
foot Cut away the proud flesh to the quick, and when it has bled a little, 
apply 

The Powder. 

Sulphate of copper, 1 ounce, 
Corr. sublimate, 4 drachms, 
Prepared chalk, 1 ounce. 

Mix and sprinkle it over the exposed surface. If the disease makes a holl&w 



CANKER— TREATMENT. GROOVED SHOR 19| 

between the hoof and the coffin-bone, the powder must be introduced there by 
means of a spatula, or flat piece of wood, with a bit of tow on it ; but do not 
leave the tow behind, as that might produce a fresh disorder. Butter of anti- 
mony is preferred by some to the foregoing powder, because it is a hquid and 
acts more generally ; but it operates only for a short time before its effects 
cease, being killed by the moisture of the disease it was meant to destroy. 
Bind up the font until the following day, when the ap[)Iication must be re- 
peated, after wiping away roughly as much as possible of the diseased parts. 

As it is found of some imp()rtance to the cure, that the foot should be kept 
as much as possible from wet and filth, and seeing that the mode of tying on a 
great. bundle of tow in cloth, in the manner now in vogue, often fails, a Ynrht 
shoe, adapted to the |)resent shape of the foot, should be put on, for the pur- 
pose of sustaining the dressings, &c. which may be found necessary to put 
on. The shoe has another advantage over the tying fashion, inasmuch as it 
allows of the animal to place his foot fairly on the ground, a position that 
mainly conduces to the cure by promoting the secretions, especially when at 
length he can move about. Let the shoe be narrow-webbed, with a groove on 
the inside edge, so as to admit of a tin slider being shoved in and drawn out, 
when you desire to examine the under surface of the foot to change the 
dressings, &c. Such a shoe will obviate the complaints usually raised by 
our stal)le attendants, that they can not keep on the dressings, nor preserve the 
foot from d:niip, which always retards the cure ; for they are most of them 
bunglers at bandaging, owing to the very little practice which falls to the share 
of any one person among the whole fraternity. Splents of wood may supply 
the place of tin, when this latter may not be at hand. 

Whenever the cankered parts slough off, and leave a more healthy appear- 
ance, the powder need no longer be apj)lied at those particular places. Upt)n 
these lay on a dressing of tar, in which has been introduced al)out a tenth 
part of blue stone, powdered. Let as much pressure be given to the sole as 
can be contrived, to prevent the granulation of new flesh coming on too lux- 
uriantly, which is otherwise very likely to hajjpen, on the edges of the wound 
particularly. In this respect, the grooved shoe will be found effectually ser- 
viceable, if, notwithstanding all your care, the edges will grow too fast, touch 
that part with lunar caustic; and in case the horny substance grows over the 
still cankered parts, it must be again pared away and laid bare. Perhaps the 
animal is young and vigorous in other respects, and his system probably would 
promote the secretion of new horn quicker than an older, or less healthy horse ; 
thisdifference should teach us to employ some digestive for the dressings, which 
has less tendency to promote the growth of new horn than tar has, which 
would be found more proper for old horses. For the younger animals, let 
turpentine be substituted, into which has been mixed a small portion of vitri- 
olated co[)per. 

From what has been said, the reader will perceive the dressings require 
changing with some degree of judgment and discrimination, and that they 
should not be passed over or delayed, as he values the horse; for, upon this 
marked attention alone depends the cure, and such a cure as shall prevent a 
relapse. Of course he will not fail to take care of the evacuations, as in case 
of frush ; nor that the earliest exercise the animal takes be proportioned to the 
amount of disease he has undergone in an inverse ratio. 

Prevention. — As we have seen that inflammation is the immediate cause 
of all disorders of this class, and seeing that the irritation which produces this 
has been brought on by distress of the parts for the want of due pressure on 
the frog, any one whose eyes are open may see the necessity of paring down 
the heels so that the frog may have a bearing, when the horse is walked over 
field or turf for example. For hereby it will be seen, on turning to the brief 



192 SAND-CRACKS; REMEDIES. 

description I thought propor to give at the beginning of this book, pages 167, 
16!), &c. of the internal confortnation of the foot, that the heaUhy action of the 
parts upon each other is only to be kept up by the pressure of the sensible 
frog. 

" When the frog is not sufTiciently pressed upon, (says Mr. Coleman) it 
becomes soft from the accumulation of the fluid which it naturally secretes in 
great abundance from the fatty [elastic] substance, which lies immediately 
under the tenilon." This view of the process tallies tolerably well with my 
own examination of the subject, at the pages just referred to, and elsewhere. 

SAND-CRACK. 

When suffered to continue, the cure is attended with great difficulty, and 
the disorder may therefore be divided into two stages or degrees, like many 
otiier affections of the horse. The name of sand-crack is derived from the 
worst of these states, when sand, gravel, or dirt, has got into the crack, which 
constitutes the disease. 

Cause. — Brittle hoof will occasion sand-crack of a very bad sort, but the ac- 
companving cause is the cessation of the function of supplying matter for 
forming new horn in the vessels leading from the coronet. Tiiis may aiise 
from an external injury at the coronet, or severe treatment for some other dis- 
order of the foot, as a running frush. As the hoof is always hot, one main 
cause of Si»vid-crack is referred to heated roads, to travelling in deep, hot, 
sandv countries; scantiness of water, and removal out of a cold to a very hot 
climate, as froiu England to India (East and West), are all known to cause 
the heat and brittleuess wliich accompany sand-crack. 

Symptoms. — A s[)lit or crack in the hoof, on the inside quarter of the fore 
foot, for the most part, but often on the front of it, down towards the toe, and 
occasionally on the outside, and also near the heel. Sometimes it a|)pears on 
the hind toot, on the front of it, and prevails with us generally in hot weather. 
Sand-crack is either superficial and easily remedied, or deep and extensive, 
requiring much attention, and an operation or two in its dilierent stages. 

Cure. — It will be seen that a sliLjht crack may, by working the animal, be- 
come one of the worst species. Pare away the rotten parts, if such be found, 
and make a transverse incision across the upper j)art of the crack ; wash out 
the sand or dirt, apply daily tincture of tar, with a pledget of tow, and give 
the horse rest. Bind round the hoof tight with listing, and stop up the sole 
with cow-dung, and this treatment will suffice in ordinary cases. But when 
the crack extends so high, that there is no room left for making this incision 
across, to stop the progress of the crack, the disorder has assumed its worst 
as|)ect : the edges of the crack internallv now press upon the sensible part, or 
laminated substance that holds the cotRn-lione and hoof together, and inflam- 
mation succeeds, if blood does not issue forth. If the crack afi'ects the coro- 
net, you may draw one siile of it down to the quick about an inch with good 
efl'ect, but no farther, as that would occasion the hoof to divide more readily. 
Rest, however, will restore adhesion to the upper part of the crack, and when 
this has taken place extensively, the operation of cutting across, or of flrin"" it 
across with one line oiily, may be performed with every prospect of success; 
for as the hoof grows down, which it does from the coronet, this transverse ar- 
tifici il crack you have made intercepts the material for forming horn, on its 
inside, and thus contributes greatly to All uj) the chasm below. To increase 
»bis sMpi)Iy of the horny niiiterial, let the coronet be anointed with a solution 
of tar and tallow and hog's lard daily, which should be extended to the horny 
part of the hoof 

Slopping' has been mentioned as necessary to be adopted on the first O' 



CAUSES OF CORNS, FIGG, &c. 193 

niildpst attack, being very conducive to recovery of the lost function of seTet- 
iiig the proper horny materiah This, of course, will be attended to in every 
other stage of the disorder, whereby moisture is applied to the dry brittle hoof, 
and conveyed to its most sensible part internally. On the uses and advan- 
tages (if this siiiipie remedy 1 took orcasinn to say a few words when speaking 
ot frush at page 190, and recommend t!ie appHcation of a web-shoe grooved, 
as au excellent auxiliary to the cure, by keeping on such dressings as miglit 
be found necessary; and l)y allowing of speedy removal, it will also save much 
time and labour to that description of persons who are seldom inclined to be- 
sti)w too much of either. A number of other contrivances may be adopted to 
apply the same remedy — for af!brding cool moisture to the hoof, the readiest 
ot which is the leading him forth to a shaded place, and there tethering him 
Up, where he might stand U[)on the natural sod, grass, clay, or soft ground, 
without a chance of running about to make the case worse, as would inevita- 
bly happen, in default of this convenience, a good substitute is the sponge 
boot, with bran poultice to cover the whole surface of the foot from toe to heel. 
In all cases remember to keep out the sand, gravel, or dirt, which is ever 
likely to insinuate itself and protract the cure, and, if not otherwise come-at- 
able, an opening must be made for that purpose by cutting down one side 
of the crack, as before recommended. Proud flesh will be found at this part 
of the o[)ening, which must be dressed with a solution of blue vitriol. 

If the crack be near the heel, merely thinning the horn and taking off that 
part which bears upon the shoe, will assist the cure ; and whatever shoe may 
be put on, care should be taken to prevent the crack from bearing on it : the 
bar shoe for heavy horses is esteemed indispensable, and some farriers a|)ply 
it invaria!)ly. Others again lire the foot, from the upper half of the hoof, alH)ve 
the crack, to the fetlock joint. This is certainly decisive practice, as the 
hoof is renewed with new horny matter, being so supplied as to thrust oil' the 
old one ; but all violent remedies should be avoided until the milder ones have 
been tried and failed, which will not be the case with those means I have re- 
commended above. 

The bearing of our English shoe being commonly on tlie outer surface of 
the iioof, promotes the crackling and chip|)ing off of the wall. Mr. Teast's 
shoe (see page 188) is admirably calculated to prevent this disorder, but is no- 
wise calculated to cure it, when once the ruin has fairly commenced. 

THE CORN. 

Causes. — I shall not repeat what is already said on the two first-mentioned 
a})pearauc.es a few pages higher up, but merely add, that distortion and undue 
pressure on the sensible sole occasions that irritation which brings on inflam- 
mation of its e(.]iiP, where the shuttle-bone, or heel-bone, presses down upon it 
at every step, and causes the utmost bending that the minute elasticity of the 
hoof allows of; but contraction of the heel, which accompanies hot, brittle, and 
inelastic hoof, prevents its bending duly and truly, and lateral pressure upon 
tlie quiirters follows. The sole being thus undidv pent up, the circulation is 
obstructed in its y)assage to and from the cavity of the collin-bone, and a dc- 
posite of !)lood, which soon becomes offensive matter, is the consequence. Bad 
shoeing, whert'by the heels are pinched, also when the ragged hoof is left, 
which may have contained particles of sand, will cause irritation, and end in 
corn, or llgg. 

Symptoms. — The mischief thus commenced within sliows itself between 
the l)ar and the crust, or wall of the hoof, in a dirtv-red tumour, with greatly 
increased heat. Iiameness, in a degree proportioned to the badness of llic 
corn, is usually the first sympi^ai that directs our attentiou to the sole Fig'g 



194 TREATMENT : DISCRIMINATION NECESSARY. STRAINS. 

is Hit anothrr nnme for the snme kind of corn when situateil close to the bar 
of the frog, a htlle farther !)ack in the hollow of the sole. Pain, very acute on 
the touch ; or, when the liorse treads on a hard substance, he issues a moan, 
or grunt : it is tiiat sound in which his voice is aptly likened to the comiiUunt 
of the human sufferer. 

Cure. — Although oftentimes very troublesome, returning again and again 
when the farrier apprehends he has cured it radically, yet no affection is easi- 
er of a partial remedy, or effected Iiy more ordinary means. Deceived by the 
name, perhaps, resembling the hard excrescence called a corn, on the humari 
foot, tliey proceed at once to "pare the corn out to the quick, till the blood 
starts;" but they heedlessly put on the same shoe upon the same thick heel 
and hard hoof which first brought about the malady, and the lameness returns. 
Let the heel of the shoe be cut off on the side that is afliicted, or if both sides 
have corns, a bar shoe is recommended as giving pressure to the frog. The 
heels are then to be rasped away free from any contact with the shoe; if they 
are thick and hard, this will give them play — if thin and tender, they will thus 
be freed from ])ressure. The (hick heel is most commonly alfected, and should 
be softened by an extensive poultice that is to cover the whole foot, after the 
corn has been pared and treated with butter of antimony. Tar is then a very 
desiraltle ap|)lication, or Friar's balsam; and if inflammation is ajjain discover- 
ed, poultice the foot once more. Fire is applied by some, butthehoof is perma- 
nently injured by the actual cautery; and whatever gocnl is achieved is thus 
counterbalanced by the evil. Vitriolic acid mixed, carefully, with tar, in the 
proportion of one-tenth of the former to nine-tenths of the latter, will promote 
the absor[>tio-i upon which the cure depends. 

But in somedes[)erate bad cases, the matter has already formed within, most 
offensively, and discharges at the coronet by means of that curious process of 
nature which 1 described at a preceding page, as affording the coronet the 
niatrTtiil for forming new horn to supply the wear and tear of the hoof. Upon 
paring away the horny sole, which now becomes necessary, the offensive mat- 
ter will be found to have spread itself underneath the sensible so'e, which will 
ooze forth and give inunediate relief to the coronet. Let so much of the horny 
Bole as lies loose from the sensible sole be pared awav, and a dressing of tar, 
or of Friar's balsam, be applied as before directed ; and if inflannnation is again 
discovered, apply a poultice ; should the growth of horn be found too luxuriant, 
discontuiue the tar. 



CHAPTER V. 

Of Strains Generally. . 

STRAIN OF THE COFFIN-JOINT. 

Cause. — As previously observed, lameness of the foot does not consist in a 
stTfiin of the joint within the hoof, but is referrible to general concussion of 
all the parts, and is rather a strain of the back sinew at its conjunction with 
the bottom of the cotrni-bone. inflannnation and accelerated circulation fol- 
low, and numbness of the foot succeeds: these, if not remedied betimes, arc 
followed by ossification of the tendon, of the ligament of the small pastern, and 
Jie cartilaginous process at {/)., fig. 3, plate 2, also becomes bone. That the 
joint of tlie coffm-boiie with the pastern-bone may be strained, is very pro- 
bable; but no injury, blow, or concussion, can affect it, which does not at the 



WHERE SEATED. SHOULDER, HOW AFFECTED. 19& 

same time affect all the component parts of the foot. Thin hoof and sole are 
most Hable to this iiijiiry. 

Syrnptojns. — Sudden lameness, that is always increasing, and has scarcely 
an intermission, without any appearance to account for it on the limb; and 
the persons who permit the horse to incur this disorder by their carelessness 
seldom have the candour to acknowledge that they know the cause to be a 
tread, a rolling stone, or a stumble, and the doctor is left to "find it out." 
i? most every one imagines the lameness to reside higher up, as in the shoul- 
der or the hi[) joint. Great heat and tenderness of the part soon come on ; 
the latter syn5[)t.om may be ascertained by striking the hoof in front wiiii a 
key or small stone, wlien the animal will flinch considerably more than when 
the corresponding foot is struck in the same manner. When the horse would 
stand at ease, he usually does so with his toe j)ointing forwards, so as to keep 
the pastern in a straight line with the leg, and thereby take off the tension or 
pressure upon the back sinew and ligaments: the inflannnation shortly after 
reaches the upper part of the sinew, as may be ascertained by passing the hand 
down over it when the patient flinches. 

Cure. — Blistering at the coronet and fetlock repeatedly will reiluce tne in- 
flammation within. A |)oultice covering the whole foot also tends to the same 
effect, which will be further assisted by paring the sole, if it be not already too 
thin : reduce the frog also, and do the same for the corresponding foot. 

Formerly they pared the toe tolerably close, and bled it there, by making a 
longitudinal incision : the usual application of tar, &c. then completed the 
cure. But this is an o|K>ration that is seldom performed with sufiicient exact- 
ness, the incision being too often made unwisely deep, so that t)tlier di-i^eases 
were thus generated at some future day. Others, again, passed a seton through 
the heel to the hollow of the frog, taking care not to touch the sensible sole. 
A third set apply the actual cautery, which comes least reconunended of either 
of the remedies just described; especially when we consider that the actual 
disease is very often mistaken for some other ; a remark that implies how much 
caution should be used in first ascertaining the exact seat of the lameness, its 
cause and symptoms, ere we set about the cure by such violent means. 

STRAIN OF THE SHOULDER. 

Horses that are weak before, and low footed, with an unsteady tread, are 
most liable to contract this disorder, which consists in a twist or sprain of the 
strong muscles that attach the shoulder to the body. 1 think the horse is very 
liable to incur this disaster, in a petty degree, whenever his progression is ac- 
celerated to the utmost of his powers; but we must guard ourselves against 
placing entire reliance apon the hastily-delivered opinions of empirics, who 
boldly pronounce when they hope to deceive, and expect belief from the cre- 
dulous. 

Cause. — Much the same as those which occasion concussrions, blows, and 
numl)ness of the foot, with their consequences, which we consent to call 
"strain of the coffin-joint," without the most distant possibility of knowing 
whether this misfortune ever has happened. When the horse is subjected to 
any rude accident, as a kick, or being thrown down, or slipping on j)avement, 
ice, &c., or treading on a loose stone, he is very likely to incur strain of the 
muscles of the shoulder. See conformation of tlie shoulder, in chapter 1, p. 
10. 

Symptoms. — Decided by swelling upon the chest, or at the top of the shoul- 
der; but we think it desirable to ascertain whether the accident has taken 
place before this symptom becomes ajjparent. Lameness immediately suc- 
ceeding any or either of those accidents, wliich may be distinguished from a 



196 SWIMMNG FOR STRAINED LIMBS. 

strain lower down by the animal's drawing his toe along the ground, from in 
ability in the part to lift it oft' the ground ; but when he throws out the foot in 
a semicircle, described by the segment at page 11, this shows that the hurt is 
chiefly conlined to the lower part of the shoulder near the elbow. Taking up 
the foot and bending the limb will further prove the existence of strain in the 
shoulder, if the animal evince pain; whereas, if it lie in the foot, and not in 
the shoulder, the lame leg can be moved as supple as the sound one. The 
difficulty of ascertaining the real seat of lameness is sometimes so very 
great, being entirely invisible, as to yjut us upon all sorts of expedients to find 
out the real seat of the disorder. For this purj)osp, hold U{) his head high, 
and after comparing and finding no difference in the shape of his two shoul- 
ders, let go the head, when he will be observed to flinch upon bringing it to- 
wards the afiected side. Let a person rattle some corn in a sieve at a distance 
beliind, now on this side, now on that, and he will be observed to evmce pain 
at turning the neck so as to strain the affected side ; not so it the pain be in 
the foot, of course. As the horse will step short, and also throw out his leg 
somewhat in a semicircle, when he has received a prick in shoeing, this latter 
s-'gn is not to be taken as finally indicative of "strain in the shoulder," until 
the foot has been examined, and the shoeing-smith questioned as to his skill 
and carefulness. 

Cure. — If the injury be considerable, as when the horse has been thrown 
down, he should be bled at once, in the plate vein when it is local, but in the 
neck when the injury has been more general. A laxative ball, or a purgative, 
must follow as a matter of course, proportioned to the actual state of his bvidy 
at the time. A fomentation of camomile flowers, or of scalded bran, should 
be applied largely and assiduously at the chest and inside the elbow, and these 
remedies, with rest from all labour and exercise, generally perfect the cure. 

When the swelling is great, but not extensive, as in the case of a kick, spi- 
rits of wine, in which a fourth of its weight of camphor has been dissolved, 
should be rubbed in. This will supersede ihe necessity of walking the horse 
too early, with the hope of recovering the "use of his limb," by promoting the 
lymjjliatic absorption. A rowel is sometimes employed, when the heat and 
swelling are very high, with good efiect; but the old system of previously 
boring and blowing, and laying on " a charge," is exploded as barbarous and 
inutile. On the symptoms abating, let the convalescent horse have a loose 
stall, and in proportion as his action may be free from lameness, so should be 
regulated his return to walking, to exercise, and to work. Before he can be 
fit for his former occupation, it generally is found best to give the horse a run 
at grass; but previously he may try his powers in a contracted plot of ground 
in the homestead, to prevent his indulging too freely in exercise, seeing that 
he is very liable to a relapse, which is generally more difficult to overcome than 
the original attack. 

Swimviing the horse "for strain in the shoulder joint," was a favourite re- 
medy formerly, but is deservedly exploded, although we could be certain that 
the joint intended to be cured were the elbow. This accident, however, does 
not happen often : 1 never saw a marked case, and merely deem it possible ; 
yet has the practice still its advocates. And it may be serviceable in other re 
spects, as the muscles are thus brought into play, and the whole limb employ 
ed in quite different kind of action to that of walking on terra firma. Some 
persons submit their horses to bathing, by entire submersion ; an operation 
that was performed most adroitly, about thirty-five years ago, by a stableman 
named Denis Lawler, in the bay of Dublin. His manner was to ride his horse 
to a convenient depth of water, and then jumping forward suddenly on the 
animal's head, thus souse it head foremost to the bottom. The feat caused 
great marvel at the time ; but not so the total disappearance,^ upon one occa 



OF LAMENESS BEfflND, STRAIN OF THE BACK. IQ-^ 

Bion jf the performer : poor Denis is supposed to have received a kick to the 
bottom, and his body drifted out to sea, as his Howth friends heard no moro 
of him after that, though "New Harbour" underwent thorough repair since 
Lawler's last kick. 

STRAIN OF THE WHIRL-BONE (HIP-JOINT). 

A supposititious disorder, that is more frequently found to be a tardy attack 
5f bone spavin, that is slow in coming forward, and upon which M. la Fosse 
has thought proper to be very facetious : "a horse has the spavin, or he has 
it not," says he; "for it is not like a jack-in-a-box, that waits to make his 
appearance when you pull the string." Either spavin or strain of the whirl- 
bone, he concludes, must be the disorder of the hind leg, when the animal 
draws its toe along the road, as described just above as being a symptom of 
strain in the fore leg. When the animal has received injury in the region of 
the hip, the camphorated spirits recommended in a preceding page (196), 
should be applied ; but if the heat, swelling, and tension, do not abate by this 
treatment, blister the parts with the mild blister, No. 3, at page 179. This 
application, with rest, is adequate to any ordinary case of hip-joint accident. 

STRAIN OF THE STIFLE. 

Simple "lameness" would better designate this so-called strain. The 
same remedies as those prescribed for whirl-bone strani will apply to this part ; 
also fomentations, physic, and if the case be inveterate, a'rowel, &c. &c. one 
after another. Camphorated spirits, or ultimately a n.ild blister, are useful and 
proper, according to the circumstances just set down. 

STRING-HALT. 

A catching up of the hind leg at every step the horse takes, constitutes what 
is termed string-halt. It is one of the incurables; but this consideration shall 
not deter me from observing, that this over-action of the hind leg may be 
brought about by art, or rather the ingenuity of man operating upon a known 
function of nature. 

The cause, naturally arising, is very obscure ; but the horse-exhibitioners, 
having occasion for much show at their amphi-theatric courses, sought to bring 
on this "high show" by puncturation. To them let the secret belong ; it is 
barbarous and unseemly. 

STRAIN OF THE BACK 

When the immediate covering of the bones, described in Book I. at pace 
19, become relaxed, and thereby fail to hold the joints together sufficiently 
firm, the consequence naturally arising from this circumstance is, that they 
bend a little out of place, at every movement the animal makes, and the least 
accident confirms the strain, or sprain. Merely straining or stretching will 
etl'ect this evil at times, though that be no greater than an eflbrt to relieve na- 
ture by a motion. 

Cause. — Mostly affecting draught cattle of the heavy kind, and principally 
incident to cities and towns, where dray and cart-horses are obliged to turn 
short upon slip|)ery stones, we may ascribe this disorder to what is called a 
wrench, or twist in the human practice. The steady })ull, unattended by a 
turn, is not likely to occasion hurt of the back, be it ever so hollow origitjallv; 
because the eflbrt that is made to pull a great weight causes the joints to press 



1^8 FOUNDER, VARIOUS NOTIONS AS TO ITS CAUSES. 

straight against each other, every capsule being than filled with its next c&r- 
respontling convex hone. 

Symptoms. — A kind of separate motion for the hind quarter, compared tc 
the tore one, of which the exact perceptible division is the seat of the injury. 
Sometimes it appears as far back as the loms, but when farther forward than 
the twelfth spinous process, (at G. 24) on the frontispiece, it affects the respi- 
ration, and with it other vital functions, and the animal suffers in his general 
health. It may be muscular or ligamentary, or compounded of both, in which 
cases the parts adapt themselves to tlic derangement that has taken place, by 
thickening their substance, and the first lameness decreases greatly : in this 
event the horse's condition is not at all affected. While staling, his efforts 
are somewhat ludicrous ; as are also all attempts to make a trot of it when out 
of harness. These sym[)toms have deceived some persons into the belief, 
that the one or the other exertion has caused the strain ; whereas it is only the 
earliest demonstration of it to the observer. 

Remedies applied early may assist nature, but the lameness never can be 
cured completely. If the wrench or sprain has been of a violent sort, as in 
case of "strain in the shoulder," let the animal be bled to a good extent, i. e. 
from three to five quarts, according to the quantity or degree of violence the 
animal has sustained ; for it usually ha})pens that it has been strained all over, 
in various parts. Two dray-horses, which were employed in pulling beer 
butts from the cellar of a public house, being backed too close to the steps, fell 
in, the weight of the hinder horse dragging in the fore one upon him. Much 
contusion was the consequence, as well of the accident itself as in dragging 
them out : they were in fact strained all over, so that they could scarcely stand 
for a while. Bleeding copiously, however, to the amount of six quarts, re- 
duced the tendency to inflammation ; and although they might be pronounce 1 
hurt all over, and the hind horse in particular, both did well after physicking, 
and a few days of light work. 

I have found a fomentation of hot vinegar of very great service, in a weU 
marked case of recent strain ; the plan recommended by White, of administer- 
ing it by means of a woollen cloth or rug, steeped and loosely wrung out, be- 
ing followed. A fresh sheep-skin, just Hayed, was aj)plied immediately, and 
the lameness sensibly lessened, after two days, applying the fomentation four 
or five times. 

FOUNDER 

Is a disorder, or rather a complication of disorders, of the fore feet. Some con- 
troversy has crept into our books of farriery latterly, as to what really is found- 
er : and whilst some would confine their consideration of the subject to ihu 
foot only, others follow the fashion of grooms, and ascribe the incurable lame* 
ness that has no visible specific cause, to an afiection of the chest. Hence 
"chest founder" of the stables, and the "body founder" of White. "Shoulder- 
shook" is a provincialism of the smithy, when the farrier can perceive "no 
thing amiss" with the feet — so far as he can see, feel, or understand. Sur- 
bating was another name given to the symptom we Jiow recognise as founder, 
at a time when it was the practice to divide and subdivide every disorder under 
many, useless, and unmeaning appellations. 

Cause. — liard work, bad shoeing, age and ill-usage, either of which pro- 
duce so many other disorders pertaining to the horse in his domesticated state, 
precede founder; for, we never meet with it unless the animal has been so 
treated or kept, and I look upon it rather as a complication or efl'ect of several 
diseases of the foot. Some of these, we have seen, are liable to be mistaken 
for others; tiierelbre do they get maltreated, imperfectly cured, or retain the 



SYMPTOMS OF FOUNDER. 199 

seeds of future disease ; and founder is the name given to that which is other- 
wise inscrutable, has no otiier origin, and is badly defined by all writers anti 
talkers upon the subject. Out of this diK'ninia 1 do not at present attempt to 
"escue it: I care iu)t tor tt-rnis, unless insomuch as tliey can assist us to un- 
avel tlie character of a disorder. Contracted heel is the slow cause of most 
Cases of founder, whcreb}' the quarters press on the cotfiii and shuttle bone, 
and thus prevent the action «)f the latter, which is very great at every step, 
and is mainly conducive to the projier secretion of the horny material before 
spoken of [)retty much at large. To "a chill" is generally attributed the im- 
mediate cause of founder ; and indeed the |)oor animal which has suffered 
severely at the hands (or spurs) of his master is most open to acquire any ill 
which chili or cold may inilict. When this chill takes place, the attack is sud- 
den and usually violent. 

Inflammation always attends the first symptom of founder, if it be not an 
inmiediate cause thereof, arising, 1 have no doubt, from the waste or destruction 
of the secretion marked (c) (c) in the cut at page IGG. To this conclusion I 
am come the more positively, by reason of the alisence of those secretory ves- 
sels in the feet of old, foundered or otherwise diseased horses; which secre- 
tions were designed to furnish the material tor forming new horn and giving 
elasticity to the tread. Fig. 3, plate 3, at (ff) shows the progress of incipient 
founder, where those vessels are represented as nearly dried up, and adhesion 
has begun of the inner surface of the hoof and the coffin-bone. What must 
follow, but brittle hoof, batlered feet, or surbating, want of elasticity in the 
sensilile frog and tendon, accompanied by inflanuiiation, which is a cause, if 
not causeii by founder? 

But young horses sometimes, while breaking in, by the violence that is 
deemed necessary, are foundered by the rough rider, through the rupture or 
forcing asunder the connexion between the hoof and coffin-bone, just spoken 
of. Tn such cases, the animal being vigorous and the foot replete with juices, 
the coronet is greatly afficted by oozing out there, in its blood and lymph state. 
If youth and general good health should bring the animal through his suffer- 
ings, its feet will ever after bear external marks of the internal injury. 

Si/mpto7ns. — Curved, wrinkled, or striated hoofs, ever attend those animals 
which have been so over strained in youth, appearing as if the horn had oeen 
carved or indented; which arises from the coronet furnishing the horny ma- 
terial too luxuriantly, before it has received sufficient concoction within the cof- 
fin-bone, as before described, at p. 168. Lameness in one or both fore-feet, 
with evident pain, and great heat in the whole foot, attend founder in every 
case. At the first attack of acute or violent founder, the horse is observed very 
restless in his fore feet, which he endeavours to ease, by alternately changing 
position, and lying down when he should be feeding. He brings his hind 
legs far under his belly for the same purpose, and if he is roused by hunger or 
mandate he lies down again. Considerable alteration takes place in the pulse, 
which indicates fever, and the patient breathes short with pain. The pro- 
gress of those symptoms is very rapid, seldom occupying more than a day or 
two. 

The slower or chronic founder begins with apparently rheumatic pains and 
awkwardness of going, for which he usually receives the whip. After a while, 
flattening sometimes appears on the front of the hoof, and the heels contract: 
the older animals have now short, brittle, shining hoofs, with the small pastern 
bone deeper sunk than heretofore; the hollow of the sole is converted into the 
convex, or pumice foot, so that the animal can scarce find foot-hold on the 
ground, but will slip and slide about. He is then considered groggy, that is to 
say, "like a drunkard," and may last many years : this is chest Ibunder, and 
indeed the whole limb is usually affected up to the very chest. 



2C0 REMEDIES: JOINTED SHOE. 

Whether the attack be of the acute or the chronx Kind, it dies if not re 
lieved; for the coffin-bone becomes rotten, and the hoof is cast off without the 
yossibihty of ever being renovated. In some constitutions, nature lends its 
aid in critically raising a tumour at the coronet, the breaking whereof and the 
discharge of offensive matter effects a cure. The same sort of critical tumour 
as denoting the crisis of general fever, or inflammation, was noticed at page 
114, "Critical Abscess." 

Remedy. — As soon as discovered take off the shoe, note well the condition 
of the sole, the heat, and other symptoms, for according as these vary, so must 
the remedies be changed. Draw the soles a Httle with the buttress if found 
too thick, not otherwise ; rasp the heels and quarters, which will ease the pain 
occasioned by the binding of the hoof, and give room for the action of the foot ; 
a fact that may be ascertained by bending it at the pastern, forwards and 
backwards, before the operation, and trying the same experiment afterwards. 
Apply a bran poultice warm to the whole foot daily, but do not add to it any 
greasy or oily sul)stances as is too often practised. The sponge boot may be em- 
ployed with advantage, made large. After three or four days, that the horn 
has recovered its former consistency, put on the shoe gently, and walk the 
patient, to try in how much he is now lame ; and if the attack has been a 
slight one, he may recover with very little more treatment than a turn out in a 
meadow will afford. Otherwise the feet must be stopped, and kept moist and 
cool, as directed in case of Canker, at page 191. 

In all cases, (except where the foot is pumiced, or the sole is very thin), the 
jointed shoe of B. Clark, or of H. Goldfinch (page 183), will be found ser- 
viceable, as being well calculated for giving play or action to the parts of the 
foot, which produce the secretion that is so salutary to the renovation of new 
hoof; but which the disorder we call "binding of the hoof" has sadly pervert- 
ed into an offensive and liarmful matter. 

The proper secretion of the juicy elastic substance, for the formation of new 
hoof, being essential to the restoration of the horse, and as the lameness will 
not wholly subside unless this process goes on healthily, resort must be had to 
blistering, provided he still goes lame any. This should extend from the coro- 
net and quarters to the knee, and be repeated, taking care to keep the heels 
open and the sole stopped. The good effects to the sole that will be found to 
result from blistering, shows the connexion or companionship that exists be- 
tween the legs anil feet, as I took occasion to observe at a former page. 

But, as to drawing the sole, as before recommended generally, there is one 
exception : if the lameness and other symptoms come on after an inflammatory 
fever of the whole system, then we ought to look upon it as an effect of the 
fever seeking to throw off its dregs thus critically ; and a swelhng and dis- 
charge at the coronet may be expected soon to take place that should be en- 
couraged, and treated as simple abscess, not fistulous. When this is the case 
the bar-shoe is better adapted to keep the parts in position, that the discharge 
may proceed temperately. 

In default of sending the sick horse to a meadow, he may be allowed to 
stand on a clay-made floor in an outhouse by day, or any slip of soft ground-, 
but by no means adopt the plan of putting the patient upon litter that is damp, 
and is therefore half rotten and healing. A number of contrivances for af- 
fording coolness and natural pressure to the sole and frog, besides the forego 
ing, have been resorted to, and among these the admixture of vinegar, alegar, 
verjuice, or solution of nitre with the clay, with the stopping, &c. are well 
calculated to answer the purposes intended. Rubbing the knees with turpen- 
tine is also serviceable. 

Physic would not of course be neglected at the earliest stages of lameness, 
adapted to the previous state of the patient's bodily health, and calculated to 



IMPOSTURES PRACTISED. FRENCH MODE OF EXAMNING A HORSE. <20] 

lower the access of inflHmmation, which so much pain must naturally pro- 
duce. Either of the three evacuations being suppressed, or imperfectly per- 
formed, must be restored, and a purgative, a urine-ball, or a diaphoretic 
powder be administered as occasion requires, and opportunity presents itself: 
of course, neither of those will be given while the animal is out of doors. 



PRECAUTIONS NECESSARY TO BE OBSERVED ON BUY 

ING A HORSE. 

Much as hath been said of the make, shape, and proportion of the various 
breeds of horses in Book. I., some few precautionary hints, still more familiar, 
seem desirable in this place. Of the several points of inquiry to which pur- 
chasers apply themselves, the age of the animal is ever considered the most 
deserving of attention ; the state of its legs, bodily health, and eye sight, coming 
next in order, if general appearance does not precede every other. On each 
of those heads I offer a few words of advice, most of which are tolerably well 
recognised, though seldom in print, as most of those who deal in horse-flesh 
acquire their knowledge from experience rather than books. Before all things^ 
the new horse-dealer should guard against imposition, and not '* look at a 
horse" where he has got to withstand two or three masked advisers. To be 
sure, no one desirous of a nag would submit to the imposition of a cart-horse 
instead ; but, next to this kind of gross attempt, the thorough-paced dealers 
practise deceit of every species, and throw obstacles in the way of cool exa- 
mination, especially when we come to investigate the seat of any actual defect. 

General appearance : an idea of a good horse. — And first, that we may 
make no blunders, and the younger portion of readers be thinking of one part 
of him, whilst I am talking of another, let the annexed plate of " Terms com- 
monly made use of to denote the external parts of the horse," be kept con- 
stantly in sight, so that there be no mistake of that sort. 

Previous to stating our own old English notions, it may not be useless to 
quote the instructions with which the purchasers of cavalry for the French 
military service travelled (as [ believe) over that country. Its coincidence 
with our own opinions and practices is at least curious, though on such a topic 
no Englishman whatever requires instructions from a foreigner, if his own as- 
sertions are to be taken for genuine. " The persons sent to purchase horses 
should not only keep in mind the colour, height, and price of horses for which 
he is to treat ; but also the usual defects of the country, that he may guard 
against them ; these are, faulty sight, flat hoof, too brittle, or too soft, and 
affections of the lungs. 

" Those things being well thought on, the purchaser will look at the horse 
fiidevvays at a tolerable distance : he will choose him as nearly as possible one 
tenth longer than he is high, measuring from the breast to the quarter, and 
from the withers to the ground, so that it the horse be five feet high, his length 
should be five feet and a half. 

" Preserving the same situation, he will see 1st, If the horse has a small 
head, not too fleshy, perfectly free from tumours, and well placed, neither car- 
rying it too low nor too high ; 2nd, If he has not an ill-shaped neck, with his 
windpipe hanging too low, or bending ; 3rd, Whether his withers be either too 
sharp or too large, with fleshy shoulders ; 4tli, Whether he is not hollow back- 
ed ; 5th, Whether his chest be well formed, neither too round nor too flat, 
6th, Whether he be low-bellied, with a small sheath ; 7th, Whether he be 
touched in the wind ; 8tli, If his fore legs are not too slender, or his hock do 
not bend forwards too much ; 9th, If the tendons or back sinews be not ailing, 
i. e. either sore to the touch, or else stiff-jointed ; 10th, Whether the animal 
be not either long-jointed, or short-jointed; 11th, Whether he be strained in 
19* 



202 RIGHT ENGLISH NOTIONS OF A GOOD HORSE. 

tne pastern joint, going low; 12th, Whether flat-hoofed, with low heels ; 13th, 
Whether he be not narrow at the hind quarters; 14th, Whether he has not 
spavin, windgall, or curb, ring-bone, or thorough-pin, or is likely to cut. Exa- 
mine his sole and heel for thrush, canker, or corn, and if contraction has taken 
place." 

Having thus before us the Frenchman's precautions, we come to the Eng- 
lishman's long accepted description of a good horse, and nothing else. His 
head ought to be lean, of good size, and long; his jowls thin and open; his 
ears small and pricked ; or, if they be somewhat long, provided they stand 
upright like those of the fox, it is usually a sign of mettle and toughness. His 
forehead long and broad : not marefaced, but rising in the middle like that of 
a hare, the feather being placed above the top of his eye, the contrary being 
thought by some to betoken approaching blindness. His eye full, large, and 
bright; his nostrils wide, and red within; for an open nostril betokens good 
wind. His mouth large, deep in the wykes, and hairy. His windpipe big, 
unconfined, and straight when he is reined in by the bridle, for, if it bends like 
a bow (or cock-throttled), it very much hinders the passage of his wind. His 
head must be so set upon his neck, that there should be a space felt between 
the neck and the jowl; for, to ba bull-necked is uncomely to sight and preju- 
dicial to the horse's wind. His crest should be firm, thin, and well-risen ; his 
neck long and straight, yet not loose and pliant, which our north countrymen 
term withy cragged ; his breast strong and broad ; his chest deep at the girth, 
his body of good size and close ribbed up to the stifle ; his ribs round like a 
barrel, his fillets large, his quarters rather oval than broad, reaching well down 
to the gaskins. His liock bone upright, not bending ; which some do term 
sickle-houghed, and think it denotes fastness and a iaster. His legs should 
be clean, flat, and straight ; his joints short, well knit, and upright, especially 
at the pastern and hoofs, with but little hair at his fetlock ; his hoofs black, 
strong, and hollow, and rather long and narrow than big and flat. His mane 
and tail should be long and thin rather than very thick, which some think a 
mark of dullness. 

Some do aifect a small head at all hazards, thinking none other belongs to 
a good horse, but much will depend ui)on how it is set on ; if that be upon a 
crane-neck, as usually happens when very small, he will carry unsteady, with 
tail up as a counterbalance ; and if large head arise from thickness of the jowl, 
this will also be a real deformity and interfere with his safe going : hard mouth- 
ed usually accompanies the great big head at the jowl. Expanded forehead 
is quite a different thing, and belongs to neither of those objections, but on the 
contrary is a redeeming sign of good breeding for any kind of faulty head, or 
long or short, or thick or thin. The crest being slightly curved is always ac- 
companied by distinctly marked windpipe. No horse with a bad shoulder can 
carry his rider with ease and pleasure on the road, though a large one be re- 
quisite for harness, or a very oblique one belong to a speedy horse ; because it 
is the hind legs that send the animal along, as was eminently the case with 
Eclipse. See pages 5, 9, 10, of Book I., where many other points to our pre- 
sent purpose are discussed. 

As to bodily health, also, the reader will not have far to look to enable him- 
self to judge how any animal is affected which he may desire to purchase. 
The whole volume now in his hands is devoted to a description of the func- 
tions of animal life, and of their derangement. 

AGE. 

General appearance bespeaks the age of every animal, to those who havo 
niuch practice in ascertaining that point, and whose interest may be said lo 




m 



NUMBER OF TEETH: TUSHES. 203 

sharpen their judgment : in the horse we are enabled to make a fair estimate 
of his years from the birth, to ten or twelve, by means of its teeth, hui then 
we should guard ourselves against a number of deceptiou? tricks that are prac- 
tised on the unwary. 

A certain juvenility of countenance and springiness of action, legs long 
compared to the carcass, or filling up, large at the knees and other joints, wide 
jowl, rough coat, and intractability, denote the foal and colt in succession ; all 
which indications vanish gradually as it advances towards maturity, and be- 
comes full mouthed. Heavy cattle assume premature age and sometimes de- 
ceive us upon the first view ; nor do such decay when aged so fast as the more 
spirited, fretful, and lighter breeds ; and as no one would purchase a horse for 
use before it be fit for his purpose, nor take to one that is worn out, the vendor 
hesitates not to stretch a year or so, one way or the other, as may l:)est suit his 
own interest and his customer's wants. To aid their nefarious designs, they 
are said to file the marks of age in colts' teeth, and to bishop the aged, for 
confirmation of their falsehoods. But we never rely wholly upon those marks, 
but turn our attention to the curve of the tushes in the horse's mouth, and the 
sloping forward of the corner teeth in both sexes, to detect the imposture. 

When w* open the mouth of a full grown, or four year old horse, we per- 
ceive twelve nipper teeth in front and twenty-four grinders behind : between 
the two sets, above and below, a space is seen on the gum, designed by nature 
to receive the bit, and termed the bars of the upper or lower jaw, as the case 
may be. About an inch behind the last of the front teeth, the male has tush- 
es at this age, which seldom occurs with mares. The tushes coming up in 
the lower jaw sometimes occasion soreness at the bars, when these are to te kn- 
eed and the tushes appear: this the dealers effect prematurely at times; and 
having also drawn out the two front sucking teeth, this causes the " torse 
teeth" to come up soon, so that the animal may appear four years old be- 
fore its time. Pursuing the same species of deception, they proceed to draw 
the remaining sucking teeth, that the animal may assume the appearance of a 
five year old. Jockies have then a pass word for this operation, which they 
term " all up !" 

In examining the mouth to ascertain the age, we leave entirely out of con- 
sideration the grinding teeth, and chiefly rely upon the under jaw ; though 
when deception may be suspected, the buyer should refer to the upper teeth 
also, as these follow the same course of nature as the lower, but do not decay 
so fast in old age. 

At fifteen days old the fore teeth (two above and two below), appear above the 
gums, the outside shell first, having muscular substance in the middle of the two 
shells, whiv.h fills gradually up, till about the end of the first year, when the 
surface becomes smooth, and a small ring is observable towards the root ol each. 

Meantime, when the foal is a month old, the next two teeth (one on each 
side) above and below, appear in like manner; and at thirteen months the 
fleshy cavities of these fill up, and a ring is observable as in the former. 

At four months old the corner teeth come 
up, and the filling up is similarly effected at 
sixteen or seventeen months old. After this 
period the whole six teeth wear even, and so 
continue smooth and unmarked until two 
years and a half, the corner teeth being still 
the least perfect, the front ones largest. 

During this state of the mouth, if the un- 
principled dealer would give his animal's teeth 
the mark of three or four years old, he is said 2 1-2 ijears old. 

to "file" two or four front teeth hollow in the middle; though in f&ct it it* 




204 



FOALS' AND COLTS* TEETH TORMNG. 



burnt in with an acid that is capable of destroying the hardest substances. 
But tliis falsification may be detected, 1st, by comy^aring the upper with the 
lower jaw which they omit "to file;" 2d, by noticing whether the marked 
teeth have' the ring before described, as pertaining to the sucking teeth, but does 
not belong to the horse teeth — lastly, these latter are larger, of a brownish yellow 
linge, and soon acquire tartar, very unlike the fine whiteness of the sucking teeth 

On rising three years old, the two fore teetb 
(below, and two above) fall out, and are re 
placed by two horse teeth, having the hollow 
mark in the middle, as shown in the annexed 
cut. As just said, they are also larger and of 
a darker colour than the sucking teeth. But 
between the third and fourth years, two fur- 
ther colt's teeth (as well above as below) shed, 
and are replaced by " horse teeth," i. e. larger 
and browner than the sucking teeth, with the 
black mark ; the tushes also push forth, and 
the horse is now fully mouthed, as re- 
presented by the cut in the margin. 

Only the corners now remain un- 
changed from colts' to horses' teeth. 
These differ from the others in being 
shorter, smaller, and of a shell-like ap- 
pearance, until the middle of the fifth 
year, when these also are displaced by 
horse teeth, in shape much like the 
former, and their marks but just per- 
ceptible within the upper surface. But, 
toward the completion of five years of 
4 years old. age, they become larger, are more 

strongly marked, and are grooved on the 
inside, which groove denotes the age to 
be five with precision ; no deception can 
be practised on this point, nor as regards 
the tushes, which are now curved, hav- 
ing grooves inside, that may be felt with 
the Hnger, and seen as represented in the 
figure annexed. At this age the two 
front teeth give proof of being worn, 
principally on the outer edge • the wear- 
ing away goes on, and at six years the 
surface is level, or as they say, "the mark 
is gone," whilst the next two teeth also 
begin to wear. Now, also, the grooves 
just spoken of in the corner teeth fill up ; 
the curve in the tushes is diminished, and 
at seven years their grooves fill up in like 
manner, and become convex in another 
year or two. Up to this age only the two 
corner teeth retain the mark, and that 
but slightly ; when the horse acquires 
the term "aged," and these two likewise 
soon after become smooth. 

This is the state of the lower jaw at 
7 years. seven years old, but the teeth of the uppei 





PACES: TIIEY DISCLOSE lAiFENESa 205 

jaw do not fill up so fast by two years ; so that a tolerably shrewd guess ai the 
age of a horse may be formed until it is twelve. The marks in the two tront 
teeth of the upper jaw are not obliterated until eight years old, and the next 
two become smooth only at the tenth year of its age ; being each two years 
later than happens to the corresponding teeth of the lower jaw ; whilst the 
two corner teeth above do not lose their marks until the twelfth year. 

The tushes of old horses, then, have neither curve nor groove; they wear 
away at the points as if they had been broken off and polished again ; tne 
corner teeth appear long and leaning forward ; the upper teeth project over the 
lower, and all lose their oblong shape, whilst the the gum recedes and leaves 
their roots bare, so that the teeth seem as if grown longei. When the teeth 
do not so meet evenly, certain dealers file away the projecting teeth ; for this 
denotation of old age, which may be attributed to a strong mouth, sometimes 
happens prematurely without any other corresponding sign. In two or three 
other respects we notice similar deviations from the general rule, that none 
know how to account for, unless it be that such animals were got by old 
parents, when the hoUowness over the eyes will be found to disfigure young 
colts of the most tender age. Some, again, lose the mark in all their teeth ex- 
cept the corners, as early as five years old ; others have hard mouths and the 
bars almost callous; but all these have the hollow just spoken of. This de- 
fect dealers endeavour to rectify by puncturing the skin and blowing it up. 
On the other hand, some horses are so strong in the mouth, or rather healthy, 
that the marks of five years old are retained by them until six or seven. 

Extreme old age may be fbrther ascertained by the mouth, with moderate 
accuracy. Up to ten or eleven years old, the teeth generally retain their ob- 
long figure and touch each other. From this period the teeth contract in size, 
become roundish, and leave a small space between them; which space in- 
creases up to the fourteenth or fifteenth year, when each tooth assumes an 
angular shape, and jirojects forward, irregularly. In another year or two the 
under lip hangs down, the jaw becomes neaped and contracted, the gum re- 
cedes considerably from the roots, and the shape of the teeth is then of an ob- 
long, but directly contrary to the first. 

Moreover, the eyes of a horse approaching twenty years wax yellowish, he 
winks much, and the inner skin of his mouth turns outward, if naturally of 
a gray or roan c<jlour, tlie darker spots turn rusty, and he is then what they 
term "fiea bitten:" gradually he turns gray, beginning v*'ith the head and 
finishing with the legs. 

LAMENESS 

Is not easy of detection, when the horse comes from the hands of a dea.er; 
who of course makes the best of him, and endeavours to inveigle our judu-- 
ment, and to throw obstacles in the way of examination. Perbaps, when a 
horse walks queerly, or unaccountably odd, this should be sufficient cause for 
rejection; but if he suits the purchaser's purpose in other respects, we are 
usually induced to look at him a hltle further, and this is the reason that the 
seller alvvays puts his tit upon the pace he can perform best, commonly the 
gallop. All paces are natural ones, except backing and cantering, and are 
all modifications of the walk, trot, and gallop. The walk is maile in four 
equal st.e[)s; the trot in two, and the gallop likewise in two, except at setting 
olf. When the steps are not made in equal time, then is the horse lame. Tins 
is observable when he walks, is more apparent when he trots, but is scarcely 
percepliblt; when he gallops: therefore to judge whether a horse be lame or 
not, he should be put upon the short trot, because at the long trot it is more 
difficult to be discovered by seeing him go, than by hearing the uiiierence cf 



206 BLOOD-LFTTrNG: ERRORS CONCERNING. 

sound in each alternate step. Hence, it will be seen, we must examine 
whether a horse be lame by a gentle trot. To judge whether the lameness 
De before, lot him come towards you, then the fore leg which falls to ground 
the quickest is the sound leg, and the contrary one is faulty; but to find out 
whether the inequality of his paces proceeds from defect in the hind leg, make 
him trot from you, and that leg which is longest in coming to the ground is 
affected in some manner or other ; and in either case the faulty leg is to be 
closely examined, according to the instructions before set down, page 171 
Even then, unless the person has great experience, he is liable to be imposed 
on, as the poor animal is often lamed of a fore and a hind leg, at the same 
time : an occurrence that may have been inflicted on one leg in order to coun- 
teract the first a{)pearance of actual lameness in the other. To detect this cruel 
imposition, it becomes necessary to examine every leg. to turn up all the soles, 
and to ascertain whether the horse has not been pegged between the shoe and 
the sole, or his " heels opened," by the shoeing-smith for the purpose of sale. 

BLOOD-LETTING. 

EvERV one, almost, can bleed a horse in some way or other, and it is often 
found extremely desirable that the operation should be performed without de- 
lay. But, like many other excellent remedies in the hands of unreflecting 
Eersons, this one is frequently employed imperfectly, as well as too often. Each 
as its [teculiar notions, cither as to the fit part whence the blood should be 
taken, the time when it becomes necessary, or the quantity proper to be taken; 
the latter being the more common error, as it is also the more excusable, inas- 
much as they can plead "authority" either way for what they do, is neverthe- 
less demonstrably ruled by wrong principles. The practice of bleeding at 
given periods, be the quantity taken ever so small, is most injudicious, to say 
no worse of it; for, why should we employ a curative when there is nothing 
to cure? especially when we thereby substract from vitality itself. 

"Only bleed incases of iuHammation," say the French farriers, and then 
they take a large quantity, under the impression that taking a quart, or a little 
more, from a mass of two hundred and twenty quarts, which is fairly calcu- 
lated to reside in a muidling-sized horse, "is but trifling with the disorder." 
The existence of iiiflannnation, or fever, is to be ascertained by the state of 
the pulse, upon which I was tolerably minute whilst speaking of fever. &c. 
(pages Gl — (54) the number of beats, and the kind of \ibrations, being well 
consiiiered. previously to taking the fleam in hand, when the quantity drawn 
should be commensurate to the extent of the disorder. Keep in mind, how- 
ever, the exceedmg ilanger of mistaking one series of febrile symptoms for 
another, as may be judged of by turning to those of "low fever," at page 67, 
when bleeding would destroy the horse. See also pages 68, 69. Without 
question, if the o[)crator entertains a doubt about the symptoms as indicated 
by the [ailse, the least quantity he takes is likely to })erpetrate the smallest 
amount of harm ; whilst, if he be correct in his observations, and has witnessed 
the good effects of bleeding in strictly similar cases, its inadequacy can eflect 
no good whatever, nor repetition amend the matter one tittle, but the contrary. 
So that he must be wrong either way. 

For, as I proved at the pages before referred to, the disorders for which 
bleeding is found serviceable depend less upon the quantity of blood that may 
be in the system at the time of the attack, than upon the construction or 
".state of ihe blood,"* and the degree of irritation that may exist in the ves- 

* That is to say, the proportion of its then component parts^ which is mainly aflected by ths 
discaiie. 



MEASURE AND APPEARANCE OF COAGULUM. 207 

eels that contain it; both which affections, or causes of disease, are mMre fre- 
quently to be moved by the manner of taking any given quantity than by the 
actual weight, or rather the measure thereof. If the blood, for example, be 
drawn from a small orifice, no matter how rightly judged the quantity may 
be, however consonant to the proportions I have prescribed at page 63, yet the 
irritation of the blood-vessels, known by the rigid feel of the artery, will not be 
reduced, nor the animal recover. " He has been bled," is thrown in the face 
of the doctor, " and is no better : we have even preserved the blood." But the 
thing has not been performed with requisite skill. Among other absurdities, 
the operator will perceive the impropriety of permitting the blood to escape 
upon the ground, and then guessing at the quantity drawn ; than which no 
practice can be more slovenly and fallacious. 

A measure should be provided, marked with graduated circular lines, and 
numbered from the bottom by pints each. Glass forms the neatest vessel ; 
but pewter offers a less brittle material in horse-medicine. The blood should 
be preserved awhile in the vessel, that the form it assumes in coagulating may 
be noted and remarked upon; as commonly happens most indiscreetly by all 
bystanders, whether it be caught or not ; for very few can pronounce accu- 
rately, upon the view, the quantity of disease the blood indicates, particularly 
when it is on the ground ; nor yet when in a vessel, unless it be caught pro- 
perly. 

Let the vessel be presented so as to catch the blood fairly, and not trickle 
down the sides, whereby the manner of its coagulation is affected. Bbod 
that is drawn from a healthy horse, soon congeals in nearly one uniform mass, 
About one fifth of water only remaining at the top; from the residue you may 
wash away the red or colouring particles, and leave a pale thick coagulum or 
lym|)h. In a pound of such blood will be found these proportions — viz. 8 
ounces of thick lym[)h, 5 ounces of the red or colouring particles, 3 ounces 
watery. If the o[)erator keeps stirring the blood until it cools, the water does 
not separate, but the whole forms one homogeneous mass. In cases of great 
inflammation or fever, the watery proportion is much less, and the blood is 
then consequently more viscid or thick ; which proves that tiiis visciility is an 
accompanying symptom of the disorder, as maintained in various parts of this 
volu.-ne ; but, as'the fever goes on, the animal loses appetite, and he makes no 
more new blood ; the blood then becomes thinner in consequence of the de- 
posite of Ivmph made in its circulation, and the red part predominates. On 
the contrary, in low fever and all languishing disorders of a lardy circulation, 
in cases of oedema tons tumour, the watery part is found in the greatest pro- 
portion, and the red part is then almost extinct; in inflammatory fever the red 
particles predominate, the water is nearly dried up, and the lymph greatly de- 
creases. 

Instruments. — The fleam and blood-stick have been attacked as remnants 
of the old school, but were unjustly stigmatized as a rude metnod of obtaining 
blood. In the hands of judicious persons, the fleam has been found equal to 
every purpose that was required, and when used adroitly no other means of 
blood-letting, probably, ever will supersede it. But during the rage for im- 
provements and new inventions, that prevailed a few years since, they sought 
to avoid a certain clumsiness of its application by introducing the lancet to 
general use. True it is, that the awkward method of making two or three 
aims with the stick, before striking at the fleam, occasions the horse to shy, 
especially whilst every vessel of the head is swelling with olood, in conse- 
quence of the application of the ligature round the neck; and equally true, 
that careless o[)erators frequently cut through the vein, so as to cause subse- 
quent disorders ; though others, again, dangerously wounded tbe carotid artery 
20 



SOS FLEAM AND LANCET; LIGATURE. 

ihat passes unJer the vein ; vet are there insunnountable obstacles to the ge- 
neral use of the lancet; that can never be overcome. 

Of those, I need mention but one objection, viz the time occupied in mak- 
ing the opening — seldom less than four or five seconds, which causes the ani- 
mal to move its head, and thus to defeat the intention of making a sufficient 
orifice, whereby the adipose muscle of fleshy animals is allowed to interp^ise, 
and the blood trickles down the neck, and part of it gets underneath the skin. 
By the way, this happens when the operator does not bleed sufficiently high 
cp the neck, the skin and muscle being much tliicker lower down. Ui;>on 
lartje animals, Ukewise, the lancet is wholly incompetent to its purpose, owing 
to the very thick teguments it has to pass through, leaving entirely out of con- 
sideration the substance of the vein itself. To remedy those objections, the 
spring fleam is more advisedly employed by less practised hands, and is found 
to conibine the advantages assumed for the lancet, whilst it secures the requi- 
site orifice punctured by the fleam. 

Bleeding is now performed without previously applying a ligature, as it be- 
came apparent that the blood which was thus detained in l>oth veins, distend* 
fd also the capillary vessels in the head, which pressed upon the brain. 
Hence it frequently happened that vertigo came over the animal, filling it 
with the apprehension of danger. Sometime* it fell down through compres- 
sion of the brain, and plunged ; whereupon the disconcerted Of>erator wa3 
known to give it up for a bad job, at the moment it became more than ever ne- 
cessary, charging the fault to account of the horse's restiveness, with an ex- 
pressed intention of resuminsr the attempt at some more favourable opportu- 
nity. But this was a proniise he was seldom able to redeem cleverly; the 
alarm excited by striking the fleam again and again scarcely ever subsiding, 
for the tension of the vein would but increase with the continuance of the 
ligature, and caused it to slip aside more certainly. Apoplexy and death hag 
ensued from the same cause, namely, the application of a hgature, and the 
consequent bursting of the fine blood-vessels of the brain. 

A large vein is more desirable to take blood from, as an evacuation that is 
to relieve the whole system, than a small one, and the jugular or neck \ein, 
within a hand of the jowl, is ever preferable; because the small do not con- 
veniently admit of maiing so large an orifice, for the quick esca|>e of the blood, 
upon which so much benefit depends ; nor for the same reason allow of draw- 
ing a sufficient quantity at one time, to efiect any good upon the spasmodic 
tendency or irritdbUity of the vessels. 

Local bleeding, in the plate vein for example, for a bruise in that region, 
does not enter exactly into my present view of the subject of blood-letting ; 
though as much senic-e to the part afiected may be derived from drawing oflf 
from the circulation at the neck vein, as spraying a vein immediately at the 
seat of the e\il. Bleeding in the foot is the only exception 1 should make: 
unless the practice of incising the bars of the mouth when the animal will not 
take his corn, be another, or at least not of importance sufiScient to be men- 
tione'J at all, even as an exception. 

The jugiilar rein Ijeing sought for where it is largest and nearest the sur- 
face, this will be found upon pressing it with the finger, a hand's breadth from 
the setting on of the head, a yery little below the place where a branch comes 
from the lower jaw. and joins another from the upper part. The Frenchman 
instructs his marechal {hus pithily on this topic, at on several others — " Do 
not bleed your horse in the head, but as near to it as {>ossib!e." Its situation 
being thus found, take the fleam between the fore-finger and thumb of the 
left band, and pressing gently upon the vein below with the other fingers, the 
vein will rise; then strike, with stick or spring, as the case ma\' be, and con- 
tinue the pressure until the proper quantity of blood is drawn ofll If tliit 



OF PPTSTNG THE ORIFICE. ACUTE FOOTfER. 209 

lafter necessarr attendance is foun<l inwnvenient the ligature may now be 
aprlieJ without dinZ'^r. hut with no aJ iitim.il a.ivantigf*. 

Pir,nin^ up the orifice is the fini! [fin of l>{.>>J-tetiini that k frequently 
overJone;thdt is to sav, too much of the skia is ilrawa up over the ori fice erf 
tl.e vein, so that the Wood '.vill flow underneath the skia which causes a swefl- 
in(T • and a fistulous tum.)ur is the consequence, that is very troabfesooK to 
cimL Where the quantity of blo.xI taken has been small, Vexnog a ledun- 
dancv in the svstem. this latter misfortune is filu£est to hapfpen; bat wh^ 
the quantity t;iken has Iwen lartie, and the horse rests quiedy after ij the 
pinnincr ua'may be dispensed with, tor the blood ceasing to flow of itseJJ^tbe 
pans beinj bn^ght to-^ether will adhere almost naturally, by hofcfing thefager 
at the oriI>:e tor\ few seconds. But when you most use a pin, be camul it 
does not prick the orifice ot the yean. ^ . • 

Is it necessary to add, that the fleam sliould be dean, and otherwise m good 

Rules. 1. Always give purging phyac after letting blood. 2. Never 
bleed im-nediitely after a run ; nor at the moment pretend to pass jm^ment 
on the pulse, as it is then flurried. 3. Tou may bleed after a fell, or a eon- 
tused wound ; though the pulse be not quick, it will then be nteguhur : nnsBd 
wounds do not require bleeding, since enough escapes at the wound. 4. If 
the bl.»i in the measure be very hard, with half at the top, the animal may 
be bled again : it indicates high fe?er. 5. If the blood scarcely coagulates, the 
poor creature ought not to have been Uooded at aO. 



ON ACUTE FOUNDER. 

Founder, as a general subject, is one of great importance ; and when it is 
considered 'as probable, that if it does not desta-»y, it at least rmders tselesa 
more horses than ail other diseases put together, its impiMtance can hardly be 
rated too high. To a proper consideration of it. however, it mu^ beregaided 
as consisting of two kinds, and these essentially ditfering from cadi other. 
The one is an acute attack, dependent on diffused inflammation or fever, fike 
the inflammations of any other important organs : the other, a chronic, ocra- 
sioned by local inflammation, s^imetimes dependent on constitutional hahility, 
but much more frequently on outward occasional causes. 

But as an acute founder appears to be the most general disease in this coun- 
try. I shall C5nflne myself entirely to a consideration of it. 

'Acute Founder appears to have two origins, in one case being a true me- 
tastasis cf primary fever, or translation of disease from one part to another ; 
in other instances the attack appears to be made m..^re directly on the feet 
themselves. In a great many instances it can be directly traced to the effect 
of obsftructed perspiration ; or at least of the sudden alternations of tempera- 
ture, operating in the production of general febrile affectioiK, whose tran^a- 
tion to the feet is sometimes perhaps" accidental, and at others may be pn>- 
ducevl by some cause which has already weakened them. In thK latter way 
it often "occurs after very severe e:xertions ; as yery hard r»Hng or driTii^. wiA 
previous, present, or subsequent eipt>sure to wet or cold, particularly of the 
feet, as vyashin^ them immediately after the horse arrives ; or the tendenrf 
may perhaps be increased bv first exposing the feet to cold and afterwards 
suddenly removinii them into a warm stable : the vessels of the feet not tvins 
able to bear this sudden alteration, distend and fall into infl a mm a tio n. It may 
in many ot these cases occur prior to iieneral teyer, which will then be sym^ 
loautic } or it may be conaequent to it, when the founder itaelf 6 the e»e» 



210 ACUTE FOUNDER. 

of translation ; and both are frequently occasioned, as before stated, by re- 
peated and long continued exertions with subsequent exposure to told, espe- 
cially by the custom of washing the feet and legs when hot. 

Founder very frequently proceeds from cold too suddeidy ap{)lied to the 
body from a. current of cold air acting upon it when in an over- heated state, 
or from drinking freely of cold water. The symptoms are at first these: 
when the horse begins to cool, he appears very stiff and feeble in his fore 
quarters, and, when forced to move forwards, he collects his body, as it were, 
into a heap, and brings his hind feet as far forward under him as he can, in 
order to remove the pressure of the weight of his body from the fire legs and 
feet ; at the same time hv. sets his fore feet to the ground with great pain ; his 
fore parts are extremely hot, and sometimes his legs are considerably swollen, 
and evidently painful to the animal when touched. 

As soon as the complaint has risen to any height, the feet will be found in- 
intensely hot, and the j)astern arteries pulsating very strongly; there is some- 
times some little tumefaction round the fetlocks, and when one foot is held up 
for examination, it gives so much pain to the other that the horse is in danger 
of falling. The poor beast groans and breaks out into profuse sweats at one 
time, and at others is cold ; his eyes are moist and red, and his whole ap[)ear- 
ance betokens that he is labouring under a most painful inflammatory affec- 
tion. 

In this state, the complaint shows itself the first three or four days, after 
which its effects are various. In excessively bad cases, when the symptoms 
stated have raged a few days, a slight separation of the hoof at the coronet 
may be observed, from which a small quantity of thin matter may be pressed ; 
the sensible laminse of the foot, now losing their connexion with the insensible 
laminae by the effects of the inflammation, the hoofs gradually separate, and 
at last drop off. At other times the effects are not quite so violent : still how- 
ever the termination is sufficiently unfortunate; for coagulable lymph is thrown 
out, which equally forces off the hoofs ; but not until the parts underneath 
have acquired some solidity, nor till the germ of a new hoof appears, which 
if suffered to grow never proves perfect ; on the contrary, the horse usually 
remains permanently lame. In other cases the laminje, losing their elasticity 
and power, yield to the weight of the cof^n-bone, which becomes pushed back- 
wards, and in its passage draws with it the front of the hoof, which falls in ; 
tt>e pressure also of the coflin-bone destroys the concavity of the horny sole, 
which becomes convex, or pumiced, leaving a large space hollow towards the 
toe, which very frequently turns up. 

But when the attack is not commenced with that violence which has been 
detailed, or when an early and judicious plan of treatment is adopted, the ter- 
mination will be more fortunate; the horse will stajid longer upon his feet, the 
pulse, which at the onset of the disease is very high, will gradually fall, these 
favourable appearances will increase daily, and in the end the animal will re- 
cover the use of his feet. 

As soon as the disease is discovered, take away blood from the neck to the 
amount of four, five, or six quarts, as circumstances may require, or size and 
condition will permit; back-rake and throw up clysters, but unless there be 
much costiveness present, do not give strong purgative medicine, as the high 
state of irritative fever which is generally present, forbids such practice. 
Mild laxatives should be given twice or three times a day until the bowels 
are moderately opened, together with the fever ball, recommended some 
pages further back, twice a day, until the inflammatory symptoms have sub- 
sided. 

The feet should be attended to after the general bleeding, &c. In the first 
plau; jet the shoes be taken off, and the soles pared a little j the hoof should 



ACUTE FOUNDER. 211 

be rasped as thin as is prudent, which will greatly relieve the internal sensi- 
ble parts, which are tender and swollen, by removing the pressure of the sole 
and hoof from them; let the feet be immersed in warm water or apply poul- 
tices to them, or if preferred wet cloths may be kept round them ; if the 
genera! febrile symptoms still continue repeat the bleeding and the medicine. 
As soon as amendment becomes apparent, feed mildly, and allow the horse 
to rest ; do not proceed to exercise until the feet have gained some strength, 
nor must it be forgotten that feet once foundered, require great caution in 
their future management, as they are very liable to become again affected on 
any considerable exertion. 



SO* 



INDEX. 



A. 

Abscess and tumours, how engendered, 110. 
■ ' , critical, treatment of, 1 13. 

Drawing poultice, 114. 

^^ , deep-seated, danger of, 115. 

Acute founder, origin and treatment of, 209. 

Age of horses, how to estimate the, 202. 

Air, effects of, on the blood, 39. 

— , confined or noxious, a cause of inflammation, 60. 

— , the importance of keeping out a draught or current of, in stabies, 74» 

— — , celk., controversy concerning, 82. 

Anatomy of the foot, 169. 

Animal system, general observations on the, 54. 

• , definition of the term, 54. 

■ , how deranged, 55. 

• , lesser parts of the, described, 56. 

Anticor, prevalence of, in France, 142. 

-, cause, symptoms, and method of curing, 142. 
Alterative ball, 143. 
Arabs, practice of the, in cases of lameness, 170, 177. 
Arteries and veins, their office, 41. 

B. 

Back, strain of the, cause and symptoms of, 197. 

• , effects of, and remedies for, 198. 

Back-raking, in cases of costiveness, method of, 69. 

Bile, excess and deficiency of, 50. 

Bishoping, how to detect, 204. 

Bladder, construction of the, 53. 

———, diseases of the, 54, 104. 

— — — , inflammation of the, cause of, 105. 

-, symptoms and remedy, 105. 



-, cases of stone found in the, 108. 



Bleeding, copious, in certain cases recommended, 74, 198. 

— — — -, dangerous, after continuance of inflammation, 74. 

— — — , of the employment of the fleam and blood-stick in, 207. 

■ ■ , objections to the lancet, 208. 

— , local, remarks on, 208, 
— — — , modern method of, 208. 

-, on pinning up the orifice after the operation of, 209. 



— — — , rules to be observed in, 209. 

Blind-gut, its uses, 46. 

Blistering, to divert inflammation, considered, 75. 



S14 INDEX. 

Blood, circulation of the, 38. 
— — , effects of air on the, 39. 

-^ , how cleansed, 40. 

, fluidity of the, 42. 

• , effusion of the, 42. 

-, the, how made, 48. 

, healthy proportion of the component parts of a pound, 207. 

Blood-letting, remarks on, 20G. 

, use of a graduated measure recommended in, 207. 

Blood-vessels of the foot, 168. 

Bone spavin — See Spavin. 

Bones and integuments of the foot and leg, description of the, 169. 

Bowels, inflammation of the, symptoms of, 88. 

Breeders, advice to, 18. 

Broken wind, 82. See Organs of Respiration, 35. 

Brood-mares, treatment of 18. 



Calculus, or stone in the bladder, cause of, 107. 
■ ■> , its resemblance to coHc, 109. 
Canine madness, causes of, 159. 

Canker, causes, symptoms, and method of curing, 190. 
, treatment in cases of, 190. 
, how prevented, 191. 
Cat-hams, how contracted, 13. 
Circulation of the blood, 36. 

Cline, Mr., his opinion regarding hereditary roaring, 85. 
Coffin-joint, strain of the, how caused, 194. 
. — ■ — — , symptoms and cure of, 195. 

Cold, progress of a, 33. 

, mistreatment of a, 35. 
Cold or Catarrh, causes of a, 76. 

, symptoms of a, 77. 

— — - remedies in cases of, 78. 

Colic, a prolific source of inflammation, 88. 

— — , spasmodic or flatulent, symptoms of, 90, 96. 

, definition and re- production of, 94. 
— — , causes and progress of, 95. 

Drench, No. 1, 98. 

, No. 2, 98. 

Sedative ball, 98. 
Colts, consequence of mounting too early, 19. 

Concretions, cause of, 107 — the coecum, 46 ; kidneys, 51 ; bladder, d3L 
Consumption, definition of the term, 82. 
Contraction caused by paring the sole inconsiderately, 185 
Corns, how caused, 193. 

, symptoms and mode of curing, 193. 

Costiveness, causes of, 68. 

symptoms of, 68 



-, remedy in cases of, 68, 92. 
— , restoratives, 69. 

laxative drench, 69. 

tonic ball, No. 1, 69. 

, No. % 7a 



INDEX. 215 



cooling decoction, 70. 
Cough, remedies for, 71). 

expectorant ball, No. 1, 80. 

, No. 2, 80. 

a laxative ball, 81. 
a diuretic bail, 81. 

drench. No. 1, 81. 

-, No. 2, 81. 



, diet and regimen in cases of, 81. 

Cough, chronic, deacribed, 36. 

■ , symptoms of, 86. 

, plethoric, how brought on, 86. 

■ , remedy in cases of, 86, 

purgative ball, 86. 



, periodical, treatment of, 87. 

mild purgative ball, 87 
alterative ball, 87. 

.- , constitutional, 88. 

drench, 88. 
Curb, description of, and hovir cured 174. 

D. 

Dead subjects, duty of examining, 2. 
Defectiveness, constitutional, 110. 
Diabetes, cause and symptoms of, 106. 

, remedies for, 106. 

Diet and regimen in cases of cough, 81. 
Digestion, the process of, 43. 
Diseases of the lungs, review of, 35. 

, origin of constitutional, 48. 

Disorders, inflammatory, 59. 

- — of the foot and leg, introductory observations on, ITOl 

Dissection, how to proceed with, 2. 
Docking, introduction of the practice of, 56. 

. , effects of, 157. 

Dung, an indication of the state of the body, 65. 

E. 

E?rs, the, by their movements, indicate the passions, 57. 
Eclipse, the race-horse, 5, 10. 

, weight of the heart of, 37. 

Englishman's description of a good horse, 202, 

Eruptions, scurvical, treatment of, 176. 

Exercise, effects of, 42. 

Eye, appearance of the, a criteiion by which to judge of the constitution. 37 

F. 

Farcy and poll-evil, connexion of, 121. 

. , distinction between, 121 

, cause of, 140. 

. , symptoms, 140. 

, treatment and cure of, in its three stages, 14 L 



ClG INDEX. 

Farcy, mercury, a specific in, 142. 

Farcy l»uds, the free application of the actual cautery recommended to, 143. 

purgative ball, 141. 

alterative ball, 141. 

mercurial ball, No. 1, 142. 

— , No. 2, 143. 

Fever, predisposition to, 59. 

-, and inflammation, slight distinction between, 60* 



--, remedies recommended in cases of, Gl. 
— , high, iiidicationsof, (j2. 
~, simple, sym[)toms and treatment of, 63. 
— , danger of relapse, in cases of, G5. 
— , low, cause of, 6t>. 

, symptoms of, 66. 

remedy and restoratives in cases of, G7. 



typhus or putrid, causes and symptoms of, 70. 
epidemic, cause of, 71. 

-, symptoms of, 71. 



Fever in the feet, 15, 178. 

purgative ball, 63. 

, clyster, 64. 

fever powder. No. 1, 65, 

■ , No. 2, 65. 

fever drink, 65. 

laxative draught, 67. 

diuretic ball, 67. 
Figg. See Corns. 

Firing, barbarity of the operation of, 56. 
— — , in cases of strains, when proper, 179. 
Fistula in the withers, cause of, 122. 

■ , symptoms, 122. 

, method of cure, 122. 

, operations necessary in, 123. 

cold lotion, 124. 
Fleam, the spring, advantages of, 207. 
Fluidity of the blood, 43. 
Fomentations, great service of, in strains, 198. 
Food of the horse, 43. 
•Foot, constitutional defects in the form of the, 7. 

, cutting away the horny part of the sole, reprobated, 56. 

— — , a section of the, 166. 

, structure and physiology of the, 164, 168. 

, mode of severing a, 167. 
, blood vessels of the, 168. 
— — , ligaments and tendons of the, 168. 

-, anatomy of the, 169. 

, and leg, description of the bones and integuments of the, 169. 

, observations on the disorders of the, 170. 

, remarks on the diseases of the, 188. 

France, prevalence of anticor in, 142. 
French method of cleaning sores, 124. 

■ , notions of strains, 176. 

, military service, instructions to the purchasers of cavalry for the, 201 

Founder, causes of, 198. 

— — — — , in young horses, 199. 



INDEX. SI"! 



Founder, symptoms attendintr, 199. 

J distinction between acute and chronic, 200. 

— — — , remedies in cases of, 200. 

. , the effect of inflammatory fever, 200. 

-, acute, origin and treatment of. 209. 



G. 



Frush. See Thrush. 



Genitals, how nourished, 57. 
Glanders, how generated, 33, 

, observations on, 129. 

i , predisposition to, 129. 

, symptoms of the tiue, 134. 

, as described b\ La Fosse, 135. 

, controversy as to, communicable, 135. 

J of three sorts — two contagious, 136. 

- , cause of, 129, 136. 

. , symptoms, 137. 

, tests of true, 138. 

, remedies fur, 139. 

-, legal restraints regarding, 139. 



Glands, on the functions and diseases of the, 29, 129. 
Grease, causes of, 143. 

i^ , white feet liable to, 144. 

, symptoms of, 144. 

. , preventives and remedies, 144. 

-, regimen recommended, 14G. 

alum wash. No. 1, 145. 

strong alum wash. No. 2, 145. 

strongest, or mercurial wash. No. 3, 145. 

diuretic alterative pow er, 146. 

purging ball, 146. 

alterative balls, 146, 147. 

diaphoretic ball, 146. 

ointment, 147. 

i , molten, physiology of, 93. 

. — , its causes traced, 94. 

. , treatment of, 94. 

sedative clyster, 94. 
Great gut, course of the, 46. 
Gripes and inflammation of the bowels, distinguishing symptoms between, iitt 

, distinguishing symptoms of, 96. 

■ , treatment in cases of, 97. 

H 

Head, motions of the, indications of pleasure and pain, 14. 

, a large, a sign of sluggishness, 17. 

Heart, structure and functions of the, 3. 

. , organization of the, 37. 

. , shape of the, 40. 

• , weight of Eclipse's, 37. 

Hide bound, caused by internal tumours, 149. 
• , symptoms, 150. 



218 INDEX. 

Hide bound, method of curing, 150. 

alterative laxative, 150. 

tonic, No. 1, 150. 

, No. 2, 151. 

alterative balls, 151. 
Hip-joint, treatment in cases of strains of the, 1U7. 
Hoof, shape and make of the, 11. 
—— , duty of studying deformities of the, 164. 

bisecting the perfect, 166. 



-, internal structure of the, 166. 
-, component parts of the, 166. 
brittle, a cause of sand-crack, 192. 



Horse, external structure of the, 5. 

, evils resulting from bad make and shape of the, 6 

— — , length of body of the, 15. 

, hollow back, 16. 

■ — , food of the, 43. 

, of the leg and foot of the, 164. 

■ , impolicy of working the, too early, 19, 170. 

, advice to purchasers of a, 201. 

, Englishman's description of a good, 202. 

, criterion by which to ascertain the age of a, 203. 

Hydrophobia, an incurable malady, 159. 

, causes of, 159. 

■ , symptoms of, in the dog, 160. 

in the horse, 160. 



, water no true test of, 161. 

, regimen recommended in, 161. 

writers on, 162, 163. 

Purgative ball, 162. 

1 and J, 

Indigestion, diseases of, 45. 
Inllammation of the stomach, 44, 88. 

, of the liver, 50. 

■ , and fever, distinction between, 59. 

• , causes of, 59, 89. 

, restoratives incases of, 61. 

• , of the lungs, causes of, 72. 

, symptoms, 72. 

, stage horses liable to, 89. 

, how incurred, 89. 

, how distinguished from colic, 90. 

-, of the kidneys, 51, 90, 102. 



— , of the bowels, sym|)toms of, 91. 
— 5 of the liver, cause of, 99. 
— , symptoms of, before yellowness comes on, 99. 
-, liver and kidneys, treatment in cases of, 100. 



Iron defence. See Shoeing. 
Instructions, French military, for the purchase of horses, 20L 
Intestines, construction and diseases of the, 44, 88. 
Ja'unilice, or yellows, cause of, 101. 

- , symptoms of, 101. 

, cure for, 101. 



K. 



Kidneys, functions and oiseases of the, 51. 

, influence of inflamed, 91. 

, inflammation of the, 102. 

— , causes of, 102. 

, sympU)ms, 103. 

, cure, 104. 



Mild purgative ball, 104. 
Embrocatioii, 104. 



L. 



I.aertes, Mr. Maberly's, a capital lea per, 9. 
Lameness, test for ascertaining. 171, 205. 

, remarks on, 171, 105. 

. , rest indispensable in cases of, 170. 

Lam{)ers, or lampas, description, symptoms, and method of curing, 128. 

Lancet, objections to the, in blood-letting, 208. 

Lawler, Denis, anecdote of, 196. 

Leg and foot, on the disorders ol the, 170. 

Legs, mechanical explanation of the form of the, 6. 

Ligaments and tendons of the foot, 108. 

Liver, situation of the, 49. 

, functions and diseases of the, 49, 99. 

, inflammation of the, 50, 99. 

. , ulcers and tumours on the, 102. 

, complaints,, and kidneys, discriminative symptoms of, 102L 

Locked jaw, symptoms, 157. 

I , remedies for, 1.57. 

. , treatment of, 158. 

Lungs, description of the, 31. 

experiments on the, 32. 

review of diseases of the, 35. 

ulcer on the, frequently mistaken for worms, 39. 

causes of inflammation of the, 72. 

symptoms, 72. 

restoratives in cases of inflamed, 75. 
Lymphatics, importance of stimulating the, 30L 

M. 

Madness, canine, causes of, 159 

, syniptoms of, 160. 

■ , treatment of, 161. 

Mallenders and sallenders, cause and cure of, 176. 
Mange, cure for the, 148. See Surfeit, 

Ointment, 149. 

Alterative for the mange, No. 1, 142. 

__ 1-, No. 2. 149. 

Megrims, characteristics of, 156. 

. , remedies, 156. 

Membranes, construction of the, 27. 

. , cellular, diseases of the, 28. 

Mercury, a specific in farcy, 141. 
21 



320 INDEX. 

Mercury, green food improper under a course of, 142. 

— , precautions necessary in the use of, 154. 

Midriff; its uses, 26, 34. 

Millers' horses most Uable to stone in bladder, and why, 108. 

Molten grease. See Grease. 

Muscles, their construction, shape, and uses, 28. 

N. 

Nailing, imptrftance of the operation of, 186. 

y risks attending the old method, 186. 

— , improved modern mode of, 187. 

Nerves, construction and uses of the, 30. 

Organs, large and small, description of, 21. 

■ , of respiration, liable to several kinds of disease, 35. 
— — , urinary, diseases of the, 105. 

P. 

Pegged, how to ascertain whether a horse has been, 206. 

Perspiration, 23. 

Phenomena, the trotting mare, 6, 9. 

Physiology of the stomach, 43. 

Pinning up the orifice, after bleeding, cautions relative to, 209. 

Pleurisy, 77. 

Poll-evil, causes of, 115. 

^1 s3'^mptoms of, 116. 

, cure for, by dispersion, 116; by suppuration, 117. 

. , form of bandage for, 1 18. 

, method of operating, in cases of, 118. 

-, the seton, how applied in, 118. 



-, general remarks on, 121. 
-, and farcy, connexion of, 121. 

-, distinction between, 121. 



embrocation, 116. 

alterative ball, 117. 

irritating mixture, 119. 

digestive ointment, No. 1, 119. 

scalding mixture. No. 1, 120. 

, No. 2, 120. 

, No. 3. 120. 

digestive ointment, No. 2, 121. 
Pulmonary patients, treatment of, 72. 
Pulse, observations on the state of the, 62, 206. 

, a register of the state of the, recommended to be kept, 62. 

Purchasers of horses, advice to, 201. 



CL 



Ctuittoi, how caused, 125. 

-, method of curing, 125. 



-, mild treatment of, recommended, 172. 



first alterative ball, 126. 
second , 126. 



INDEX. 321 



R. 



Rabies, incurable, 159. 

, means of discriminating the true from the false, 160. 

, progress of symptoms in. 160. 

, nostrums recommended in, 162. 

Regimen and diet in cases of cold, 81. 

Relapse, danger of, in cases of strains, 179. 

Respiration, its close connexion with the formation of blood, 31. 

" the organs of, liable to several kinds of diseases, 35. 

, and exercise, eifects of, 42. 

Ringbone, causes, symptoms, and remedies, 172. 
Roarers, hereditary, Mr. Chne's opinion respecting, 85. 
Rules to be observed in bleeding, 209. 

S. 

Saddle galls, how caused, and remedy for, 124 
Sand-crack, cause of, 192. 
— — — -, symptoms of, 192. 

• , treatment in cases of, 192. 

, remedies for, 192. 

Secretions, uses of, redundant and defective, 22. 
Shoe, shape of the, English, 181. 
-, French, 181. 



, an improved form of described, 182. 

, the patent, remarks on, 180, 184. 

, the jointed, 183 ; Bracy Clark's, 183 ; Goldfinch's jointed, 183 ; Cole- 
man's frog shoe, 184 ; Teast's, 188. 
■ ■ ) ruinous consequences of trying on the, hot, 185. 

. , importance of the operation of nailing the, 186. 

Shoes, various, for diseased feet, 188. 

, cast iron, objection to the use of, 188. 

Shoeing, remarks on, 179, 185. 

, of preparing the hoof for, 184. 
, French method of, 187. 
Shoulder, conformation of the, 10. 

, lameness of vne, 15. See Strains. 

Sitfasts, how to remove, 125. 
Skeleton, explanation and practical use of the, 4. 
Sole, danger of paring the, too much, 180, 185. 
Sores, French method of cleaning, 124. 
Spavin, varieties of, 173. 

, bone causes of, 173. 

. , symptoms and cure of, 174. 

Splents, cause and symptoms of, 175. 

. , remedies for, 175. 

, in some instances, occasioned by shoeing, 175. 

Liquid blister, 175. 
Stables, close, prejudicial to health, 39. 

■, the necessity of ventilation in, 74. • 
Staggers, origin of, 155 156. 



22iS INDEX. 

Staggers, varieties of. 156. 

, remedies foi, 156. 

, mad, a case of, 71. 

Staling, excessive, or diabetes, 106. 
Stallions, on the choice of, 18. 
Stifle. See Strains. 
Stomach, physiology of the, 43. 

•— , inflammation of the, 44, 88. 

Stone, cases of, found in the bladder, 109. 
Strains, remarks on, 176. 

, of the back sinew^ and ligaments, cause of, 177. 

, symptoms of, 177, 

• , method of curinf 178, 

, danger of relapse in cases of, 179. 
Embrocation, No. 1, 178. 

, No. 2, 178. 

Blister, No. 3, 179. 

■ of the coffin-joint, cause of, 194. 

, symptoms of, 195. 

-, remedies for, 195. 



shoulder, cause and symptoms of, 195. 
treatment in cases of, 196. 



whirl-bone (hip-joint) remedies for, 19T 
stifle, treatment of, 197. 
back, cause and symptoms of, 197. 
— , remedies recommended in, 198. 



Strangles, cause of the, 130. 

, symptoms of, 131. 

, cure of, 131. 

— , bandage for, 133. 

— - , inoculation for the, 133. 

. , of the gullet, 133. 

, bastard, 134. 

laxative ball, 132. 

laxative drench, 132. 

stimulating liniment, 132. 

fumigation, 133. 
Stringhalt, 7, 197. 
Surfeit, effects of, 147. 

, cause, remedy, and cure of, 148. 

wash, 148. 



Teeth, description of the, 203. 
Tendons and ligaments of the foot, 1G8. 
Thoroughpin, cause of, and remedies for, 173. 
Throat, sore, remedies in cases of, 78. 

■ , method of bandaging for, 79. 

Thrush or " frush," cause and symptoms of, 189. 

■ , method of curing, 190. 

Tongue, state of the, a health-guage, 56. 
Tonics requisite after inlJammatory diseases, 69. 
Tumours, internal and external, 42. 



INDEX. 223 



Tumours, on the liver, 99. 
- — , definition of, 111. 

■-, how engendered, 111. 

-, distinctions between the single and the varied, 112. 

, the kind of horse most liab^ to, 112. 

-, on the joints, 113. 



, and abscess, general observations on, IIQL 

U. 

Ulcer on the lungs, frequently mistaken for worms, 39. 
Urinary organs, diseases of the, 105. 
Urine, secretion of the, 52. 

, chemical analysis of, 531 

, a good indication of the state of the body, 65. 



— — — , suppression of the, 103. 
, balls, evil eflTects of, 104. 

, incontinence of, 105. 

, bloody, cause of, and treatment recommended, 103. 

V. 

Veins and arteries, their co-construction, 41. 
Ventilation of stables, the importance of, 74. 
Veterinary knowledge, the advantages of, 1. 
Vives, description, cause, and symptoms of, 126, 127. 

, its connexion with farcy and glanders, 127. 

— — , cure for, 127. 
.r— — , false, method of removing, 128. 
lotion, 127. 

w. 

Warbles. See Saddle-galls, and SU/asU, 
Water, no true test of rabies, 161. 
Whirl-bone, strain of the, remedies for, 197. 
Wind, broken, how acquired, 83. 

■ , varieties of, 82. 

■ — —, causes of, 83. 

. — — , regimen in cases of, 84. 

tonic ball, 84. 
ball, 84. 
Windgalls, causes of, 173. 
— — — , temporary cure of, 173. 
Windpipe, construction of the, 32. 
Withers, fistula in the, 122. 
Worms, general remarks on, 151. 
, causes of, 152. 

, distinguishing symptoms of, 152. 

" ^1 regimen recommended in cases of, l55l 

I. I , cure for, 153. 

No. 1, mercurial bolus, 153. 

No. 2, purgative ball, 154. 

No. 3, laxative alterative balls, 154. 
21* 



i;.f| INDEX. 

laxative powder, No.. 1, 155. 

balls, 155./ 

powder, No. 2, 155. 

Y. 

YoIIows. See JaundicCm 



TUEEIfV 



V^' 



SUPPLEMENT 

TO 

MASON AND HIND'S 

POPULAR SYSTEM OF 

r A R R I E R Y: 

COMPRISING 

AN ESSAY ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS, 

ESPECIALLY THE HORSE; 

WITH 

REMRKS ON TREATMENT AND BREEDING; 

TOGETHER WITH 

TROTTING AND RACING TABLES, 

SHOWING 

THE BEST TIME ON RECORD, AT ONE, TWO, THREE, 
AND FOUR MILE HEATS; 

PEDIGREES OF WINNING HORSES, SINCE 1839; 

AND OF THE MOST 

CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND MARES; 

WITH 
USEFUL CALVING AND LAMBING TABLES, ETC., ETC. 



BY J. S/SKINNER, 

Editor now of the Farmers' Library, New York ; Founder of the American Fanner, in 1819} 
and of the Turf Regrister and Sporting Magazine, in 1829 : being the first Agricul- 
tural and the first Sporting Periodicals established in the United States. 



PHILADELPHIA: 
GRIGG, ELLIOT & CO. 

NO. 14 NORTH FOURTH STREET. 
1848. 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by 

JOHN GRIGG, 

in the clerk's office of the District Court of the United States fcr 
the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



STEREOTYPED BY J. FAGAN. 
PRINTED BY T. K. AND P. G. COLLINS. 



(2) 



DEDICATION. 



Without going through the formality of asking leave 
to say " by his gracious permission," which, if sought, 
might have been withheld, this Supplement to Mason 
AND Hind's Popular Systems of Farriery is respect- 
fully dedicated to Col. Balie Peyton. 

It is not that a contribution so inconsiderable is 
deemed worthy of him, or the subject so interesting; 
but that the Author would fain embrace any fair occa- 
sion to manifest to him, and through him to their com- 
mon friends at New Orleans, his grateful remembrance 
of their kindness when among them. 

There would be, moreover, an essential propriety in 
dedicating to Col. P. a more adequate offering of this 
sort ; as he is known to be a breeder and warm amateur 
of the high-bred horse ; a4;id, in his own spirit and cha- 
racter, exemplary of what is best bred and most excel- 
lent among men. 

J. S. S. 

New Year's Day, 1848. 
For the nonce at Annapolis, Md. 



(3) 



PREFACE. 

Though, under ever fluctuating but sometimes pro- 
pitious circumstances, the very climax of equestrian 
power may have been reached in a few cases in the 
United States, as in the country from which we derived 
Qur skill and material, is it not still worthy of all con- 
sideration how we may contrive to helay^ as the sailors 
say, what we have gained in that important branch of 
Rural Industry — not only as a means of individual en- 
joyment, but as a prolific, indispensable source of 
National power and wealth ? 

However serious and apparently insurmountable may 
be the difficulties that stand in the w^ay of farther im- 
provement of domestic animals, and especially the Horse 
— either in the general absence of the necessary means 
and appliances, and of adequate encouragement for the 
care and expense attendant on the production of Horses 
of high qualities, there ought, surely, among well-in- 
formed men, to be no obstacle arising from ignorance of 
the art of breeding. Hence it is that in sending forth 
the JYinth Edition of this popular work on Farriery, 
while nothing seemed to be needed in the way of de- 
scription or treatment of the diseases of domestic animals, 
and while the author of this Supplement was only called 
on to extend the stud-book in a manner to embrace the 
pedigrees to which breeders and dealers might have 
occasion to refer, he could not forego the opportunity 

(5) 



Vi PREFACE. 

to offer some such additional matter as, to him at least, 
seems to be of sufficient value to render it acceptable 
and useful. 

In the introductory remarks on the relations existing 
between Man and the animals destined for his use and 
amusement, and the obligations these relations impose, 
the writer has but expressed the sentiments he has ever 
entertained, of duty on our part to respect the feelings 
and comfort of the humblest among them ; and has 
endeavoured to encourage continued exertions for their 
melioration by showing how successful and progressive 
such efforts have been, even up to the present time. 

To these observations of his own are appended those of 
"writers of acknowledged judgment and authority — 
accompanied by such iiotes as appeared to be apposite and 
well-founded ; and to these, again, have been superadded 
a few tables and other items which might not elsewhere 
be conveniently met with. His undertaking, kind reader, 
<< hath this extent, no more." All, then, that the author 
of the ^^ Supplement to Mason's Farrier" has to ask 
of you is that you will bear in mind that there has been 
no engagement to write anything — much less a Book on 
Farriery: for that there was no call or necessity. With 
this intimation, the reader will please accept for what it 
is worth and with all due allowances, the little that has 
been volunteered — by one who may claim to have been 
all his life an amateur if not a connoisseur of the Horse, 

J. S. S. 

Edit, Farmers^ Library, 



CONTENTS. 



On the relations between Man and the Domestic Animals, 

especially the Horse, and the obligations they impose, Page 9 

On the Form of Animals 18 

The Chest 19 

The Pelvis 20 

The Head 20 

The Muscles 21 

The Bones 22 

On the Improvement of Form 22 

On the Character of Animals 25 

Examples of the good and bad effects of crossing the breeds 26 
On the importance of more attention to the Principles of 

Breeding — the Stallion and the Brood Mare 31 

An Essay on the Condition of a Stallion 41 

Tables — Weights and Measures 49 

List of Medicines 60 

Apparatus for Compounding Medicines 50 

Instruments 50 

Calving Table 51 

Lambing Table 51 

Trotting 52 

Best Trotting Time, at Mile Heats 53 

At Two Mile Heats 53 

At Three Mile Heats 53 

At Four Mile Heats 53 

Racing — Best Time on Record at Mile Heats 54 

At Two Mile Heats 54 

At Three Mile Heats 56 

At Four Mile Heats 57 

The St. Leger 58 

Average Speed for the Doncaster St. Leger 59 

Pedigrees of Winning Horses, since 1839 60 

Celebrated Stallions and Brood Mares 89 

20* 37 

(7) 



SUPPLEMENT, ETC. 



ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN AND THE DO- 
MESTIC ANIMALS — ESPECIALLY THE HORSE — AND 
THE OBLIGATIONS THEY IMPOSE. 



" La connaissance de la conformation exterieure du cheval est beau- 
coup moins repandu qu'on ne le pense vulgairement : elle repose sur des 
etudes d' anatomie de physiologic, de mecanique, et d' histoire naturello 
dont peu de personnes se font une juste idee." 



If animals were classified by naturalists in the order 
of their intelligence, docility and usefulness, the Horse 
and the Dog would occupy, in relation to Man, the jux- 
taposition they have assigned — on the ground of physical 
structure — to the impracticable baboon and the grotesque 
and chattering monkey ; and in lieu of groping in the 
darkness of antiquity for the period when they are sup- 
posed to have been entrapped or subdued, by fraud or 
violence, we should the rather conclude that Nature 
placed all the domestic animals where we have ever found 
them — in close association with Man, administering to 
his pleasures and wants ; lightening his toils and sharing 
his dangers ; and constantly advancing, like Man him- 
self, under the improving influence of civilization and the 
arts that belong to it. 

In contemplating the whole animal kingdom, does not 
Man — standing preeminently at the head of it, surrounded 
by the domestic races — present everywhere the most 



10 ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN 

lustrous spot on the varied map of living creation ? From 
the everlasting snows of the north to the burning sands 
of tropical deserts, his faithful dog follows at his foot ; 
the horse is at his side — submissive to his will ; — the 
patient ox bows his neck to the yoke ; and the sheep and 
the hog are present to supply his clothing and his food. 
Far otherwise is it with untameable and predatory birds 
and beasts. Restricted to particular regions by an all- 
wise Providence, the absence of food and climate con- 
genial to their nature forbids them to roam beyond limits 
comparatively circumscribed. And do not these arrange- 
ments for our benefit, and which give us " dominion 
over all the earth and every creeping thing that creepeth 
upon the earth," enjoin on us the duty of studying their 
habits, their economy, and all the laws of their existence 
— with a view to their improvement for our advantage, 
in every way consistent with kindness to them and with 
gratitude to Him, 

«' Who in his sovereign wisdom made them all ?" 

And while these considerations teach us to be merciful 
ourselves, do they not convey the admonition 

« Ye therefore who love mercy, teach your sons 
To love it too!" 

The very fact that to them has been denied the power of 
speech, and the necessity of uncomplaining submission 
under every hardship, ought to put us constantly on our 
guard against practising, or permitting to be practised, 
any, the smallest measure of abuse or ill treatment. Thus 
every man of common humanity will study their com- 
fort in all things, consistently with the purposes for which 
they were designed, and will never even mount his faith- 
ful horse without seeing that whatever is needed has been 
done to give an easy set to his saddle — and, still more, 
that all is nght about his feet ! 



AND THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 11 

Doctor Rush, in a beautiful and benevolent eulogy on 
the Horse, in one of his lectures, related a touching anec- 
dote of a highly intelligent and successful Pennsylvania 
farmer, who, stricken down suddenly with apoplexy in 
his barn-yard, expired on the instant — with this last di- 
rection to his herdsman on his lips : " Take care of the 
creatures /" And the biographer of an eminent English 
Chancellor relates, as from himself, how his beloved son 
had preferred to him, in his very last moments, a petition 
in favour of his faithful terrier ; " And Father^ youHl 
take care of poor Pilcher^ wonH youV Nevertheless, 
after all the care that can be taken, we should probably 
be amazed if w'e could know the amount of pain unwit- 
tingly inflicted on animals dedicated to our service, and 
some of whose bodies are at last consumed to afford us — 
as some would contend — superfluous nourishment, refer- 
ring back as they do to that golden age when 

« Man walked with beast — ^joint tenant of the shade ; 
The same his table and the same his bed — 
No murder clothed him, and no murder fed." 

Even all unnecessary harshness of reproof should be 
avoided — for it is well known that some animals are even 
more susceptible of painful and violent emotions, from 
various causes, than some men, whose hardened nature 
and familiarity with vice, render them as insensible to 
the reproaches of others as to the stings of their own 
conscience. Those, for instance, who have studied the 
character and affections of the horse — with a view to his 
diseases and moral susceptibilities — need not be told that 
while sharp and threatening words will so disturb him as 
to quicken his pulse some ten beats or more in a minute,* 

* The natural constitution of different varieties of the same class of 
animals is worthy of close attention. In small and thorough-bred horses, 
for instance, the pulsations of the heart are about 40 to 42 — while in 
the larger, cold-blooded cart-horse, they do not amount to more than 36. 
But when ill-treated, as before suggested, their pulsations are increased, 

37* 



12 ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN 

he has in very memorable cases been known to fall dead 
under the excitement of the sexual and other passions. 
That he is sometimes animated by the strongest spirit of 
rivalry, and a noble ambition to excel, has been occa- 
sionally evinced by violent attacks on his passing rivals 
on the turf— and very recently the case occurred with a 
noble animal which fell dead at the very winning-post, 
in vainly struggling for victory, on the Pharsalia course at 
Natchez. The contest which had this melancholy issue 
was between Col. Minor's Jenny Lind and Col. Bing- 
aman's Black Dick : 

" Dick was the favourite at odds. Some even bets 
were made that he would win at three heats — and some, 
if the heats were broken, would not win. Jenny drew 
the track, and after some little manoevring, they got off 
together, but Dick outfooted her and took the track on 
the turn ; at the half-mile post she had got her head to 
his hips, and they ran locked round the upper turn ; at 
the head of the front stretch she began to draw clear of 
him, and spurs were applied. <■ Then burst his mighty 
heart,' for he soon was seen to reel, but he still struggled 
on ; his jockey Mat, leaped unharmed from his back, and 
the noble animal fell dead within ten feet of the winning- 
post, which he had lelt not two minutes before in perfect 
health and the finest condition. No shout of triumph 
hailed the winner : all was sympathy and regret. Two 

say, ten in a minute. The natural circulation of the sheep is about 70 
per minute. The average pulse of a full-grown ox, in a state of health, 
in England, is about 40 — but this increases in a climate of higher tem- 
perature. Doctor James Smith (Journal of Agriculture, vol. ii. p. 92.) 
finds that in the climate of Louisiana the pulse of the ox, in its natural 
state, is from 68 to 75 — rising on the slightest excitement to 80. Every 
one knows how destructive is the mora! influence of fright to a flock of 
sheep — when, for instance, they have been badly scared by dogs. It 
often happens that they never recover from its efi'ects. 

For all farmers who have occasion to fatten animals, we must take 
room for three words — warmth, cleanliness, and quietude. They are 
the veni'Vidi'Vici, in their fields of action. 



AND THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 13 

of our most talented medical gentlemen immediately 
made a post-mortem examination, and came to the con- 
clusion that the death of the horse was produced by apo- 
plexy, caused by congestion of the heart, brought on by 
over-excitement and violent exertion." 

The annals of domestic animals abound in cases to 
show how liable they are to acute affections and suffer- 
ing, far beyond the apprehension of the most considerate 
and humane. 

Thus much, good reader, have w^e gladly seized the 
opportunity, and even gone a little beyond the require- 
ments of our publishers, to say in the way of appeal in 
behalf of speechless creatures, as alive to pain as to a 
sense of gratitude for generous treatment ; and having 
already adverted to the obligation we are under to study 
the laws of their existence, and the means of their meli- 
oration, it may now, even be insisted that in the whole 
range of the occupations and interests of breeders of 
their own stock, there are few things that demand more 
consideration and skill than does this very branch of 
rural industry* 

The study and the pride of every one should be, not 
merely to maintain them at a point of excellence already 
acquired, but to have them progressively improving in 
whatever constitutes economy and value ; for why should 
any man indolently conclude that his stock has already 
attained the ne plus ultra in the way of amelioration, 
however superior it may be ? Such is not the fact, nor, 
it may safely be affirmed, would it be consonant with the 
orders of Providence, or even with our own interests, 
that it should be so. To man has been given dominion 
over the beasts of the field — that, like the earth itself, he 
should cultivate and improve them ; and for that, among 
other purposes, was he endowed with the great, dis- 
tinguishing, and godlike power to prosecute intellectual 



14 ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN 

investigations into every department of nature and in- 
dustry. Doubtless our ancestors, more than a century 
ago, were ready to believe — what indolence is ever ready 
to w^hisper — that the several races of domestic animals 
most immediately under their care, had then already been 
carried up to the maximum of improvability ; yet which 
of them has not been vastly bettered in the meantime, in 
all their valuable points — and that, too, not by any sud- 
den or accidental accession of one or more good quali- 
ties, but constantly and progressively ; by a closer study 
and a better knowledge of the laws of animal and 
vegetable physiology, and by the application of other 
appropriate sciences. In the plain English of the motto 
chosen for these reflections what is there said of the 
Horse may apply to other animals : 

"The knowledge of the external conformation of the 
horse is much less extended than is generally supposed. 
It reposes on the study of anatomy, of physiology, of 
mechanics, and of natural history, in a manner of which 
few persons have a just conception," 

In 1710, by the estimate of Dr. Davenant, — a writer 
of unquestioned candour and authority, — the weight of 
<< black cattle" (so called, because, at that day, most 
cattle were of that colour) averaged but 370 pounds ; the 
weight of the calf was estimated at 50 pounds; and the 
average of sheep and lambs, taken promiscuously in the 
London market, w^as only 28 pounds. After the lapse 
of 120 years, — with far less of science applied to the 
subject than at this time, — M'Culloch, in his dictionary, 
so highly characterized by the accuracy of its statements, 
puts the average of cattle at 556 ; sheep and lambs at 
50 ; and -calves at 105. But the late accomplished Pro- 
fessor Youatt, in his able w^ork on cattle, estimates the 
average weight now at Smithfield at 656 ; that of sheep 
and lambs at SO ; and calves at 144 j — the weight of 



AND THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 15 

each having doubled in 130 years ; and that, as before 
said, not by any accidental importation from abroad, or 
fortunate cross at home, but by a course of careful, 
systematic, and sagacious attention to the laws and prin- 
ciples of breeding and feeding. The horse, standing at 
the head of the list, — sharing and supporting man in all 
his most pleasurable as well as toilsome and dangerous 
enterprises, — naturally engaged his earliest attention and 
most assiduous care, to cherish and improve to the high- 
est pitch, his noble faculties of strength, speed, and 
endurance ; and thus may have been already brought to 
the zenith of his capabilities, if indeed he has not pass- 
ed the culminating point ; but see what must have been 
achieved by the stimulus of the turf, and art in the 
breeding-stud, to raise the bred horse of England to a 
height of perfection, even above the wonderful capacity 
of his south-eastern ancestry, — the very "drinkers of 
the wind" themselves ! — for we have the high authority 
of Nimrod, the crack writer of England on all field- 
sports, for saying that, on the best Indian authoritieSj 
" the best Arab, on his own ground, has not a shadow 
of a chance against an imported English racer, in any- 
thing like a good form." The celebrated race on the 
Calcutta Course, between Pyramus and Recruit^ — the 
former the best Arab of his year ; the latter a second- 
rate English race-horse, by Whalebone, the property of 
the Marquis of Exeter, — settled this point, inasmuch as 
allowance was made for the comparatively diminutive 
size of the Arab, — it being what is termed a give-and- 
take match, or weight for inches ; in which Recruit car- 
ried 10 stone 12 (152) pounds ; and Pyramus only 8 
stone 3 (115) pounds, an extra allowance of 7 pounds 
having been given to him as an Arab. 

Pyramus, says the reporter of this race, is as good 
21 



16 ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN 

an Arab (he had previously beaten all the best Arabs in 
Calcutta for the gold cup) as has appeared for many years. 
His condition was undeniable; the distance was all in 
his favour, and he was ridden with superior judgment — 
so that the result of his match with Recruit may be con- 
sidered to have established this an axiom : that no allow- 
ance of weight, within the bounds of moderation, can 
bring the best Arab — even in a climate most congenial 
to him — upon a par with an English thorough-bred horse 
of moderate goodness. In addition to all these circum- 
stances in favour of Pyramus, it must be remembered 
that Recruit only landed on the 28th May, (the race was 
run in January), after a voyage of five months." 

In England, where the progress of improvement was 
greatly accelerated by a seasonable infusion of Arabian 
and 6ar6aric blood, the bi^ed-horse — standing, in respect 
of the equine race, as the capital on the Corinthian pil- 
lar — has reached a point of perfection that, if it can be 
kept up, we can hardly dare hope will ever be excelled. 
In that country, four-mile races are nearly abolished, and 
it has been said with every show of reason, that early 
training, light weights and short distances, are impairing 
the stoutness of the English race-horse and hunter, and 
their capacities to stand up and go the pace as in the 
palmy days of the English turf. In our own country, 
the annals of the course show, that our climate is highly 
congenial to the constitution and physical development 
of the horse — and that whenever the sport has been 
fashionable and the rewards adequate, he has ever been 
ready to meet all reasonable expectations — rather advan- 
cing than falling back. 

When Floretta won her race in Washington — winning 
the 2d heat in 7.52, against such nags as Oscar, Top- 
gallant* and First Consul, it was deemed a marvellous 



AND THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 17 

performance ;* and sportsmen thought that the acme of 
speed and bottom had been reached in our country in 
the days of Sir Charles and Eclipse, yet have not their 
best achievements been eclipsed by two illustrious and 
yet living rivals of each other — Boston and Fashion ? 
But what have we not to apprehend should what seems 
to be threatened come soon to pass, and the turf — the 
only sure test of speed and stoutness, be allowed to go 
down 7 We remember once at a dinner-party at the 
British Minister's in Washington, to have inquired of the 
late John Randolph of Roanoke, whether the Old Domi- 
nion maintained, unimpaired, her claim to a superior race 
of horses? "No, Sir; no, Sir," was his shrill-toned 
prompt reply ; " Since we gave up horse-racing and fox- 
hunting, and turned up the whites of our eyes, our horses 
as well as our men have sadly degenerated." 

Finally — justice, truth, and a sense of obligation for 
the assistance derived from his labours, in the small con- 
tribution we are here making to the breeders and amateurs 
of the Horse, demand of us to say, at the least, that if 
the American Turf should decline, it wull not be for want 

* This was one of the most memorable contests that ever came off 
on the Washington Course. Horses were horses, and men were men, 
in those days. Fair-top boots, powdered heads, and golden "guineas" 
were all the go — and for fairness and honour, a « stain was felt like a 
wound." 

The horses were thus placed : 

Dr. Edelin's c. m. Fluretta, by Spread Eagle, 6 years old, 5 11 

Gen. Ridgely's b. h. O&car, by Gabriel, 6 yrs. old, 2 2 2 

J. B. Bond's b. h. Fimt Consul, by Flag of Truce, aged 4 3 3 

Col. Tayloe's b. h. Top-gallant, by old Diomed, 6 yrs. old, 14 4 

M. Brown's b. m. Nancy, by Spread Eagle, 6 years old. 3 dr. 

In this race Floretta was closely run by Oscar and First Consul — 

each heat was run under 8 minutes, and ihe second in 7.52. Each horse 

made play from the score, and the time was better than had been made 

on that Course even up to 1829. Has such a field of men and horses 

come to that post since 1 

In another pace — the trot — it was deemed marvellous that « old Top '* 
should go his mile with 150 pounds weight in 2,45. But Lady Suf- 
folk — well dashed with the old Messenger blood — has done hers in 
?.28^, and is yet in full if not improving vigour. 



18 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 

of an able, industrious, and tasteful advocate and illus- 
trator of its advantages and uses, as long as W. T. Por- 
ter shall continue to animate and guide the ^^ Spirit of 
THE Times." Extensive acquaintance and coextensive 
popularity — the just fruits of accomplished manners and 
an obliging temper — have made him the focus of a most 
varied and recherche correspondence : while his own 
tact, scholarship and nice appreciation of what is good 
in the literary and the sporting world, enable him to turn 
all his rich resources to the best account, for the enjoy- 
ment of his numerous and refined readers — for the most 
part, gentlemen of hlood and mettle. 



ON THE FORM OF ANIMALS, 

BY HENRY CLINE, ESQ, SURGEON. 
WITH NOTES BY J. S. SKINNER. 

The form of domestic animals has been greatly im- 
proved by selecting with much care, the best formed for 
breeding — but the theory of improvement has not been 
so well understood, that rules could be laid down for 
directing the practice. There is one point particularly, 
respecting which the opinions of breeders have much 
varied, which is, whether crossing the breed be essential 
to improvement. 

It is the intention of this communication to ascertain 
in what instances crossing is proper, and in what pre- 
judicial ; and the principles, upon which the propriety 
of it depends. 

It has been generally supposed that the breed of ani- 
mals is improved by the largest males. This opinion 
has done considerable mischief, and would have done 
more injury had it not been counteracted by the desire 
of selecting animals of the best form and proportions, 
which are rarely to be met with, in those of the largest size. 



THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 19 

Experience has proved that crossing has only suc- 
ceeded in an eminent degree, in those instances in which 
the females were larger than in the usual proportion of 
females to males ; and that it has generally failed when 
the males are disproportionally large. I 

The external form of domestic animals has been much 
studied, and the proportions are well ascertained. But 
the external form is an indication only of internal structure. 
The principles of improving it must therefore be founded 
on the knowledge of the structure and use of internal 
parts. 

The lungs are of the first importance. It is on their 
size and soundness that the health of an animal princi- 
pally depends. The power of converting food into 
nourishment, is in proportion to their size. An animal 
with large lungs, is capable of converting a given quantity 
of food into more nourishment than one with smaller 
lungs, and therefore has a greater aptitude to fatten.* 

The Chest. 

The external indication of the size of the lungs is the 
form and size of the chest; the form of which should 

* [In farther explanation of this principle, it may be added, from an au- 
thor who had evidently read and relied on this able Essay of Surgeon 
Cline, that muscular exertion facilitates the return of venous blood to 
the right side of the heart, and in long continued and violent exertion, 
the respiration being quickened, the lungs — if small — are unable to 
arterialize and get rid of the blood as fast as it is pumped into them ; 
consequently, if there is not room for the blood, congestion takes place, 
and the horse becomes what is termed " blown" — the lungs being gorged 
with blood, and sometimes the animal is destroyed by it. In England 
it is said to be " well understood that a majority of horses that perish 
under a hard press 'across the country,' are narrow-chested!" The 
conical form, not of the body, but of the chest, as laid down in the next 
paragraph, is very observable in the best paintings of Fashion. There, 
and in her quarters and hocks, appear to us to lie the great sources of 
her yet in this country unequalled speed and stoutness. — J. S. S.] 

21* 38 



20 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 

have the figure of a cone, having its apex situated between 
the shoulders, and its base towards the loins. 

The capacity of the chest depends upon its form more 
than on the extent of the circumference ; for, where the 
girth is equal in two animals, one may have much larger 
lungs than the other. A deep chest therefore is not 
capacious unless it is proportionally broad. 

The Pelvis, 

The pelvis is the cavity formed by the junction of the 
haunch bones with the bones of the rump. It is essential 
that this cavity should be large in the female, that she 
may be enabled to bring forth her young with less diffi- 
culty. When this cavity is small, the life of the mother 
and of her offspring is endangered. 

The size of the pelvis is chiefly indicated by the width 
of the hips and the breadth of the twist, which is the 
space between the thighs. 

The breadth of the loins is always in proportion to that 
of the chest and pelvis. 

The Head. 

The head should be small, by which the birth is facil- 
itated. Its smallness affords other advantages, and gen- 
erally indicates that the animal is of a good breed. 

Horns are useless to domestic animals. It is not dif- 
ficult to breed animals without them. The breeders of 
horned cattle and horned sheep, sustain a loss more 
extensive than they may conceive ; for it is not the horns 
alone, but also much more bone in the skulls of such 
animals to support their horns ; besides there is an addi- 
tional quantity of ligament and muscle in the neck which 
is of small value. 

The skull of a ram with its horns, weighed five times 
more than another skull which was hornless. Both these 
skulls were taken from sheep of the same age, each being 



THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 21 

four years old. The great difference in weight depended 
chiefly on the horns ; for the lower jaws were nearly 
equal, one weighing seven ounces, and the other six 
ounces and three quarters ; which proves that the natural 
size of the head was nearly the same in both, independent 
of the horns and the thickness of the bone which supports 
them.* 

In a horned animal, the skull is extremely thick. In a 
hornless animal it is much thinner ; especially in that 
part where the horns usually grow. 

To those who have not reflected on the subject, it may 
appear of little consequence whether sheep and cattle 
have horns — but on a very moderate calculation it will 
be found, that the loss in farming stock, and also in the 
diminution of animal food, is very considerable, from 
the production of horns and their appendages. A mode 
of breeding which would prevent the production of these, 
would afford a considerable profit in an increase of meat 
and wool, and other valuable parts. 

The length of the neck should be proportioned to 
the height of the animal, that it may collect its food 
with ease. 

The Muscles. 

The muscles and tendons, which are their appendages, 
should be large ; by which an animal is enabled to travel 
with greater facility. 

* [It is matter of surprise that among the varieties of cattle imported, no 
one should bring the celebrated Suffolk polled or hornless cattle. Be- 
sides the advantage here enumerated, valuable animals are sometimes 
killed by being gored. In respect of this breed, Youatt speaks very 
highly. He says they sometimes give 32 quarts of milk, and 24 is 
not uncommon, in a day — and adds: — "There are fev^r short-horn 
cows ; although far superior in size to the SufFolks, and consuming nearly 
double the quantity of food ^ that will yield more milk than is usually 
obtained from the smaller polled breed." Formerly the Suffolk polled 
cattle were generally of a dun colour, and thence commonly called Suf- 
folk duns, but that colour has of late been repudiated. — J. S. S.] 



22 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 

The Bones. 

The strength of an animal does not depend upon the 
size of the bones, but on that of the muscles — Many 
animals with large bones are weak, their muscles being 
small. Animals that were imperfectly nourished during 
growth, have their bones disproportionately large. If 
such deficiency of nourishment originated from a con- 
stitutional defect, which is the most frequent cause, they 
remain weak during life. Large bones, therefore, gene- 
rally indicate an imperfection in the organs of nutrition. 

On the improvement of Form. 

To obtain the most approved form, two modes of 
breeding have been practised — one, by the selection of 
individuals of the same family — called breeding in-and- 
in. The other by selecting males and females from 
different varieties of the same species ; which is called 
crossing the breed. 

When a particular variety approaches perfection in 
form, breeding in-and-in may be the better practice — 
especially for those not well acquainted with the princi- 
ples on which improvement depends. * 

* [Professor Youatt says, on this subject [breeding in-and-in]: "It is the 
fact, however some may deny it, that strict confinement to X)\\e breed, 
however valuable or perfect, produces deterioration." By what he after- 
ward says, as will be seen, he must have meant confinement to one 
family or strain of the same breed. The rule should be this; that 
valuable qualities being once established, which it is desirable to keep up, 
should thereafter be preserved by occasional crosses with the best animal 
to be had of the same breed, but of a different family. This is the 
secret which has maintained the bred Horse in his great superiority — 
for although, as Nimrod avers, the immediate descendants of eastern 
horses have, almost without an exception, proved so deficient of late 
years that breeders will no more have recourse to them than the farmer 
would go for immediate improvement to the natural or original oat ; yet 
the breeder is glad to cross his stock with one of another strain or family 
of the same blood, taking care never to depart from the blood of the south- 
eastern courser which flows in the heart of all families of Horses of the 
highest capabilities. 



THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 23 

When the male is much larger than the female, the 
offspring is generally of an imperfect form. If the female 
be proportionally larger, the offspring is of an improved 
form. For instance, if a well-formed large ram be put 
to ewes proportionally smaller, the lambs will not be so 
well shaped as their parents ; but if a small ram be put 
to larger ewes, the lambs will be of an improved form. 

It is here worthy of remark that Nicholas Hankey Smith, who resided 
a long time among the Arabs, in a work entitled " Observations on 
Breeding for the Turf," gives as his opinion that colts bred in-and-in 
show more blood in their heads, are of better form, and fit to start with 
fewer sweats than the English turf-horsc ; but when the incestuous 
intercourse has continued a few generations, he says, the animal de- 
generates. 

This plan of breeding in-and-in, says Youatt farther, when speaking 
of cattle : " has many advantages to a certain extent. It may be pursued 
until the excellent form and qualities of the breed are developed and 
established. It was the source whence sprung the cattle and the sheep 
of Bakewell, and the superior cattle of Colling — and to it must be traced 
the speedy degeneracy, the absolute disappearance, of the new Leicester 
or Bakewell cattle ; and in the hands of many an agriculturist, the im- 
pairment of constitution and decreased value of the new Leicester sheep 
and the Short-Horn beasts. It has therefore become a kind of principle 
with the agriculturist to effect some change in his stock every second or 
third year — and that change is most conveniently effected by introducing 
a new bull or ram. These should be as nearly as possible of the same 
sort coming from a similar pasturage and climate, but possessing no 
relationship, or at most a very distant one, to the stock to which he is 
introduced" — and these remarks " apply to all descriptions of live-stock," 
says Professor Johnston, author of the Farmer's Cyclopedia. 

This is the secret whereby Mr. George Patterson, of Maryland, 
has not only kept up but improved the size and beauty of his North De- 
vons. Every "two or three years," a new bull the best to be had in 
England, is introduced to his cows. The neglect of this precaution, and 
breeding in-and-in too closely, are the true reasons why we so rarely see 
the descendants of imported stock in this country equal to the originals. 
Too clo§e breeding tells in Man as well as in beast ? hence the famous 
lines of Lord Byron when speaking of the nobility : 

" They breed in-and-in as might be known, 

« Marrying their cousins, nay, their aunts and nieces, 
" Which always spoils the breed, if it increases." 

But, after all, we must look closely to i\\e form of the parents as well 
in Horses as cattle — for, let the world dispute as it may, whether " blood 
is everything," or " blood is nothing," — be the blood what it may, who 
has ever seen, as Apperley asks, an instance of a misshapen horse and 
ill-formed mare producing winners 1 — i. S. S.] 

38* 



24 THE FOUM OF ANIMALS. 

The proper method of improving the form of animals, 
consists in selecting a well-formed female, proportionally 
larger than the male. The improvement depends on this 
principle, that the power of the female to supply her 
offspring with nourishment is in proportion to her size, 
and to the power of nourishing herself from the excel- 
lence of her constitution. 

The size of the foetus is generally in proportion to that 
of the male parent; and therefore, when the female pa- 
rent is disproportionately small, the quantity of nourish- 
ment is deficient, and her offspring has all the dispro- 
portions of a starveling. But when the female, from her 
size and good constitution, is more than adequate to the 
nourishment of a foetus of a smaller male than herself, 
the growth must be proportionately greater. The larger 
female has also a greater quantity of milk, and her off- 
spring is more abundantly supplied with nourishment 
after birth. 

To produce the most perfect formed animal, abundant 
nourishment is necessary from the earliest period of its 
existence, until its growth is complete. 

It has been observed, in the beginning of this paper, 
that the power to prepare the greatest quantity of nour- 
ishment, from a given quantity of food, depends princi- 
pally upon the magnitude of the lungs, to which the 
organs of digestion are subservient. 

To obtain animals with large lungs, crossing is the 
most expeditious method ; because well-formed females 
may be selected from a variety of a large size, to be put 
to a well-formed male of a variety that is rather smaller. 

By such a method of crossing, the lungs and heart 
become proportionately larger, in consequence of a pe- 
culiarity in the circulation of the foetus, which causes a 
larger proportion of the blood, under such circumstances, 
to be distributed to the lungs than to the other parts of 



THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 25 

the body ; and as the shape and size of the chest depend 
upon that of the lungs, hence arises the remarkably large 
chest, which is produced by crossing with females that 
are larger than the males. 

The practice according to this principle of improve- 
ment, however, ought to be limited ; for, it may be car- 
ried to such an extent, that the bulk of the body might 
be so disproportioned to the size of the limbs as to pre- 
vent the animal from moving with sufficient facility. 

In animals where activity is required, this practice 
should not be extended so far as in those w^hich are 
required for the food of man. 

On the Character of Animals. 

By character in animals is here meant, those external 
appearances by which the varieties of the same species 
are distinguished. 

The characters of both parents are observed in their off- 
spring ; but that of the male more frequently predominates!* 

♦[To the contrary of this, as to Horses, T. B. Johnson, author of the 
Shooter's Companion, and a writer of high authority, says : " although 
it is a maxim universally admitted, that an equal degree of precaution 
should be used in respect to the Horse, it is doubly and trebly necessary 
with the mare — because strict observation has demonstrated that nearly 
or full two out of every three foals, display in their appearance more of 
the dant than the sire ,- and that there are more fillies than colts fallen 
every year will not admit of a doubt." 

This positively asserted predominance of females over males, may be 
accounted for on the principle established by very numerous experiments 
in France with sheep, if not with other animals — on the results of which 
the experimenter, whose name is not remembered, based and confidently 
asserted his theory, that the sex of the offspring, in all cases, depends 
much on the comparative vigour of the parents. By putting old ewes 
to young rams in the prime of life, he never failed to get a lar<re pro- 
portion of ram lambs ; and, vice versa, when young ewes in their prime 
were put to a ram lamb, which had not yet attained his full growth and 
development, or to old ones far gone in the down-hill of life, then a very 
large proportion were females. A great number of experiments were 
given corroborative of the doctrine. Is it not reasonable to suppose that 
an influence sufficient to control the sex, would have an effect on exter- 



26 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 

This may be illustrated in the breeding of horned ani- 
mals ; among which there are many varieties of sheep, 
and some of cattle, that are hornless. 

If a hornless ram be put to a horned ewe, almost all 
the lambs will be hornless ; partaking of the character 
of the male rather than of the female parent. 

In some countries, as Norfolk, Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, 
most of the sheep have horns. In Norfolk the horns 
may be got rid of by crossing with the Ryeland rams ; 
which W'ould also improve the form of the chest and the 
quality of the wool. In Wiltshire and Dorsetshire, the 
same improvements might be made by crossing the sheep 
with South Dow^n rams. 

An offspring without horns might be obtained from the 
Devonshire cattle, by crossing with hornless bulls of the 
Galloway breed ; which would also improve the form of 
the chest, in which, the Devonshire cattle are often de- 
ficient. 

Examples of the good effects of crossing the breeds. 

The great improvement of the breed of horses in Eng- 
land arose from crossing with those diminutive Stallions, 
Barbs, and Arabians ; and the introduction of Flanders 
mares into this country was the source of improvement 
in the breed of cart-horses. 

The form of the swine has also been greatly improved, 
by crossing with the small Chinese boar. 

Examples of the bad effects of crossing the breeds. 

When it became the fashion in London to drive large 
bay horses, the farmers in Yorkshire put their mares to 

nal form and colour 1 It may be a reason why some of our very popu- 
lar stallions, being overtasked, have had so few of their get to rival them 
in power and fame. Every reader may cast about for himself, for in- 
stances, to see how far and to what other animals the principle applies. 
After all, in an economico-agricultural view, it is much more important 
that the stallion should be all right because it is his blood that is to be 
diffused far and wide. — ^J. S. S.] 



THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 27 

much larger stallions than usual, and thus, did infinite 
mischief to their breed, by producing a race of small 
chested, long legged, large boned worthless animals.* 

A similar project was adopted in Normandy, to en- 
large the breed of Horses there by the use of stallions 
from Holstein ; and, in consequence, the best breed of 
Horses in France would have been spoiled, had not the 
farmers discovered their mistake in time, by observing 
the offspring much inferior in form, to that of the native 
stallions. 

Some graziers in the Island of Sheppey, conceived 
that they could improve their sheep by large Lincoln- 
shire rams, the produce of which, however, was much 
inferior in the shape of the carcase, and the quality of 
the wool ; and their flocks were greatly injured by this 
attempt to improve them. 

Attempts to improve the native animals of a country, 
by any plan of crossing, should be made with the great- 
est caution ; for, by a mistaken practice extensively pur- 
sued, irreparable injury may be done. 

* [This was the effect experienced in Maryland, by the use of Exile, a 
Cleveland bay, of the highest breeding of his sort in England, imported 
by the late Robert Patterson about the year 1820. At three years old, 
he was advertised for sale, and stated to be then upward of 16 hands 
high. 

They may do very well, with their long legs, long backs and long 
tails, for the heavy, lumbering slow coaches of millionaires, to drive to 
church, and occasionally to make a swell in town, but they are not fitted 
for the country — and especially not for this country. True, for the 
coach-horse we want substance, but we want that substance well placed, 
deep, well-proportioned body, rising in the withers, and slanting shoul- 
ders, short back well ribbed home, and broad loins ; sound, flat, short 
legs, with plenty of bone under the knee ; and sound, open, tough feet. 
" In fact, coach-horses should be nothing more than large hackneys, 
varying in height from 15 hands I inch to 16 hands 1 inch." Such 
horses, of good colour, and well matched, will always command a high 
figure from the swelled heads in our large cities — men who have grown 
rich as the conduits of exchange, between the producer and the con- 
sumer of Agriculture and Manufactures J. S. S.] 

22 



28 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 

In any country where a particular race of animals has 
continued for centuries, it may be presumed that their 
constitution is adapted to the food and climate. 

The pliancy of the animal economy is such, as that an 
animal will gradually accommodate itself to great vicis- 
situdes in climate and alterations in food ; and by de- 
grees undergo great changes in constitution ; but these 
changes can be affected only by degrees, and may often 
require a greater number of successive generations for 
their accomplishment. 

It may be proper to improve the form of a native race, 
but at the same time it may be very injudicious to attempt 
to enlarge their size. 

The size of animals is commonly adapted to the soil 
which they inhabit ; where produce is nutritive and abun- 
dant, the animals are large, having grown proportionally 
to the quantity of food which for generations they have 
been accustomed to obtain. Where the produce is 
scanty, the animals are small, being proportioned to the 
quantity of food which they were able to procure. Of 
these contrasts the sheep of Lincolnshire and of Wales 
are examples. The sheep of Lincolnshire would starve 
on the mountains of Wales. 

Crossing the breed of animals may be attended with 
bad effects in various ways ; and that, even when adopted 
in the beginning on a good principle ; for instance, sup- 
pose some larger ewes than those of the native breed 
were taken to the mountains of Wales and put to the 
rams of that country ; if these foreign ewes v^'ere fed in 
proportion to their size, their lambs would be of an im- 
proved form and larger in size than the native animals ; 
but the males produced by this cross, though of a good 
form, would be disproportionate in size to the native 
ewes; and therefore, if permitted to mix with them, 
would be productive of a standing ill-formed progeny. 



THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 29 

Thus a cross which, at first, was an improvement, w^ould, 
by giving occasion to a contrary cross, ultimately pre- 
judice the breed. 

The general mistake in crossing has arisen from an 
attempt to increase the size of a native race of animals ; 
being a fruitless effort to counteract the laws of nature. 

The Arabian Horses are, in general, the most perfect 
in the world ; which probably has arisen from great care 
in selection, and also from being unmixed with any va- 
riety of the same species, the males have therefore never 
been disproportioned in size to the females. 

The native Horses of India are small, but well propor- 
tioned, and good of their kind. With the intention of 
increasing their size, the India company have adopted a 
plan of sending large stallions to India. If these stal- 
lions should be extensively used, a disproportioned race 
must be the result, and a valuable breed of Horses be 
irretrievably spoiled. 

From theory, from practice, and from extensive ob- 
servation, whicn is more to be depended upon than either, 
it is reasonable to form this conclusion, that it is wrong to 
enlarge a native breed of animals ; for in proportion to 
their increase of size, they become worse in form, less 
hardy, and more liable to disease.* 



* [For this plain reason, our farmers should have recourse to well-formed 
bulls of a smaller or middling size, rather than to those of a larger breed 
than the average size of their own cattle, and also why it is far better 
to empl-iy compact, short-backed, well-formed, thorough-bred stallions, 
than cold-blooded stallions of larger size. 

Essential difference has been found, by analysis in France, between 
the blood of the ordinary Horse and that of the aristocratic race de- 
scended from the south-eastern courser. It is «tated to be less serous 
than that of the common Horse. One cannot but admire the ardour 
with which, in France, tliey are now applying the sciences to enlighten 
all branches of agriculture, as it has been so much more and more suc- 
cessfully applied to other industries. A society of the first men of 
that country is devoted to the meliorufioii of the Horse, and they under- 
take to predict the time not distant when " la science du cAa'a/," the 



30 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 

science of the anatomy and physiology of the Horse — will be as well 
understood and agreed upon as any principles in Geometry. 

The reason that, in our country, agriculture has benefited so much 
less by the application of the sciences, is that the policy of the govern- 
ment has a tendency to disperse them, while it concentrates other classes. 
Instead of compelling the consumer — the shoemaker, the tailor, the 
wheelwright, and all manufacturing consumers to come from abroad as 
well as at home, and settle down nearest to them, the agriculturists 
foster a policy which compels them — over bad roads — to expend half 
the produce in carrying it to the fashioner and consumer. — J. S. S.j 



THE PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING. 31 



ON THE IMPORTANCE OF MORE ATTENTION TO THE 
PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING— THE STALLION AND 
THE BROOD MARE. 

To every lover of the Horse, possessed of a knowledge 
of his fine points and capabilities, it must be lamentable 
to perceive how miserably ignorant and careless the mass 
of breeders of that noble animal appear to be, as to all 
the precautions which are indispensable to maintain him 
at the point of excellence which is known to be attainable 
— much less by w^ell-digested and rational systems of 
breeding and rearing throughout the country, to meliorate 
his form and invigorate his constitution ; and on no one 
point is there, seemingly, more pernicious indifference 
displayed than in regard to the condition of the stallions 
they employ, as set forth in the Essay which these re- 
marks are intended to introduce. 

Well has it been said, in the introduction to the "^n- 
nales des Haras et de P Agriculture, ^^ that if the import- 
ance of a question is to be measured by the number of 
those who are occupied with it, that of the multiplication 
and of the amelioration of the Horse ought to hold the 
first rank in Political and Rural economy. The traditions 
of antiquity — those of nations, whether barbarous or 
enlightened — writings the most ancient as well as the 
most modern — prove to us the estimation which Man, 
in all times, has attached to this his most noble conquest^ 
to use the expression of Buffon. The Horse, as there 
alleged, is in truth the most fruitful source of the riches 
of States, by his indispensable instrumentality in the 
cultivation of the soil. He is one of the most direct 
agents of their power by the use that is made of him in 
armies, whether in peace or in war ; and has contributed 
much more than is generally considered, to the civiliza- 
22* 39 



32 THE IMPORTANCE OF ATTENTION 

tion of communities, by facilitating intercourse between 
them and the individuals of whom they are composed. 

It is not, then, astonishing that in the abstract, so much 
importance should be attached to the multiplication and 
improvement of an animal so useful ; but is it not 
amazing that this universal admission of his value, and 
the general interest of society in cultivating his finest 
qualities, should give rise to no association or system in 
our country, based on reason, and guided by scientific 
principles? On the contrary, everything is left to chance, 
to ignorance, and to narrow and sordid calculations of 
economy. True, we have societies that group the Horse 
with every other animal and thing, and offer petty pre- 
miums for the mere exhibition of the best that may 
happen to be convenient to, or purchased for the show ; 
but should not an object so important be made the sub- 
ject of special associations, and of legislative encourage- 
ment, directed to a thorough investigation of the princi- 
ples to be followed in all enlarged and judicious plans 
for the melioration of the whole race? Look at the 
amount of capital involved in the whole Union — 4,365,669 
horses. Value these at an average of $50, and we have 
a capital of $218,283,450, which, with anything like 
judgment or system, might be brought to an average 
improvement of at least twenty per cent, in a few years. 
"What is the number lost by exposure to sudden vicis- 
situdes of weather — to bad shoeing — in short, to ill 
treatment and ignorance of the management and the 
remedies prescribed in this work, no one can venture to 
estimate. Youatt sets down the loss of cattle by disease 
annually in England at $50,000,000 !— and the loss of 
sheep at one-tenth of the whole number; and though 
there the veterinary art is taught as a science in the en- 
dowed colleges, and regular professors practise it 
throughout the kingdom, he says it is difficult to say 



TO THE PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING. 33 

which is the greater source of this immense loss to the 
agriculture of the country — '' the ignorance and obstinacy 
of the servant and the cow-leech, or the ignorance and 
supineness of the owner.'''' The Horse, in a state of 
nature, even the colt — until subjected to ignorant hand- 
ling and cruel management, is much healthier than after 
he comes under the hands of him who ought to be his 
kindest friend. 

! If such be the immense mortality in England, what 
must it be among Horses in this country, where not one 
farmer in a hundred knows how to tell the colic from 
the botts, or the thrush from the scratches — ignorant 
alike of symptoms and of treatment ? 

Properly appreciating the importance of a constant 
supply of Horses for their cavalry, as one of the most 
efficient arms of her military power — the French Govern- 
ment takes it upon itself to supply its thirty-six thousand 
communes with stallions, whose services are put at the 
lowest rate, the average being set down at 5 or 10 francs, 
(one or two dollars,) and these stallions are required to 
be not under a certain age — four at the least — nor under 
a certain standard of height, according as they are tho- 
rough-bred, half-bred, or slow^ draft: 1 m. 49 centimes, 
or a fraction over 14.2 for thorough-bred ; 1 m. 55 c. 
for half-bred ; and 1 m. 55 c. for heavy draft stallions — 
and undergo every year rigid inspection, to guard not 
only against palpable deformity of shape, but against 
any latent or transmissible diseases. Opposed as is the 
genius of our political institutions to regulations, too 
minute, of individual industry and concerns, yet it is 
hard to say why a planter's tobacco or his butter should 
be subjected to rigid inspection, and condemned and 
taken from him for bad quality or short weight, and yet 
that any fat, lazy, lounging rapscallion should be allowed 
to set up a public stallion without spirit or action, and 



34 THE STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 

too often tainted with some hereditary disorder or defect 
of body or temper — to deform and poison everything he 
is allowed to touch. The Arabians, after having brought 
their breed of Horses to the highest degree of perfection 
of which they consider them capable, are said to have 
preserved their splendid qualities of great endurance, 
with highly organized matter and natural soundness of 
limb, by prohibiting the use of stallions until approved 
hy a public inspector. ^' Breeders of all kinds of Horses," 
says Nimrod, "but of the race-horse above all others, 
scarcely require to be cautioned against purchasing or 
breeding from mares, or putting them to stallions, con- 
stitutionally inferior. By constitutionally inferior is 
chiefly implied, having a tendency to fail in the legs and 
feet during their training, which too many of our present 
racing breed are given to — although the severity of train- 
ing is not equal to what it was some years back. It 
would be invidious to particularize individual sorts ; but, 
says he, we could name stallions and mares from which 
the greatest expectations were raised, whose progeny 
have sacrificed thousands of their owners' money, en- 
tirely from this cause." After instancing numerous cases 
to show the heritableness of diseases — glanders among 
others — of horses, sheep, and cattle, "these conside- 
rations," continues an eminent French writer. Professor 
Dupuy, on the Veterinary art, " are to us of the greatest 
moment, since we have it in our power by coupling and 
crossing well-known breeds, to lessen the number of ani- 
mals predisposed to these diseases. Acting up to these 
ideas, our line of conduct is marked out. We must 
banish from our establishments, designed to improve the 
breed, such animals as show any signs of tuberculous 
disease or any analogous affection." 

Thus much have we felt called upon to say, introduc- 
tory of the following able dissertation on the condition 



THE STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 35 

of the stallion — anonymously written by some gentle- 
man who has evidently observed the precaution too 
often neglected ; to miderstand his subject, before he 
began to speak upon it. It is taken from the " Farmers' 
Library," for which it was written, and where, it 
may be needless to say, such writers will always be truly 
welcome. As against the assertion of Surgeon Cline, 
with whom the author of this Essay agrees as to the pre- 
dominant influence of the male in characterizing the 
progeny, we have, in another place, arrayed the opinion 
of Mr.' Johnson, it is but fair here to adduce, in support 
of the affirmative side of the proposition, the all-power- 
ful testimony of Mr. Apperly, who says: «' Virgil, in 
his excellent remarks on breeding Horses, tells those of 
his readers who wish to gain prizes to look at the dam ; 
and until of very late years, it was the prevailing opinion 
of Englishmen that in breeding a racer the mare is more 
essential than the Horse, in the production of him in his 
highest form ; and we know it to have been the notion 
entertained by the late Earl of Grosvenor— the most ex- 
tensive though not perhaps the most successful breeder 
of thorough-bred stock that England ever saw. The 
truth of this supposition, however, has not been confirmed 
by the experience of the last half century, and much 
more dependence is now placed on the stallion than on 
the mare. The racing calendar, indeed, clearly proves 

the fact. 

" Notwithstanding the prodigious number of very highly 
bred and equally good mares that are every year put to 
the horse, it is from such as are put to our very best 
stallions that the great winners are produced. This can 
in no other way be accounted for than by such horses 
having the faculty of imparting to their progeny the 
peculiar external and internal formation absolutely essen- 
tial to the first-rate race-horse ; or, if the term ^ blood' 

39* 



36 THE STALLION AND BROOD MAItE. 

be insisted on, that certain innate but not preternatural 
virtue peculiarly belonging to some horses, but not to 
others, which, when it meets with no opposition from the 
mare — or, in the language of the stable, w here ' the cross 
nicks' by the mare admit of a junction of good shapes- — 
seldom fails in producing a race-horse in his very best 
form." 

After all, when the reader shall have carefully perused 
the following disquisition, he will, we think, be apt to 
concur with us in the belief that incalculable loss and 
deterioration ensue from an almost universal want of 
attention to the condition of the stallion, and from Igno- 
rance in what true condition consists. The maxim of 
the feeder of the ox may be embraced in the words 
warmth^ cleanliness and quiet. Not so with the grazier 
of 5^ocA:-cattle — for they may be kept too warm ; nor 
wdth the owner of a Stallion ; yet too generally they 
manage him as if he had nothing to do but to eat^ drinky 
and sleep — except when suddenly aroused to go through 
violent agitation to the opposite extreme. 

— On the subject of the comparative agency of the 
male and female parent in the modification of the progeny 
in form and character, as sir Roger expressed it " much 
may be said on both sides." There needs no citation 
of instances to show the influence of the male progenitor 
in modifying the exterior form and colour, of the off- 
spring, and may we not infer It in regard to its internal 
structure, its temper and character? Neither can we 
deny the share of the female parent in the same influences 
— see how often the calf, in its marks, exhibits an exact 
copy of its dam. But there are cases of what is called 
5Wjoerfcetation, which go to show some extraordinary 
power of the male in transmitting his influence even to 
the second and third generation on the fruits of subse- 
quent conceptions from sexual intercourse betw-een the 



THE STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 37 

same dam and other males. No fact in Natural History- 
need to be better proved ; and circumstances lead us to 
believe, though we are not aware that the question has 
occurred to naturalists, that this always occurs with the 
first or virgin conception ; and if so, it admonishes the 
breeder to be especially particular in the selection of the 
male to which is granted the high privilege of the first 
access. Out of many cases that might be referred to, 
the reader's memory may be here refreshed as to two that 
are somewhat familiar. 

Twenty-six years ago, in the London Farmer's Journal 
was recorded the case w^hich had then lately appeared 
in the Philosophical Transactions, on the authority of 
Earl Moreton, stating that his lordship possessed a male 
animal called Quagga by the Hottentots — in \vhose 
mountains they abound. It closely resembles the Zebra, 
but of a smaller size. He determined on obtaining a 
foal by this animal, from a chestnut-coloured mare of 
seven-eighths blood, which had never been bred from. 
This gross prostitution — as we should call it — took place, 
and accordingly a female hybrid progeny was produced, 
which bore, in form and colour, decided indications of 
mixed blood, but proved incapable of breeding — as is al- 
most universally the case with mules ; but not quite, as the 
writer has proved in his edition of Youatt on the Horse, 
(Lea & Blanchard,) on the most unquestionable testimony. 

This mare of seven-eighth Arabian blood was soon 
after sold to Sir Gore Ousley, who afterward bred from 
her, by a very fine black Arabian stallion, two colts. 
These Lord Moreton w^ent to see and examine, — the one 
a two-year old filly ; the other a yearling colt — both of 
which were as strongly characterized by Arabian blood 
as might be expected where there was fifteen-sixteenths 
of it present — but both in their colour and hair of their 
manes, they showed a striking resemblance to the quagga ! 



38 THE STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 

The whole statement was fully verified to the Society by 
Doctor Woolaston, a member of it, who examined both 
the filly and colt, and who was " distinguished for his 
very extensive knowledge." 

Following the communication of Lord Moreton in the 
Transactions, is one from Dr. Woolaston, relating the 
case of a black and white sow, of Mr. Western's cele- 
brated breed of hogs (she being the property of a Mr. 
Giles) which was put to a wild boar, of a deep chestnut 
colour, that was soon after by accident drowned. The 
pigs produced, which were the sow's^z/'snitter — partook 
in appearance of both boar and sow, but in some the 
chestnut colour of the boar strongly prevailed. This 
sow was afterward put to a boar of Mr. Western's breed. 
The pigs produced were some of them stained and clearly 
marked with the chestnut colour which had prevailed in 
the former litter. Her next litter, by a boar of Mr. Wes- 
tern's spotted, black and white breed, were also stained 
with marks of the wild boar — although in no other di- 
stance, with any other sow, had the least tinge of the 
chestnut colour been observed. 

Another very striking instance of the transmissible in- 
fluence which survives the first and impresses itself on 
subsequent conceptions, occurred under the observation 
of the writer of this, and was, it is believed, related in a 
small volume scribbled and published under the title of 
<' The Sportsman and his Dog." The case was that of 
a beautiful coach-dog bitch, Annette, presented to him 
by that earnest and efficient promoter of agricultural im- 
provement, GoRHAM Parsons of Massachusetts, along 
with her full brother, Lubin. Though closely watched 
for the first signs of sexual appetite, with a view to a 
litter of the genuine breed for the great pleasure of giving 
them to friends to whom they were promised, a stray 
dog, of large size, of white colour, except his black ears. 



THE STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 39 

contrived to steal the first access to the bitch, and in all 
subsequent litters, by Lubin, one pup always appeared 
to attest the indelible impression made in the enthusiasm 
of a first embrace. It may gratify curiosity to note such 
facts, and may serve, beyond all dispute, to show how 
cautious every breeder should be in the choice of the 
male— especially the one first employed. 

But how vain to endeavour to account for these 
things ! Nature invites us to study her ways, and science 
is most efficiently applied to every art and every industry, 
when it most closely conforms to her laws : but she has 
certain arcana of her own, which she keeps in reserve, 
and which defy the scrutiny of the most curious and im- 
portunate inquirer. We see enough to know that her laws 
are enacted by an All- Wise and Overruling Power; and 
can never be too grateful for the faculties that enable us, 
so much above other created beings, to study and under- 
stand them, and yet more for that hopeful thirst for know- 
ledge which is leading us on from one discovery to an- 
other, until, in view of what science is revealing from 
year to year, who shall say how near we may be per- 
mitted to approach the Supreme Intelligence ? Oh that 
our love of peace and of each other, may keep way with 
our progress in knowledge ! — for of those to whom much 
is given, much shall be required — else, has it been well 
asked, 

"why was Man thus eminently raised 



Amid the vast creation'? Why empowered, 
Through life and death, to cast his watchful eye 
With thought beyond the limits of his frame — 
But that the Omnipotent might send him forth 
In sight of angels and approving worlds : 
Might send him forth the sovereign good to learn ; 
To chase each meaner passion from his breast, 
And through the storms of passion and of sense 
To hold straight on, with constant heart, and eye 
Siill fixed upon Man's everlasting palm, 
The approving smile of Heaven." 

23 



40 THE STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 

There is, as elsewhere intimated, if we consult Nature, 
always acting for the best, — reason to conclude it was 
intended, with domestic animals, that the male should 
exert the greater influence over the form and qualities 
of the progeny. Were it not so, how slow and inef- 
fectual would be all attempts at amelioration, for it is 
through one male that blood and form and qualities are 
imparted to. great numbers — while, with the female, but 
a solitary effect or result can be accomplished during a 
whole period of gestation. In herds of wild Horses, 
Nature allows troops of naares to be engrossed by the 
stallion of most courage and strength, thus guarding 
against the inevitable degeneracy of promiscuous inter- 
course — and he again, after a season or two, is supplanted 
by some rebellious young rival, stronger if not braver 
than he, before time enough has elapsed to stamp the 
whole race by that degeneracy which follows incestuous 
intercourse long continued. Here again we are invited 
to follow, and, as art may always do, improve upon, if 
we do follow, the laws of Nature. But, alas, of breeders 
of animals it may be said, "they have sought out many- 
inventions" that violate her laws, and the consequence 
is, a miserable race of ill-formed, decrepit garrans, fit 
neither for harness nor saddle, for the road or the chase, 
for peace nor for war, nor for anything but — dog's meat. 



THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 41 



AN ESSAY ON THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 

The word condition is used by horsemen in a different 
sense from that in which it is understood as applied to 
cattle by the mass of farmers. By condition the farmer 
often means a high state of fatness ; the horseman, on 
the contrary, makes use of the word to indicate the 
greatest health and strength produced by reducing all 
superfluous fat, bringing the mere flesh into clean, hard 
and powerful muscle, and invigorating the lungs and 
other internal organs, so that they may promptly discharge 
their respective functions, and suffer no damage from 
uncommon stress — the whole in order to the animal's 
performing labours and sustaining a continuance of action 
to which he would not be adequate without such especial 
preparation. 

By the Condition of a Stallion is meant the state of 
the system in which the male horse should be kept, in 
order to deriving from him the greatest excellence in the 
progeny. 

Too many persons are content to breed their mares to 
a horse whose figure suits them, without regard to his 
condition. The mention of one prominent instance alone 
will be sufficient to show that good condition is essential 
to the production of a valuable progeny. A remarkable 
case occurred in England some years since, in so high 
a quarter as to attract public attention, and consequently 
the fact of the account's obtaining currency without con- 
tradiction is a fair evidence of its correctness. The 
Prince of Wales, who afterwards became George the 
Fourth, owned, and was in the habit of riding as a hun- 
ter, an entire horse of unequalled excellence. In conse- 
quence of this horse's superior qualities. His Royal 
Highness caused a few of his own mares to be bred to 



42 THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 

him in the spring, after he had been kept in the highest 
condition as a hunter throughout the winter, and the 
produce, on growing up, proved every way w^orthy of 
their sire. When His Royal Highness, as Prince Regent, 
became seriously engaged in the cares of Government, 
and therefore relinquished the pleasures of the chase, 
being desirous to perpetuate the fine qualities of this 
stock, he ordered the horse to be kept at Windsor for 
public covering, provided the mares should be of the 
first quality; and in order to insure a sufficient number 
of these, directed the head groom to keep him exclu- 
sively for such, and to make no charge, with the ex- 
ception of the customary groom's-fee of half a guinea 
each. The groom, anxious to pocket as many half 
guineas as possible, published His Royal Highness's 
liberality, and vaunted the qualities of the horse, in order 
to persuade all he could to avail themselves of the 
benefit. The result was, the horse being kept without 
his accustomed exercise and in a state of repletion, and 
serving upward of a hundred mares yearly, that the stock, 
although tolerably promising in their early age, shot up 
into lank, weakly, awkward, leggy, good-for-nothing 
creatures, to the entire ruin of the horse's character as a 
sire — until some gentleman, aware of the cause, took 
pains to explain it, proving the correctness of their state- 
ments by reference to the first of the horse's get, produced 
under a proper system of breeding, and which were then 
in their prime, and among the best horses in England. 

Almost every observing farmer in this country has 
remarked that whenever, within his knowledge, an or- 
dinary work-horse has, by chance, covered a tolerably 
good mare, the foal thus produced has, at maturity, 
almost invariably become a better animal than it was 
expected to be, and in many cases proved quite superior 
to the get of the high-priced and highly pampered stal- 



THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 43 

lions of the neighbourhood. What was the cause of 
this ? Condition. The work-horse, by constant and 
severe exercise, was brought into heaUh and strength, 
and his stock partook of the state of his system at the 
time of copulation. Why is it that many experienced 
farmers, after having tried the best stallion within their 
knowledge, frequently resort to the keeping of one of 
their own colts or farm-horses entire, for the service of 
their mares, and actually obtain as large and as good 
and saleable stock from such a one, as that from the 
public stallions of far superior size, form, blood, and all 
other qualities, except this indispensable condition 7 

It may be stated that, generally, whenever the get of 
a stallion has proved, at maturity, to be of remarkable 
excellence comparatively with the sire, such horse has 
been, at and previously to the time of getting such val- 
uable stock, kept without pampering, without excessive 
sexual service, and with a good share of exercise or 
labour. 

To show the effect of a peculiar state of the system in 
the parents at the time of copulation, instances may be 
cited from various sources. We will content ourselves 
with two — and first take a lamentable case in the human 
species as given in the valuable work on " The Consti- 
tution of Man," by George Combe: 

<'In the summer of 1827, the practitioner alluded to 
was called upon to visit professionally a young woman 
in the immediate neighbourhood, who was safely deliv- 
ered of a male child. As the parties appeared to be 
respectable, he made some inquiries regarding the ab- 
sence of the child's father, when the old woman told him 
that her daughter was still unmarried ; that the child's 
father belonged to a regiment in Ireland ; that last autumn 
he had obtained leave of absence to visit his friends in 
this part of the country, and that, on the eve of his de- 
23* 40 



44 THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 

parture to join his regiment, an entertainment was given, 
at which her daughter attended. During the whole 
evening she and the soldier danced and sang together; 
w^hen heated by the toddy and the dance, they left the 
cottage and after the lapse of an hour were found to- 
gether in a glen, in a state of utter insensibility, from 
the effects of their former festivity ; and the consequence 
of this interview was the birth of an idiot. He is now 
nearly six years of age, and his mother does not believe 
that he is able to recognise either herself or any other 
individual. He is quite incapable of making signs 
whereby his wants can be made known, with this ex- 
ception, that when hungry he gives a wild shriek. This 
is a case upon which it would be painful to dwell, and 
I shall only remark that the parents are both intelligent, 
and that the fatal result cannot otherwise be accounted 
for than by the almost total prostration or eclipse of the 
intellect of both parties from intoxication." 

For another instance of a peculiar constitution derived 
from a parent at the time of copulation, and owing to a 
temporary excitement of the animal, a respectable farmer 
related to the writer of this Essay that he witnessed the 
effect of pain and nervous agitation on a stallion just 
before the moment of covering, in the production of a 
wild, timid, violent and worthless colt. The sire was in 
repute as one of the best horses ever kept in the dis- 
trict ; and his stock afterward justified the opinion. The 
groom became angry and beat him in his stall in a cruel 
manner, and then led him out and* allowed him to cover 
the mare, which was one of a perfectly quiet and orderly 
temper. The consequence was the production of an 
animal totally valueless, as above mentioned. 

That the doctrine here held is no " new thing under 
the sun" is evident from many venerated authors. Plu- 
tarch says " The advice which I am now about to give. 



THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 45 

is indeed no other than what hath been given by those 
who have undertaken this argument before me. You 
will ask me what is that ? 'Tis this, that no man keep 
company with his wife for issue sake, but when he is 
sober — as not having before either drunk any wine, or, 
at least, not to such a quantity as to distemper him ; for 
they usually prove wine-bibbers and drunkards whose 
parents begot them when they were drunk ; wherefore, 
Diogenes said to a stripling somewhat crack-brained and 
half-witted, ^ Surely, young man, thy father begot thee 
when he w^as drunk ?' " 

Shakspeare intimates the same belief in making a hero 
insult his enemies wdth the taunt 

" For ye were got in fear." 

On no other known principle than this condition^ or a 
peculiar state of the system at and before the time of 
copulation, can be explained the important fact which 
forms at once a criterion of skill in the scientific breeder, 
and a stumbling-block to the ignorant and unreasonable 
one, W'ho would expect success without giving himself 
the trouble of investigating the natural laws which govern 
the subject of his operation : such a person is too apt to 
argue within himself that because the same parents at 
different times produce offspring of opposite character- 
istics, there can be no certain rules by which to create 
determinate qualities in the progeny : such a one would 
maintain that, because all the children of one married 
couple are usually some\vhat different in characteristics 
from each other, there can be no means of predicting, 
with an approach to certainty, the qualities to be pro- 
duced in the offspring by a particular sexual intercourse. 
Now this law of condition accounts for the difference 
between individuals produced at several births from the 
same parents. The case of tw^ins, in the human species, 
serves to strengthen this argument, inasmuch as the two 



46 THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 

persons produced at one birth usually bear a close resem- 
blance to each other, in all respects. 

It is known that ideal impressions on the female 
parent, subsequent to conception, frequently take per- 
manent effect on the offspring. That such causes do not 
usually give the leading characteristics to the progeny, 
is evident from these considerations : 

1st. The consequences of such impressions on the 
female, are usually somewhat of an unnatural or mon- 
strous order, being different from the traits of either 
parent, and from the common nature of the variety to 
which the animals belong. 

2d. It is a settled point with breeders that the pro- 
geny is more strongly characterized by the traits of the 
male, than by those of the female parent. This fact is 
well known ; and indeed it can hardly be expected other- 
wise than that the sex which bears so much the stronger 
impress of character, should impart the more visible re- 
semblance to the offspring. 

3d. It is an ascertained law of Nature, that peculiar- 
ities of climate, food, occupation and most other circum- 
stances affecting the well-being of an animal, produce in 
its constitution a change such as is necessary for the wel- 
fare of the species; and that this proceeds throughout 
many generations, until the animal becomes completely 
adapted to the circumstances of its existence. [The 
same thing occurs in the vegetable kingdom.] 

This last consideration, of the gradually altered state 
of an animal through successive generations, is a strong 
instance of the effect of condition ; and it is by a regard 
to this invariable law of Nature, of self-adaptation to cir- 
cumstances, that the cultivation or improvement of any 
breed is to be effected. " Hence the most acid and 
worthless grape is by skilful culture rendered sweet and 
luscious ; flowers without attraction are gradually nurtured 



THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 47 

into beauty and fragrance ; the cat may be made to pre- 
sent all the rich colours of the tortoise-shell, and the 
pigeon may be (■ bred to a feather.' " 

Let us now endeavour to deduce a useful, practical 
conclusion from the foregoing arguments. If our doc- 
trine be correct, the horse-breeder will depend upon the 
condition of the stallion, in order to the producing of 
valuable stock from him, as well as upon his other qual- 
ities of pedigree, speed, action, bottom, wind, temper, 
spirit, form, style, size, colour, &c. 

The next practical question is, how this condition is 
to be attained, and how the animal is to be kept at the 
required standard in this respect. The requisite condition 
is only to be attained by training for health and strength 
in a great measure according to the system of training 
for races : supplying an abundant nourishment of the 
best quality, allowing sufficient periods of repose for di- 
gestion, and giving regular and strong exercise, the 
whole with such variations as only experience and close 
observation, under constant practice, can dictate. 

The aptitude of an animal to benefit by training is 
often inherited, like other qualities, from its parentage; 
and judicious breeding alone can insure a continuance 
of the desirable quality, or create a propensity for it by 
proper crossing, when it does not exist in the parents. 

The age at which the horse is best adapted to under- 
go a course of training, is just at the close of his most 
rapid period of growth, while the system is in its great- 
est freshness and vigour. This period is at about five 
years old. The powers of a horse will augment by suit- 
able treatment in this respect until about the age of nine 
years : and, in order to obtaining the most valuable 
stock, a stallion should not be put to service before at- 
taining a full development of his powers, nor kept at it 
after his form or energies appear to be affected for the 

40* 



48 THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 

•worse. He should be, then, between five and fifteen 
years of age, if of an ordinary constitution ; but if of re- 
markable energy and endurance, and exhibiting no symp- 
tom of debility, may be continued until past twenty. 

Trainers find their endeavours to produce the highest 
state of strength, in an animal, greatly impeded by any 
excitement of the sexual appetite. It is then the more 
necessary to keep the horse in a state of training through- 
out the year, impressing most forcibly a tone of health 
and strength upon his system at the time when his nerves 
are liable to the least distraction ; and continuing the 
course carefully thoroughout the season of copulation ; 
never allowing such excess of service, or of the excite- 
ment of sexual appetite, as to induce a disturbance of 
spirit or temper, or a relapse from the most thoroughly 
strong, healthy and regular tone of the system. 

G. B. 



TABLES. 



The following- Tables may be so often useful to the classes of 
persons for whom this work is intended, that it has been thought 
expedient to give them a place. 

The list of medicines embraces such as ought to be kept con- 
stantly on hand, not only in every training and livery stable, but 
by every farmer and breeder who aspires to good management, and 
to deserve the praise of all men who happen to visit his establish- 
ment, and who know, as the French say, what is comme il faut. 
Some other medicines might well be added, but it is thought best 
not to leave any excuse to the indolent and improvident to say that 
too much is required — but we will begin with 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

Apothecaries' or Troy weight is most usually employed in medi- 
cine. In this, a pound contains twelve ounces : 

1 lb. is 5700 Troy grains. 

9 oz. or three-quarters of a lb 4320 " " 

6 « "a half lb 2880 « « 

3 " « one-fourth of a lb 1440 « " 

1 " "8 drachms 480 " « 

7 drachms 420 " «« 

6 « 360 « « 

5 « 300 « «* 

4 « or a half oz 240 « « 

3 « 180 « " 

2 " 120 " « 

1 " 60 « « 

1 scruple 20 " " 

apothecaries' weight. 

Twenty grains one scruple. 

Three scruples one drachm. 

Eight drachms one ounce. 

Twelve ounces one pound. 

HEASURE OF FLUIDS. 

Sixty drops one fluid drachm. 

Eight fluid drachms , one fluid ounce. 

Four fluid ounces a measure or naggin. 

Sixteen fluid ounces one fluid pint. 

Eight fluid pints one gallon. 

(49) 



50 



TABLES. 



LIST OF MEDICINES, 

And other articles which ought to be at hand about every training and 
livery stable, and every Farmer's and Breeder's establishment : 



MEDICINES. 



Aloes, Barbadoes, 

Alum, 

Arrow Root, 

Basilicon, yellow, 

Camphor, 

Castile Soap, 

Goulard's Extract, 

Honey, 

Hog's Lard, 

Linseed Meal, 

Nitre, 

Oil of Caraway, 

Oil, Castor, 

Oil of Cloves, 

Oil of Olives, 

Hartshorn, 



Resin, 

Spanish Flies, 

Sweet Spirit of Nitre, 

Spirit of Turpentine, 

Salt, common, 

Soft Soap, 

Tar, 

Tartar Emetic, 

Tincture of Myrrh, 

Venus Turpentine, 

Vinegar, 

Vitriol, Blue, 

Verdigris, 

Wax, 

"White Lead. 



Apparatus for Compounding Medicines. 

A box of small weights and scales, for the weighing of medicines 
in small portions, as from a grain to two drachms — the weights 
marked with English characters. 

One pair of two-ounce scales ; one pair of pound scales ; one 
pound of brass box-weights. 

A graduated glass for the measure of fluids, marked with English 
characters. 

One large and one small pestle and mortar. 

One marble slab, a foot and a half square, for mixing ointments. 

One large and one small ladle. 

One large and one small pallet knife — to mix and spread plasters. 

Articles necessary to be kept for administering and applying Medicines. 

Improved Ball Iron. 

Drenching horn. 

Flannel — for the applying of fomentations and poultices. 

Woollen and linen bandages. 

Tow, and broad coarse tape. 



Instruments. 



Stomach-pump, 

Elastic tube. 

Fleam and blood stick, 

Abscess lancet, 

Tooth rasp, with a guard, 



Seton, and curved needles, 
Improved casting hobbles, 
Brushes, currycombs, &c., 
course. 



of 



TABLES. 



51 



CALVING TABLE. 



Day Bui ed. 


Will Calve. 


Day Bulled. 


Will Calve 


Day Bulled. 

July 1 


Will Calve. 

April 7: 


Day Bul'ed. W.ll Ca've. 


Jan'y 1 


Oct'r 8 


April 1 


Jan'y 6 


Oct'r 1 


July 9 


" 7 


" 14 


7 


" 12 


« 7 


" 13, 


" 7 


" 15 


" 14 


" 21 


" 14 


« 19 


u 14 


" 20 


" 14 


" 22 


" 21 


" 28 


« 21 


" 26 


" 21 


" 28 


« 21 


» 29 


" 28 


Nov. 4 


" 28 


Feb'y 2 


« 28 


May 4: 


" 28 


Aug. 5 


" 31 


" 7 


" 30 


u 4 


« 31 


" 8' 


« 31 


" 8 


Feby 1 


« 8 


May 1 


« 5 


Aug. 1 


" 9: 


Nov. 1 


« 9 


« 7 


u 14 


» 7 


» 11 


« 7 


« 15 


« 7 


■ « 15 


« 14 


" 21 


" 14 


« 18 


« 14 


« 22 
« 29 


" 14 


« 21 


« 21 


" 28 


" 21 


« 25 


« 21 


« 21 


« 29 


« 28 


Dec'r 5 


« 28 


Mar. 4 


« 28 


June 5 

" 8 


« 28 


Sept. 5 


Mar. 1 


" 6 


« 31 


« 7 


« 31 


« 30 


" 7 


« 7 


" 12 


June 1 


« 8 


Sept. 1 


« 9i 


Dec'r 1 


« 8 


« 14 


» 19 


u 7 


« 14 


» 7 


" 15 


« 7 


« 21 


" 21 


« 26 


« 14 


« 21 


« 14 


" 22 


" 14 


« 21 


« 28 


Jan'y 2 


« 21 


« 28 


« 21 


« 29 
July 6 


« 21 


« 28 


« 31 


" 5 


« 28 


April 4 


" 28 


« 28 


Oct'r 5 






« 30 


" 6 


" 30 


" 8 


« 31 


« 8 







LAMBING TABLE. 



When to 
Ram. 


Will Lamb, 


When 10 
Bam. 


VVill Lamb. 


When to 
Ram. 


Will Lamb. 


When to 
Ram. 


Will Lamb. 


Jan'y 1 


May 27 


April 1 


Aug. 26 


July 1 


Nov. 25 


Oct'r 1 


Feb. 25 


« 14 


June 10 


" 14 


Sept. 8 


u 14 


Dec'r 9 


« 14 


Mar, 10 


Feb'y 1 


» 28 


May 1 


" 22 


Aug. 1 


« 26 


Nov. 1 


'■ 26 


u 14 


July 12 


" 14 


Oct'r 8 


« 14 


Jan'y 8 


« 14 


April 9 


Mar. 1 


" 26 


June 1 


" 25 


Sept. 1 


" 26 


Dec'r 1 


« 25 


u 14 


Aug. 8 


" 14 


Nov. 8 


« 14 


Feb'y 9 


« 14 


May 9 



TO THE PUBLISHERS. 
Should yon have anywhere a spare corner, please enter a protest 
in my name, against the cruel practice recommended, of firing for 
the lampas ; which takes its name from the brutal custom among 
old farriers, but now abandoned in England, of burning the swell- 
ing down with a red-hot lamp-iron. In most cases, it will soon 
subside of itself, especially if a few mashes be given, aided by a 
gentle alterative. If need be, a few moderate cuts may be made 
across the bars with a pen-knife. 

Founder may be cured, and the traveller pursue his journey the 
next day, by giving a table-spoonful of alum ! This I got from Dr. 
P. Thornton, of Montpelier, Rappahannoc county, Virginia, as 
founded on his own observation in several cases. 

J. S. S. 

24 



TROTTING. 



This is a gait held in high estimation in the northern parts of the 
United States, and in Canada; especially when a horse can go his 
mile within three minutes. Then, as he falls by seconds, his value 
rises by guineas. In the south, gentlemen don't "cotton" to such 
action; though a passion for this sort of equestrian display is travel- 
ling towards the land of the magnolia granditiora, with some other 
changes less compatible with their ancient high-born chivalry. 

On the good old track at Charleston, among gentlemen who have 
never let the old Huguenot fires go down, you rarely see a snaffle- 
bridle^ or what is called a ^^ goer J''^ They have an eye and a heart 
for a good horse; but choose to retain the power of throwing him 
on his haunches when occasion may demand it. 

It is, we believe, a rule on all courses in the United States, that 
the jockey's weight, in a trotting race, whether in harness or saddle, 
must be not under 145 pounds. 

In harness, simply signifies a sulky, as light as the owner may 
choose. They generally weigh from 75 to 125 lbs. The weight of 
a trotting wagon is from 125 to 200 lbs. Hiram Woodrufl's weight 
was about 160 lbs. 

An interesting investigation is now going on in England to ascer- 
tain whether Tom Thumb, the celebrated American trotter, ever 
performed 20 rniles within the hour. Large bets are pending on 
the result. If he has ever accomplished such a feat, it has not been, 
within our knowledge, officially recorded. Many of the parties 
betting on Tom Thumb having performed the above feat, failing 
to procure satisfactory proof thereof, have paid their bets. 

Fanny Jenks trotted 101 miles in harness, over the Bull's Head 
course, Albany, in 9 hours, 42 minutes, 57 seconds, on the 5th of 
May, 1845. 

Fanny Murray trotted 100 miles, in harness, in 9 hours, 41 mi- 
nutes, 26 seconds, on the 15th of May, 1846, over the Bull's Head 
course, Albany. 

(52) 



TROTTING. 



53 



BEST TROTTING TIME, AT MILE HEATS. 



Name. 


Saddle or 
Harness. 


Time. 


Course. 


Date. 


Aggy Down 


saddle 

harness 
saddle 


I 2 27, 2 29i, 2 30, } 
I 2 30, 2 31, 

2 32i, 231i,2 33, } 
( 2 38, 

2 35, 2 37, 2 36 .. . 

2 35, 2 32, 2 :« . . . 
( 2 36, 2 35, 2 33, ) 
I 2 33, 2 40, i 

2 31i, 2 33 

{ 2 28i, 2 28, 2 28, ; 
/ 2 29, 2 32, \ 

2 26i, 2 27, 2 27 . . 
( 2 38, 2 36i, 2 38, ) 
I 2 39, 2 38, i- 


Beacon Course, N. J. 

Beacon Course, N. J. 

Beacon Course, N. J. 
Beacon Course, N. J. 

Trenton, N.J 

Centreville, L. I. . . . 

Beacon Course, N. J. 

Beacon Course, N. J 

Trenton, N.J 


Sep. 25, 1845 

June 26, 1843 

June — 1841 
July — 1839 

Sop. — 1836 

May — 1834 

July 4, 1843 

July 12, 1843 

June — 1836 


Confidence 

Dutchman 

Dutchman 

Edwin Forrest . . 

Lady Suffolk. . . . 

Lady Suffolk 

Norman Leslie. . 

1 





TWO MILE HEATS. 



Americus 

Americus 

Black Maria . . . 

Confidence 

D. D. Tompkins 

Dutchman 

Dutchman 

Edwin Forrest . 
Edwin Forrest . 

Hector 

James K. Polk . 
Lady Suffolk. .. 
Lady Suffolk... 
Lady Suffolk. . . 

Ripton 

Ripton 

Ripton 



harness 

saddle 
harness 
saddle 

harness 
• saddle 
harness 



saddle 
harness 



5 13, 5 11 

5 17i, 5 17, 5 22 . . 

5 Wh 5 12i 

516A,516i,5 16, I 
V 5 18,- 5 25, i 

5 16i, 5 11 

5 16, 5 09 

5 11, 5 16 

5 05, 5 06 

5 17, 5 13, 5 17 . . . 
5 24, 5 19, 5 17i . . 
5 16, 5 KJi 

4 59, 5 03i 

5 10, 5 15 

5 17, 5 19, 5 18 . . . 

5 lOi. 5 r2i 

5 07, 5 15 

5 07, 5 15, 5 17 . . . 



Union Course, L. I, 
Hunting Park, Pa. . 
Cambridge Park . . . 

Centreville, L. I. . . . 



Centreville, L. 
Beacon Course, 
Beacon Course 
Hunting Park, 
Hunting Park, 
Hunting Park, 
Union Course, 
Centreville, L. 
Centreville, L. 
Beacon Course, 
Beacon Course. 
Hunting Park, 
Hunting Park, 



L ... 
N.J 
N.J 

Pa. . 

Pa. . 

Pa. . 
L. I 

I.... 

I. ... 
N.J 
N.J 

Pa. . 

Pa. . 



1 

Oct. 8, 1846 

Oct. 17, 1846 

June 18, 1S45 

May — 1841 

Oct. — 1837 
April— 1839 
Oct. — 1839 
May — 1840 
Oct. — 1838 
June 2, 1846 
Nov. 18, 1846 
Sep. — 1840 
May — 1842 
May 21, 1844 
May — 1842 
May — 1842 
May — 1842 



THREE MILE HEATS. 



Columbus. . . 
D itchman . . 
D.itchman . . 

Dutchman . . 

Dutchman . . 
Lady Suffolk 
Ripton 



saddle 

harness 
saddle 



harness 



7 58, 8 07 

7 32t 

7 41 

7 54i, 7 50, 8 02, 

8 24i, 
7 51, 7 51 

7 40i, 7 56 

8 00, 7 56| 



Hunting Park, Pa. . June — 1834 
Beacon Course, N. J. Aug. — 1839 
^ July ~ 1839 



Beacon Course, N.J. 

Beacon Course, N. J. 

Hunting Park, Pa. . 
Hunting Park, Pa. . 
Beacon Course, N. J. 



Oct. — 1838 

Mav — 1840 
May — 1841 
Aug. -'1842 



FOUR MILE HEATS. 



D'ltchmnn 


saddle 


11 19, 10 51 


Centreville, Ti. I. . . . 


Mav 


— 1F36 


T.adv Suffolk 


" 


11 1.5, 11 58 


Oentreville. Ti. L . . 


J ine 


— VAO 


T.adv Siffolk... 


" 


1122, 1134 


Cambri \s'^ Park . . . 


Nov. 


— 1^39 


Pir Petor 


harness 


1123, 1127 


Hunti'i!! Park, Pa. 


rtct. 


— 1=29 


Ellen Thompson, 


saddle 


1155, 11 33 


Bsacon Course, N. J. 


May 


— 1842 



RACING. 



BEST TIME ON RECORD AT MILE KEATS, 



Name. 



Adiiella 

Aduella 

Bendigo 

Bendigo 

Beta 

Big Alick 

Capt. Mc Heath. . 

Cassandra 

Colt by Levia- ) 

than, D. F. J. 

Kenner's, ) 



1 48, 1 50, 1 49 

1 50, 1 47, 1 52i 

150, 1 48, 149 

1 48, 1 50, 1 48, 1 49 . 
1 45, 1 45, 1 57, 2 01 . 
1 57, 1 47i, 1 50, 1 51 

1 49, 148, 150 

1 48, 1 49i 



1 48, 1 47f , 1 50 



Creath 

Croton 

Croton 

Dan. Mclntyre 
Fred. Kaye . . . 

Fred. Kaye . . . 

Gildersleeve . . 
Harden'd Sinner. 
Houri, (Imp.) . 
Jane Adams . . 

Jim Bell 

John Hampden 
Kilty Harris . . 

Leda 

Little Trick . . 
Lucy c. (Buford's) 
Mary Brennan . 

Minstrel 

Miss Footo .... 

Music 

Music 

Nathan Rice. .. 

Prospect 

Sailor Boy 

Serenade 

St. Pierre 

Sunbeam 

Susan Hill 

The Duke 

CJncas 

Victor 



148, 148, 146 

1 51, 1 544, I 49 

1 49 

150, 148, 151 

1 50, 1 48i, 1 50, 1 53i, 1 52^, 

( 1 52, I 47i, 1 52, 1 48, J 
1 57i, 1 56i, \ 

1 51, 1 49, 1 53, 1 56 

1 50, 1 48, 1 49A 

1 47, 153 

1 47i, 1 52 

151, 146 

1 48, 1 49, 1 53 

148, 151, 2 02 

148, 148 

1 48 

149, 148, 151 

1 48, 1 49 

1 48, 1 48 

J 47, 1 49, 1 48, 1 50, 1 50 . 

1 50, 1 48 

1 48i, 1 46i, 148 

1 45, 1 52 

1 50, 1 48, 1 53 

1 51, 1 49, 148 

1 48, 1 55, 2 00 

1 47, 1 50, 1 55 

1 47, 1 48, 1 46i, 1 47, 1 47 

1 55, 1 50, 1 48 

1 48, 1 55i, 1 53i 

1 45i, 1 48, 1 47t 

I 50, 1 55, 1 48 



New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 
Lexington, Ky. . .. 
New Orleans, La. . 
Nashville, Tenn.. . 
Louisville, Ky. . . . 

Columbus, Ga 

Washington, D. C. 

New Orleans, La. . 

New Orleans, La. , 
New Orleans, La. 
New Orleans, La. 
Georgetown, Ky. 
Louisville, Ky.. • . 



Dec. 25, 
Mar. 19, 

Sep. 24, 
Mar. 21, 
May 22, 
June 4, 
May 4, 
June 1, 



1842 
1843 
1840 
1811 
1841 
1842 
1839 
1841 



New Orleans, La. . 

Versailles, Ky 

Jackson, Miss 

New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 
Lexington, Kv. . .. 
Orange C. H., Va. . 
Baltimore, Md. . . . 
Lexington, Ky. . .. 
E, Feliciana, La. . 
Bardstown, Ky. . . • 
Cincinnati, Ohio. . 
Louisville, Ky. . . . 
New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 
Louisville, Ky. . . , 

Trenton, N.J. 

Cynthiana, Ky. . . . 
Cynthiana, Ky. . . 
Orange C. H., Va. 
New ( )rleans. La. 

Havana 

Trenton, N. J. ... 
E. Feliciana, liR. 
Kanawha, Va. . . . 



April 1, 1846 



Mar. 27, 
Dec. 20, 
Mar. 15, 
Apr. 28, 
Oct. 9, 



1842 
1846 
1846 

1842 
1846 



Dec. 6, 1846 



Sep. 18, 
Feb. 17, 
Mar. 18, 
Oct. 29, 
May 21, 
Sap. 18, 
May 17, 
May 19, 
Apr. 24, 
Oct. 12, 
Oct. 19, 
June 4, 
Dec. 12, 
Mar. 17, 
Dec. 29, 
Oct. 7, 
May 25, 
Oct. 25, 
Oct. 25, 
Sep. 15, 
Mar. 24 
Apr, 30. 
May 31, 
Apr. 27 
June 7, 



1846 
1844 
1840 
1845 
1841 
1839 
1842 
1841 
1844 
1839 
1839 
1839 
1841 
1842 
1844 
1844 
1841 
1.-39 
]h39 
1841 
.1844 
1843 
1839 
,1844 
1839 



BEST TIME ON RECORD AT TWO MILE HEATS. 



Name, 



Alarick 

Ann Hayes 

Ann Stuart . . . . 

Arraline 

Attakapas 

Balie Peytou . . 
Bee's- Wing . . . . 
Betsey Archy, 

filly, 
Black-Nose . . . . 
Brown Kitty. . . 

B c' -Eve 

Butterfly filly . . 



Time. 



3 54, 3 39 

3 43i, 3 42i 

3 50, 3 44, 3 45 

3 44t, 3 49, 3 49, 3 50 

3 4o, 3 52 

3 54, 3 45 

3 44, 3 47 

3 53, 3 44 

3 491,345, 

3 491, 3 44, 3 45 

3 56, 3 40 3 47 

. 3 48i, 3 50, 3 40 .... 



Lexinj?ton, Ky . . . 
New Orleans, La. . 
Memphis, Tenn. . . 
Louisville, Ky. . . . 

Columbus Ga 

Broad Rock, Va. . . 
New Orleans, La. . 

Washington, D. C. 

Georgetown, Ky. . 
New Orleans, La. . 
New Orloans. La. . 
Lexington, Ky. ■ . . 



Dale. 



Sep. 26, 1845 
Nov. 21,1844 
Nov. 14, 1843 
June 7, 1843 
May 2, 1839 
Apr. 26, 1839 
Mar. 26, 1839 

May 31, 1841 

Sep. 18, 1841 
Dec. 1, 1846 
Mar. 18, 1841 
Sep. 27, 1845 



^5.) 



Continued on page 55. 



RACING. 



55 



BEST TliVlE ON RECORD AT TWO MILE HEATS. 



Name. 



Churchill 

Consol Junior 
Creath 



Creath 

Creath 

Croton 

Croton 

Croton 

Cub 

Earl of Margrave.. . 

Gazan 

George W. Keudall . 
Governor Butler . . . . 

Grey Medoc 

Grey Medoc 

Hero 

Hornblower 

La Bacchante 

Laiieville 

Maid of Northampt'n 

Midas 

Miss Clash 

Motto 

Motto 

Music 

Music 

Misic 

Nancy Clark 

Nannv Rogers 

Oh See 

Passenger, (Imp.) . . . 

Purity 

Ralph 

Richard of York 

Richard of York . .. . 

Robert Bruce 

Rocker 

Ruffin 

Ruffin 

Sallv Shannon 

Sally Ward 

Sarah Rladen 

Sarah Washington. . 

Senator 

Snag 

Sorrow, (Imp.) 

Stanley Eclipse 

Sthreshl'^y 

S isan Hill 

Tai^lioni 

Tarantula 

The Colonel 

Treasurer 

Trenton 

Vertner 

Viola 

Warfield's Too ) 
Soon colt, p • • • 

Wellineton 

West Florida 

Will-Go 

Wilton Brown 

Young Whig , 



Time. 



3 49, 
3 4G, 
3 41, 
3 4t), 
3 40, 
3 50, 
3 44i 
3 47i 
3 45i 
3 4t), 
3 45, 
3 50, 
3 57, 
3 46, 
3 45, 
3 45, 
3 40, 
3 41, 
3 50, 
3 45 . 
3 46, 
3 46, 
3 4?'i 
3 46, 
3 49, 
3 51, 
3 49, 
3 46, 
3 48, 

3 49, 

4 10, 
3 50 
3 51, 
3 49, 
3 46, 
3 43, 
3 48, 
3 49, 
3 49, 
3 50, 
3 50, 
3 46 
3 45 
3 46, 
3 48, 
3 55, 
3 44, 
3 43, 
3 45, 
3 49. 
3 48, 
3 45, 
3 47, 
3 46, 
3 46, 
3 47, 



3 46, 3 47 

3 53, 3 47 

3 41 

3 4-2 

3 45 

3 44^i, 3 50 . . . . 
, 3 43i, 3 43i . . 

, 3 46 

, 3 44 

3 40i 

3 45 

3 47, 3 45, 4 07 

3 46 

3 49, 3 55 

3 55 

3 55 

3 51 

4 03 

3 45, 3 51i .... 



3 46 

3 43 

, 3 43 

3 48i 

3 46, 3 51 . . 
3 46, 3 55 . . 

3 45 

3 46 

3 46, 3 51 . . 

3 46 

3 53, 3 44 . . 

3 44 

3 45 

3 46 

3 44 

3 43, 3 47 . 

3 46 

3 45i, 4 42i 

3 46 

3 43 

3 41i 



3 46 . 
3 43 . 
3 43 . 
3 45i 
3 45 . 
3 51 . 
3 46 . 
3 46 . 
3 50 . 
3 45i 
3 45 . 
3 48 . 
3 45 . 



3 49, 3 45 



3 56, 
3 51. 
3 46 
3 52 
3 53. 



3 52, 3 43, 3 50 
r, 3 46, 3 53 ... . 



Course. 



Lexington, Ky 

Louisville, Ky 

New Orleans, La. . 

Louisville, Ky 

Havana 

New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . . 
New Orleans La. . 

Louisville, Ky 

New Orleans, La. . . 

Lexington, Ky 

New Orleans, La. . . 

Camden, S. C 

New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans. La. . 

PineviUe, S.C 

Union Course, L. I 
New Orleans, La. . 

Fairfield, Va 

Washington, D. C. 
Baltimore, Md. . .. 
Louisville, Ky. ... 
Lexington, Ky. ... 
Bardstown, Ky. . . . 
New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 

Augusta, Ga 

Lexington, Ky. . .. 
Richmond, Va. . .. 

Trenton, N. J 

Jackson, Miss 

Louisville, Ky. . . . 
New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 
Cincinnati, Ohio. . 

Trenton, N. J 

Lexington, Ky. . .. 

Natchez, Miss 

Frankfort, Ky 

New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 
Orange C. H. Va. . 
Baltimore, Md. • . . 
Terre Haute, Ind. . 

Springfield, III 

Trenton. N. J 

New Orleans, La. . 

Havana 

Piueville,S. C 

Nashville, Tenn. . . 
Baltimore, Md. . .. 

Trenton, N. J 

Union Course, L. I. 
Lexington, Ky. . 
E. Feliciana, La. 



3 45 
3 44 



Si- 
May 8, 
Sp. - 
Apr. 24, 
Oct. 30, 
Mar. 19. 
Apr. 28, 
Jan. 30, 
Oct. 4, 
May 4, 
May 28, 
Oct. 8, 
Sep. 21, 
Apr. 25, 

May 23, 

Oct. 26, 
Apr. 12, 
Oct. 2, 
June 5, 
Oakley, Miss iDec. 7, 



Lexington, Ky. . . 

Camden, N. J. ... 
Georgetown, Ky.. 
Broad Rock, Va. . 
Alexandria, D. C. 



Date. 



Sep. 20, 
June 8, 
Mar. 24, 
June 1, 
Apr. 26, 
Apr. 13, 
Apr. 2, 
Apr. 16, 
Oct. 1, 
Mar. 23, 
iMay 23, 
Dec. 10, 
Nov. 21, 
Dec. 27, 
Mar. 18, 
Feb. — 
May 8, 
Apr. 3; 
May 20, 
Oct. 2, 
May 9, 
June 15, 
Sep. 26, 
Sep. - 
Dec. 22, 
Jan. 4, 
Dec. 25, 
Dec. 9, 
May 22, 
Apr. 16, 
Oct. 25, 
Jan. 28, 
June 5, 
Mar. 13, 
Mar. 24, 
Oct. 14, 
May 29, 
Sep. 21, 
Nov. 19, 
Sep. 7, 
Dec. 3. 
Mar. 17, 
p. 16, 



1843 
1843 
1842 
1842 
1843 
1845 
1846 
1846 
1839 
1842 
1840 
1841 
1840 
1840 
1839 
1843 
1839 
1845 
1841 
1845 
1844 
1844 
1844 
1842 
1842 
1844 
1844 
1840 
1846 
1845 
1839 
1846 
1839 
1839 
1839 
1839 
1839 
1843 
1845 
1842 
1846 
1842 
1841 
1844 
1844 
1839 
1845 
1840 
1843 
1844 
1844 
1844 
1840 
18.39 
1839 
1844 

1846 

1841 
1839 
1839 
1842 
1844 



24 



41 



56 



RACING. 



BEST TIME ON RECORD AT THREE MILE HEATS, 



Name. 



Ailsey Scroggins. .. 

Aniirewetta 

Argentile 

Astor 

Black-Nose 

Black-Nose 

Blue Dick 

Blue Dick 

Blue Dick 

Bob Letcher 

Boston 

Clarion 

Creath 

Creath 

Creath 

Eliza Calvert 

Fashion 

George Martin 

George Martin 

Glorvina 

Hard Cider 

Isola 

James F. Robinson 

Jeannetton 

Joe Chalmers 

Kate Aubray 

Liz Hewitt 

Louisa Jordan 

Maria 

Mariner 

Master Henry 

Midas 

Miss Foote 

Polly Green 

Q,ueon Mary 

Red Bill 

Register 

Ripple 

Rover 

Ruffin 

Sally Shannon 

Santa Anna 

Sarah Washington. 
Sarah Washington. 

Tazewell 

Ten Broeck 

The Colonel 

Treasurer 

Treasurer 

Wilton Brown 



Time. 



5 46, 5 54i . . . . 

5 42i 

5 51 

5 44 

5 46 

5 46 

5 38i 

5 39i 

5 46 

5 46, 6 12, 5 51 



, 5 57 

5 43 

5 44i 

5 53 

, 5 59, 5 46 



5 46 

, 5 49, 5 52 

5 52 

6 14, 5 55, 5 50 . . 
, 5 45, 6 02i, 6 44 

5 55 

5 38i 

5 45 

5 41 



5 40 

5 44 

5 56 

, 5 40, 5 56, 6 01 

5 58 

5 46 

5 48 

5 40, 5 40 

5 48, 5 49 

5 49 

5 47, 5 44, 5 52 . 
5 48, 5 46, 5 52 . 

, 5 36 

, 5 50, 5 57, 6 01 

, 5 48 

5 45 

5 45 



5 41, 5 49 
5 54, 5 56 



, 5 46 
6 05 . 



Course. 



Bardstown,Ky 

Trenton, N. J 

Louisville, Ky 

Washington, D. C. . 

Frankfort, Ky 

Lexington, Ky 

Trenton, N. J 

Alexandria, D. C. . 

Baltimore, Md 

Lexington, Ky 

Broad Rock, Va. . . . 
Union Course, L. I 

Louisville, Ky 

New Orleans, La. . 

Havana 

Camden, N. J 

Baltimore, Md 

New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 

Natchez, Miss 

Fredericksburg, Va 
Lexington, Ky. ... 
Lexington, Ky. ... 
New Orleans, La. . 
Memphis, Tenn. . . , 
fiew Orleans, La. . 

Peoria, HI 

New Orleans, La. . 
E. Feliciana, La.. . , 

Camden, N. J 

Baltimore, Md. 

Washington, D. C. 

Mobile, Ala 

Columbus, Ga 

Cincinnati, Ohio. . . 
Lexington, Ky. • .. 

Baltimore, Md. 

Louisville, Ky. . . . 
Lexington, Ky. ... 
New Orleans, La. . 
Lexington, Kv- ... 

Pineville, S. C 

Broad Rock, Va. . . . 

Baltimore, Md 

Rome, Ga 

Louisville, Ky 

Camden, N. J 

Union Course, L. I 
Union Course, L. I 
Alexandria, D. C. . . 



Date. 



Sep. — 
May 29, 
June 6, 
June 3, 
Sep. 24, 
Sep. 28, 
May 19, 
June 3, 
May 6, 
May 26, 
Apr. 27, 
Oct. 9, 
Oct. 15, 
Mar. 28, 
Apr. 29, 
Oct. 29. 
Oct. 16, 
Mar. 25, 
Mar. 17, 
Ai)r. 25, 
May 28, 
Sep. 19, 
May 20, 
Dec. 27, 
Nov. 15, 
Dec. 23, 
Oct. 28, 
Dec. 4, 
Apr. 26, 
Mav 21, 
May 16, 
May 16, 
Mar. 10, 
May 2, 
Oct. 17, 
Mav 22, 
Oct. 20, 
Oct. 8, 
Sep. 24, 
Mar. 22, 
Sep. 21, 
Feb. 8, 
Apr. 21, 
May 19, 
Sep. 16, 
June 2, 
Nov. 27, 
June 5, 
Oct. 5, 
June 4, 



1842 
1840 
1844 
1841 
1840 
1840 
1842 
1842 
1844 
1843 
1839 
1839 
1841 
1843 
1843 
1841 
1846 
1842 
1843 
1839 
1840 
1843 
1841 
1844 
1843 
1842 
1843 
1846 
1844 
1841 
1839 
1844 
1842 
1839 
1839 
1840 
1842 
1840 
1844 
1844 
1842 
1843: 
1842; 

1842; 

1840 

184-2; 
1845 
1840! 
18421 
1842 



RACING. 



57 



BEST TIME ON RECORD AT FOUR MILE HEATS. 



Nairie. 


Time. 


Course. 


nate» 


Andrewetta 


7 46 


Raleigh N C ... 


Nov. 7, 1839 
Mar. 23, 1844 
May 15, 1840 
May 13, 1842 
May 6, 1842 
May 27, 1843 
Oct. 28, 1841 
May 10, 1842 
Oct. 29, 1842 
Nov. 4, 1842 
Oct. 20, 1843 
Oct. 23, 1845 
May 14, 1846 
Mar. 29, 1843 
Sep. 23, 1843 
Mar. 20, 1841 
June 24, 1844 
Apr, 5, 1845 
Apr. 12, 1845 
Oct. 21, 1846 
Dec. 5, 1846 
Mar. 19, 1842 
Mar. 26, 1842 
Sep. 25, 1842 
Dec. 24, 1842 
Dec. 11, 1840 
Jan. 6, 1844 
May 13, 1845 
Dec. 11, 1841 
Mar. 18, 1843 
Dec. 28, 1844 
Mar. 17, 1841 
May 15, 1839 


7 36 ' 7 42 


New Orleans, La. . . 

Baltimore, Md 

Union Course, L. I. 
Washington, D. C. . 
Union Course, L. I. 

Camden, N. J 

Union Course, L. I. 

Camden, N. J 

Trenton, N. J 

Baltimore, Md 

Union Course, L. I. 

Baltimore, Md 

New Orleans, La. . . 

Lexington, Ky 

New Orleans, La. . . 

St. Louis, Mo 

New Orleans, La. . . 
New Orleans, La. . . 

St. Louis, Mo 

New Orleans, La. . . 
New Orleans, La. . . 
New Orleans, La. . . 

Lexington, Ky 

New Orleans, La. . . 

Augusta, Ga 

New Orleans, La. . . 
Union Course, L. I. 
New Orleans, La. . . 
New Orleans, La. . . 
New Orleans, La. . . 
New Orleans, La. . . 
Baltimore, Md 


Bandit 


8 02 7 44 




8 13, 7 46, 7 58i 

8 01 7 43 






7 37i, 7 49, 8 24 

7 42, 7 48 






7 32', 7 45 




7 38 7 52^ 




7 36 7 49 




7 35 1 




7 43' 




7 36 7 51 


George Martin 

Gre yliead 


7 33 7 43 


7 45' 7 50 


Grey Medoc 

Ia<To 


7 35, 8 19, 7 42, 8 17 ... . 
7 45 7 58 


Jerry Lancaster 

Jerry Lancaster 

Jerry Lancaster 

Jerry Lancaster 

Jim Bell 


7 43, 7 40 


7 38 8 14 


7 55 7 45 


7 51, 7 43 8 08 


7 37, 7 40 


Miss Foote 


8 02 7 35 


Miss Foote 


7 42, 7 40 


Miss Foote 


7 36i, 7 39, 7 5H 

7 57 7 45 


Omeo'a 


Peytona 


7 45 7 48 


Peytona 


7 3»J, 7 45' 


Reel 


7 40 7 43.t 


Reel 


7 43' 7 41 


Rover 


7 39, 7 39i, 7 51, 8 29 . . . 
7 45, 7 40 


Sarah Bladen 

Vasliti 


7 53 7 46 8 19 







58 RACING. 



THE ST. LEGER. 

The Doncaster St. Leger (in England pronounced Sellenger,) 
is the most important stake in Great Britain, amounting to from 
eighteen to twenty-four thousand dollars, and is run for, annually, 
by three year old colts and fillies: the former carry 119 pounds, the 
latter 114. 

With these tables in view, a comparison of the speed of English 
and American horses can easily be made, having due regard to 
weight, age, and the distance run. The St. Leger is a race of one 
straight heat, and the horse has only to do his best for that single run. 

J. S. S. 

The following table will show the reader the distance per second 
averaged by horses running at any distance : — 

Time of running Distance per second, 

one mile. Yds. Ft. In. 

140 17 1 9| 

141 17 1 3J- 

1 42 17 91. 

1 43 .17 31 

144 16 2 91 

1 45 16 2 3? 

1 46 16 1 9| 

1 47 16 1 4\ 

1 48 16 lOf 

1 49 16 5| 

1 50 16 

151 15 2 6/y 

152 15 2 If 

153 15 1 8j% 

1 54 15 1 3| 

. 155 15 ■ 11 

156 15 6^\ 

1 57 15 If^ 

158 14 2 8|| 

159 14 2 4^\ 

200 14 2 



KACING. 59 



AVERAGE SPEED FOR THE DONCASTER ST. LEGER. 

Distance 1 mile 6 furloDgs 132 yards. 



Year. Name of Horse. '^^"^^- Yd^. in a 

M. s. minute. 

1818 Reveller 3 15 988 

1846 Sir Tattoii Sykes 3 16 983 

1838 Don John 3 17 978 

1819 Antonio 3 18 973 

1842 Blue Bonnet 3 19 9G8 

1835 Queen of Trumps 3 20 963 

1836 Elis 3 20 963 

1840 Launcelot 3 20 963 

1843 Nutwith 3 20 963 

1847 VanTromp 3 20 963 

1834 Touchstone 3 22 954 

1841 Satirist 3 22 954 

1837 Mango 3 23 949 

1844 Faugh-a-ballagh 3 23 949 

1823 Barefoot 3 231 948 

1825 Memnon 3 23i 947 

1827 Matilda 3 24 945 

1826 Tarrare 3 25 940 

1839 Charles XII 3 25 940 

1845 The Baron 3 25 940 

1820 St. Patrick 3 26 935 

1822 Theodore 3 26 935 

1824 Jerry 3 29 922 

1810 Octavian 3 30 918 

1812 Otterington 3 31 913 

1833 Rockingham 3 38 884 



Mean speed 3 24 945 

41* 



PEDIGREES 



OF 



WINNING HORSES, 

SINCE 1839. 
Being an Appendix to Mason'^s Farrier. 



A. 

AARON, b, h. by Tennessee Citizen, dam by Timoleon. 

ABBEVILLE, b. h. by Nullifier, dam by Gallatin. 

ABNER HUNTER, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Blackburn's Whip. 

ACALIA, b. m. by Luckless. 

ACHILLES, gr. h. by Boxer. 

ADELA, b. m. by The Colonel, dam [Imp.] Variella by Blacklock. 

ADELAIDE, b. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Napoleon. 

ADELIA, b. m. by Mous. Tonson, dam by Sir Archy. 

ADRIAN, eh. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam Phenomena, by Sir 
Archy. 

ADUELLA, ch. m. by [Lnp.] Glencoe, dam Giantess by [/mjs.] Le- 
viathan. 

.^SOP, ch. h. by [Imp.] Priam, dam Trumpetta by Mons. Tonson, 

jS^TNA, b. m. by Volcano, dam Rebecca by Palafox. 

AHIRA, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 

AILSEY SCROGGINS, ch. m. by Giles Scroggins, dam by Pirate. 

AJARRAH HARRISON, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Gallatin. 

AJAX, gr. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 

A. J. LAWSON, b. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Kitty Fisher by 
Gallatin. 

ALAMODE, ch. h. by [Imp.] Margrave, dam by Timoleon. 

ALARIC, b. h. by Mirabeau, dam by [Imp.] Tranby. 

ALATOONA, b. m. by Argyle, dam Viola by Gallatin. 

ALBION, [Imp.] bl. h. by Cain or Actgeon, dam by Comus or Black- 
lock. 

ALBORAC, b. h. by Telegraph, dam by Monday. 

ALDERMAN, ch. g. by [Imp.] Langford, dam by Sir Charles. 

ALLEGRA, b. m. by Stockholder, dam by Pacolet. 

ALLEN BROWN, ch. h. by Stockholder, dam by [Imp.] Eagle. 

(60) 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 61 

ALEXANDER CAMPBELL, b. h. by Collier, dam by Kosciusko. 
ALEXANDER CHURCHILL, b. h. by [Imp.] Zinganee, dam by 

Beitrand. 
ALICE, b. m. by Conqueror, dam by Wild Medley. 

b. m. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Rowena by Sumpter. 

ALICE ANN, gr. m. by Director, dam by Gallatin. 
ALMIRA, gr. m. by Eclipse, dam by Stockholder. 
ALTORF, b. h. by [^Imp] Fylde, dam by Virginian. 
ALWILDA, gr. m. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by John Richards. 
AMBASSADOR, ch. h. by Plenipotentiary, dam [Imp.] Jenny Mills 

by Whisker. 
AMELIA, br. m. by Bluster, dam by Messenger. 
AMERICA, b. m. by Stockholder, dam by Democrat. 

. b. m. by [Imp.] Trustee, dam Di Vernon by Florizel. 

AMERICAN CITIZEN, b. h. by Marion, dam by Harwood. 

EAGLE, gr. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Waxy. 

. STAR, ch. h. by Cramp, datn by Pulaski. 

AMY THE ORPHAN, ch. m. by [Imp.] Nonplus, dam by Comet. 
ANDREWANNA, b. m. by Andrew, dam by Gallatin. 
ANDRE WETTA, gr. m. by Andrew, dam by Oscar. 
ANDREW HAMET, b. h. by Sidi Hamet, dam by Trumpator. 
ANN BARROW, b. m. by Cock of the Rock, dam by Virginian. 
ANN BELL, ch. m. by Frank, dam Jonquil by Little John. 
ANN BLAKE, b. m. by Lance, dam by Blackburn's Whip. 
ANN CALENDAR, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam Grand Duchess by 

[Imp.] Gracchus. 
ANN GILLESPIE, br. m. by McCarty's Henry Clay, dam Susan by 

Sir William. 
ANN HARROD, ch. m. by Hickory John, dam by King William. 
ANN HAYES, b. m. by [Mp.] Leviathan, dam by Pacific. 
ANN INNIS, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam (the dam of Mary Morris) by 

Sumpter. 
ANN KING, b. m. by [Imp.] Sorrow, dam Lady of the Lake by 

Henry Tonson. 
ANN STEVENS, ch. m. by [Imp.] Trustee, dam (an imported mare) 

by Muley. 
ANN STEWART, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam Kitty Hunter by Paragon. 
ANNE ROY ALE, br. m. by Stockholder, dam Alice Lee by Sir 

Henry Tonson. 
ANTOINETTE, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Multiflora by 

Director. 
ANTIPATOR, ch. h. by Tychicus, dam Club Foot by Napoleon. 
ANVIL, b. h. by [Imp.] Contract, dam by Eclipse. 
ARAB, b. h. by Arab, dam by Sir Archy. 
ARABELLA, b. m. by Collier, dam by Gallatin. 
ARABIAN MARK, b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Sir Charles. 
ARGENTILE, b. ra. byBertrand, dam Allegrante by [Imp.] Truffle. 
ARGYLE, br. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam Thistle by Ogle's Oscar. 
ARILLA, gr. m. by OKelly, dam by Medley. 
AlxKALUKA, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Sally MoGehee, 



62 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

AROOSTOOK, h. h. by Wheeling Rodolph, darn by Moses. 

ARRALINE, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 

ARRAH NEAL, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Martha Wash- 
ington by Sir Charles. 

ARSENIC, ch m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Mary Farmer by Con- 
queror. 

ASHLAND, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Lady Jackson by Sumpter. 

ASTOR, b. h. by Ivanhoe, dam Tripit by Mars. 

ATTAKAPAS, ch. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Arab. 

ATTILA LECOMTE, b. m. by [Imp.] Glencoe, dam Extant by 
[Imp.] Leviathan. 

ATLANTIC, b. m. by Blood and Turf, dam Old Fly. 

AUNT PONTYPOOL, ch. m. by Bertrand Junior, dam Gold Finder 
by Virginius. 

AUSTER, br. h. by Westwind, dam by [Imp.] Leviathan, 

AUTHENTIC, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Timoura by Timo- 
leon. 

B. 

BALD HORNET, ch. g. by Bald Hornet, dam by Bertrand. 

BALIE PEYTON, b.h. by Andrew, dam (Master Henry's dam) by 
Eclipse. 

BALTIMORE, b. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Gohanna. 

BAND BOX, gr. m. by 0"Kelly, dam Lucy Brooks by Bertrand. 

BANDIT, b. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Virginian. 

BANJO BILL, b.h. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam byDarnaby's Diomed. 

BAND OF MUSIC, ch. m. by O Kelly, dam by Oscar. 

BARBARA ALLEN, ch. m. by Collier, dam Lady Jackson by 
Sumpter. 

BASSINGER, bl. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Randolph's Roanoke. 

BAY WOOD, b. h. by Editor, dam by Pacolet. 

BEACON LIGHT, ch. m. by [Imp.] Glencoe, dam Giantess by [Imp.'] 
Leviathan, 

BEATRICE OF FERRARA, m. by Stockholder, dam by Duroc. 

BEAU-CATCHER, ch. m. by Leopold, dam Cranberry. 

BEE'S-WING, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Black Sophia by 
Topgallant. 

BELFIELD, b. h. by [Imp.] Priam, dam [Imp.] Bustle by Whale- 
bone. 

BELLISSIMA, b. m. by [Imp.] Belshazzar, dam Wingfoot by Rat- 
tler. 

BELLE OF WINCHESTER, ch. m, by Stockholder, dam by Sir 
Archy. 

. , ch. m. by [Imp.] Shakspeare, dam 

Cado by Sir Archy. 

BELLE TAYLOR, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 

BEN BARKLEY, b. h. by Push Pin, dam Miss Wakefield by Sir 
Hal. 

BEN BUSTER, b. h. by Cherokee, dam by Whip. 
BEN FRANKLIN, ch. h. by Flagellator, dam Medora by Eclipse. 
. ■ ■■■■■ ch. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Franklin Beauty. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 63 

BEN FRANKLIN, cb. h. by [Imp ] Leviatban, dam by Stockholder. 

BENDIGO, gr. h. by Timoleon, dam by Sir Cbarles. 

• b. h. by Medoc, dam by Sir Archy. 

BENGAL, ch. h. by Gobanna, dam Sportsmistress (or Gulnare) by 
Dnroc. 

BERENICE, cb. m. by Skylark, dam Kathleen by [Imp.] Leviathan. 

BETA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Kosciusko. 

BETHESDA, b. m. by Pacific, dam by Sir Henry Tonson. 

BETHUNE, br. h. by Sidi Hamet, dam Susette by Aratus. 

BETSEY COLEMAN, ch. m, by Goliah, dam Melinda. 

BETSEY COODEY, ch.m.hy [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir Charles. 

BETSEY HUNTER, ch. m. by Sir Clinton, dam by Hamiltonian. 

BETSEY LAUDERDALE, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir 
Richard. 

BETSEY MILLER, gr. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Jane Shore 
by Oscar. 

BETSEY RED, ch. m. by Red Rover, dam Betsey West by [Imp.] 
Buzzard. 

BETSEY SHELTON, b. m. by Jackson, dam Harriet Haxall by Sir 
Hah 

BETSEY WATSON, br. m. by Jefferson, dam by Sir Henry Tonson. 

BETSEY WHITE, ch. m. by Goliah, dam by Sir Charles. 

BIG ALECK, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 

BIG ELLEN, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Old Whip. 

BIG JOHN, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam by Hamiltonian. 

BIG NANCY, ch. m. by Jackson, dam by Gallatin. 

BILLY AYNESWORTH, ch. h. by Traveller, dam Helen by Timo- 
leon. 

BILLY BLACK, b. h. by Volcano. 

BILLY BOWIE, b. h. by Drone, dam Agility by Sir James. 

BILLY GAY, b.' h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Mary Francis by Di- 
rector. 

BILLY TONSON, gr. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Cherokee. 

BILLY TOWNES, b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Virginian. 

BILLY WALKER, ch.h. by [Imp.] Valparaiso, dam by Sir Richard. 

BILLET, ch. h. by Mingo, dam by Mambrino. 

BILOXE, ch. h. by Dick Chinn, dam Extio by [Imp.] Leviathan. 

BLACK BOY, bl. h. by [Imp.] Chateau Margaux, dam by [Imp.] 
Chance. 

bl. h. by [Imp.] Chateau Margaux, dam Lady Mayo 

by Van Tromp. 

BLACK DICK, bl. h. by [Imp.] Margrave, dam by Pamunky. 

BLACK FOOT, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Blackburn's Whip. 

BLACK HAWK, bl. h. by Industry. 

. bl. h. by Mucklejohn. 

BLACK JACK, bl. h. by Tom Fletcher, dam by Baronet. 

BLACK LOCUST, bl. h. by [Lnp.] Luzborough, dam by Sir Archy. 

BLACK NOSE, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Lucy by Orphan. 

BLACK PRINCE, bl. h. by limp.] Fylde, dam Fantail by Sir Archy. 
25 



64 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

BLACK RABBIT, bl.h. by [Imp.] Nonplus, dam (Fair Ellen's dam) 

by Virginius. 
BLACK ROSE, bl. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Arab. 
BLAZING STAR, b. h. by Henry, dam by Eclipse. 
BLOODY NATHAN, gr. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 
BLOOMFIELD RIDLEY, b. h. by Bell-Air, dam Cedar Snags. 
BLOOMSBURY, ch. m. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Giles Scroggins. 
BLUE BONNET, gr. m. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Grey Fanny by 

Bertrand. 
BLUE DICK, gr. h. by [Imp.] Margrave, dam by Lance. 
BLUE JliM, ch. h. by Mucldejohn. 
BLUE SKIN, h. by Marmion, dam by Tecumseh. 
BOB BUSH, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Bertrand. 
BOB LETCHER, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Rattler. 
BOB LOGIC, br. h. by [/?«j9.] Langford, dam by Mambrino. 
BOB RUCKER, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Sir Charles. 
BOIS D'ARC, ch. h, by Eclipse, dam Hortensia by Contention. 
BONNY BLACK, bl. m. by [Imp.] Valentine, dam Helen Mar by 

Rattler. 
BORAC, ch. h. by Pacific, dam by Bagdad. 
BOSTON, ch. h. by Timoleon, dam (Robin Brown's dam) by Ball's 

Florizel. 
BOSTON FILLY, m. by Boston, dam by [Imp.] Priam. 
BOWDARK, b. h. by Anvil, dam by Bagdad. 
BOXER, b. h. by Mingo, dam by Eclipse. 
BOYD M'NAIRY, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Morgiana by 

Pacolet. 
BRACELET, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam [Jwj?.] Trinket. 
BREAN, ch. h. by Goliah.. 

BRILLIANT, b. h. by Sidi Hamet, dam Miss Lancess by Lance. 
BRITANNIA, [Imp.] b. m. by Actseon, dam by Scandal. 
BROCKLESBY, ch. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Roanoke. 
BROKER, b. h. by [/«»/).] Rovvton, dam Jane Bertrand by Bertrand. 
BROTHER TO HORNBLOWER, b. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam 

Music bv John Richards. 
BROTHER TO PEYTONA, ch. h. by [Imp.] Glencoe, dam Giantess 

by [Imp.] Levfathan. 
BROTHER TO VICTOR, b. h. by [hnp.] Cetus, dam [Imp.] My 

Lady by Comus. 
BROWN ELK, b. h. by Buck Elk, dam by Whip. 
BROWN GAL, br. m* by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Virginian. 
BROWN KITTY, br. m. by Birmingham, dam by Tiger" 
BROWN LOCK, br. h. by Pacific, dam by Sir Hal. 
BROWN STOUT, br. h. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Feathers by Mons. 

Ton son. 
BROWNLOW, br. h. by [Imp.] Merman, dam (Glenare's dam) by 

[Imp.] Leviathan. 
BRUCE, ch. h. by [Imp.] Nonplus, dam Lamballe by Kosciusko. 
BUBB, b. m. by Bertrand, dam by Whig. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 65 

BUCK-EYE, b. h. by Critic, dam Ann Page by Ogle's Oscar. 

■ b. h. by Lafayette Stockholder, dam Old Squaw by In.' 

dian. 
' BELLE, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter, 

LAD, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam by a Son of Spread Ea 



gle. 
BUCK RABBIT, b. h. by [frnp.] Nonplus, dam (Fair Ellen's dam) 

by Virginius. 
BULGER BROWN, b. h. by Lance, dam by Jenkins' Sir William: 
BUNKUM, ch. g. by Hyazim, dam by Gallatin. 
BURLEIGH, b. h. by Sir Archie Montorio, dam Mary Lee by Con 

tention. 
BUSTAMENTE, ch. h. by Whalebone, dam Sarah Dancy by Timo- 

leon. 
BUZ FUZ, gr. h. by Medley, dam by [Imp.] Luzborough. 

C. 

CADMUS, b. h. by Cadmus. 

CALANTHE, b. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Jackson. 

CALANTHE, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 

CAMANCHE, ch. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Rattler. 

CAMDEN, br. h. by Shark, dam [Imp.] Invalid by Whisker. 

CAMEO, b. m. by [Imp.] Tranby, dam by Buzzard. 

CAMEL, ch. h. by Birmingham, dam by Whip or Sumpter. 

CAMILLA, br. m. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam (Picayune's dam) by Sir 
William of Transport. 

CAPTAIN BURTON, br. h. by Cherokee, dam by Green Oak. 

CAPTAIN M'HEATH, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Miss Bailey 
by [Imp.] Boaster. 

CAPTAIN THOMAS HOSKINS, b. h. by [Imp.] Autocrat, dam by 
Tom Tough. 

CAPTAIN (The) b. h. by Sir Archy Montorio, dam Ophelia by Wild 
Medlev. 

CAPTAIN WHITE EYE, bl. h. by Chifney, dam by Sumpter. 

CAROLINE MALONE, (Col. Thomas Watson's), ch. ra. by [Imp.] 
Leviathan, dam Proser[)ine by Oscar. 

(Col. J. C. Guild's), b. m. by [Imp.] Levia- 
than, dam by Sir Richard. 

(Col. Thomas Watson's), b. m. by [Imp.] Le- 



viathan, dam by Jerry. 
CASHIER, ch. h. by Goliah, dam by Sir Charles. 
CASKET, b. m. by [Imp.] Priam, dam by Constitution. 
CASETTA CHIEF, ch. h. by Andrew, dam by Wildair. 
CASSANDRA, b. m. by [Imp.] Priam, dam Flirtilla Jr. by Sir Archy. 
CASTIANIRA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
CATALPA, b. m. by Frank, dam by John Richards. 
CATARACT, b. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by John Richards. 
CATHERINE, b. m. by Bertrand, dam Black-eyed Susan by Tiger. 
CATHERINE FEN WICK, gr. m. by Mucklejohn, dam by Saxe- 

Weimar. 



66 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

CATHERINE RECTOR, ch. m. by Pacific, dam Mary Tonson. 

CAVALIER SERVANTE, gr. h. by Bertrand, dam by Andrew. 

CEDRIC, b. h. by [Imp.] Priam, dam Countess Plater by Virginian. 

CELERITY, ch.m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Patty Puff by Pacolet 

CHAMPAGNE, b. h. by Eclipse, dam by Sir Archy. 

CHARLES, b. h. by [^Imp.] Rowton, dam Leocadia. 

CHARLES ARCHY, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by Eclipse. 

CHARLES MALCOLM, ch. h. by Malcolm, dam by Albert Gallatin. 

CHARLEY ANDERSON, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Mercury. 

CHARLEY FOX, b. h. by Waxy, dam by Buckner's Leviathan. 

CHARLEY NAYLOR, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 

CHARLOTTE BARNES, b. m. by Bertrand, dam by Sir Archy. 

CHARLOTTE CLAIBORNE, b. m. by Havoc, dam by Conqueror. 

CHARLOTTE HILL, b. m. by Hephestion, dam by Cook's Whip. 

CHARITY GIBSON, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir Charles. 

CHATEAU, [Imp.] b. m. by Chateau Margaux, dam Cuirass by 
Oiseau. 

CHEMISETTE, b. m. by [Imp.] Glencoe, dam by Arab. 

CHEROKEE MAID, gr. m. by Marmion, dam by Tecumseh. 

CHESAPEAKE, b. or br. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Thaddeus. 

CHICOMAH, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam White Feather by 
Conqueror. 

CHICOPA, ch. m. by Tuscahoma, dam Fortuna by Pacolet. 

CHIEFTAIN, b. h. by Godolphin, dam Young Lottery by Sir Archy. 

CHOTAUK, br. h. by Pamunky, dam by Arab. 

CHURCHILL, b. h. by [Imp.] Zinganee, dam by Buzzard. 

CINDERELLA, b. m. by Pacific, dam Mary Vaughan by Pacolet. 

CLARA BOARDMAN, b. m. by [Imp.] Consol, dam Sally Bell by 
Sir Archy. 

CLARION, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by Ogle's Oscar. 

CLARISSA, ch. m. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam (Clarion's dam) by 
Ogle's Oscar. 

CLEAR THE TRACK, ch. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam. by Stock- 
holder. 

CLEOPATRA, b. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 

CLEVELAND, gr. h. by [Inip.] Emancipation, dam by [Imp.] Levia- 
than. 

COAL BLACK ROSE, bl. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Arab. 

COLUMBUS, Junior, b. h. by Columbus, dam by Bertrand. 

COMPROMISE, b. m. by Nullifier, dam by Anti-Tariff. 

CONCHITA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Miss Bailey by [Imp.'] 
Boaster. 

CONSOL, Junior, br. h. by [Imp."] Consol, dam [Imp.] The Nun's 
Daughter by Filho da Puta. 

CORA, {^Imp.'] ch. m. by Muley Moloch, dam by Champion. 

CORA MUNRO, ch. m. by Hugh L. White, dam by Crusher. 

CORDELIA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy. 
CORK, b. h. by ^Imp.] Leviathan, dam Caledonia by Jeny. 
CORNELIA, b. m. by Skylark, dam by Arab. 
CORONATION, ch. h. by Laplander, dam by Oscar, 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 67 

COTTON PLANT, gr. m. by Bertrand, dam by Pacolet. 

COWBOY, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Virginian. 

CRACKAWAY, ch. h. by Marmaduke. 

CRACOVIENNE, gr. m. by limp.] Glencoe, dam [Imp.] Gallopade 
by Catton. 

CREATH, b. h. by limp.] Tranby, dam by Sir Archy Montorio. 

CRICHTON, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam by Phenomenon. 

CRIPPLE, gr. m. by [Imp.] Philip, dam (Gamma's dam) by Sir Ri- 
chard. 

CROCKETT, b. h. by Crockett, dam by Sir Archy. 

CROTON, gr. h. by Chorister, dam by Mucklejohn. 

CRUCIFIX, ch. ra. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Virginia by Sir Archy. 

CUB, ch. m, by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 

CUMBERLAND, b. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir William. 

CURCULIA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 

CZARINA, gr. m. by [Imp.] Autocrat, dam Aurora by Arab. 

D. 

DANDRIDGE, b. h. by Garrison's Zinganee, dam by Walnut or La- 
fayette. 

DAN MARBLE, ch. h. by Woodpecker, dam (a sister to West Flo- 
rida's dam) by Potomac. 

DAN M'INTYRE, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 

DAN TUCKER, ch. h. by [Imp.] Belshazzar, dam by Pulaski. 

DANIEL BUCK, ch. h. by Collier, dam by Pacolet. . 

DARIUS, b. h. by Orphan Boy, dam by Cumberland. 

DARKNESS, bl. m. by Wagner, dam (Sally Shannon's dam) by Sir 
Richard. 

DARNLEY, ch. h. by John Richards, dam Lady Gray by Sir Richard. 

DART, b. h. by [Imp.] Doncaster, dam Jane Gray by Orphan Boy. 

DAVE PATTON, ch. h. by Sumpter, dam by Hamiltonian. 

DAVID FYLDE, b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Clay's Sir William. 

DAY DREAM, br. m. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Sir Archy. 

DAYTON, ch. h. by Tormentor, dam by Tuckahoe. 

DECATUR, ch. h. by Henry, dam Ostrich by Eclipse. 

DECEPTION, b. h. by Stockholder, dam by [Imp.] Leviathan. 

DE LATTRE, br. h. by [Imp.] Consol, dam [Imp.] Design by Tramp. 

DELAWARE, b. h. by Mingo, dam by John Richards. 

DELPHINE, ch. m, by Sumpter. 

DEMOCRAT, ch. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Eagle. 

DENMARK, br. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Betsey Harrison by 
Aratus. 

DENIZEN, [Imp.] b. h. by Actaeon, dam Design by Tramp. 

DEVIL JACK, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Lady Burton by 
Timoleon. 

DIANA CROW, bl. m. by Mark Antony, dam by Botts' Lafayette. 

DIANA SYNTAX, br. m. by Doctor Syntax, dam [Imp.] Diana by 
Catton. 

DICK COLLIER, ch. h. by Collier, dam by Whip. 

DICK MENIFEE, br. h. by Lance, dam by Sir William of Transport. 
25 * 42 



68 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

DOCTOR DUDLEY, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Robin Gray. 

DOCTOR DUNCAN, ch. h. by Cadmus, dam bv Old Court. 

DOCTOR FRANKLIN, ch. h. by Frank, dam Althea by Big Archy. 

DOCTOR WILSON, ch. h. by John Bascombe, dam Bolivia by Bo- 
livar. 

DOLLY DIXON, b. m. by [Imp.] Tranby, dam Sally House by Vir- 
ginian. 

DOLLY MILAM, b. m. by [Imp.'] Sarpedon, dam by Eclipse. 

DONCASTER, [Imp.-] bl. h. by Longwaist, dam by Muley. 

DONNA VIOLA, b. m. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam (Jack. Downing's 
dam) by Mons. Tonson. 

DUANNA, gr. m. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Goodloe Washington by 
Washington. 

DUBLIN, gr. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Jerry. 

DUCKIE, b. m. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Mary Jones by Kosciusko. 

DUKE SUMNER, gr. h. by Pacific, dam by Grey Archy. 

DUNGANNON, b. h. by Mingo, dam by John Stanley. 

DUNVEGAN, b. h. by [Imp.] Trustee, dam Jemima by Rattler. 

E. 

EARL OF MARGRAVE, b. h. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Duchess 
of Marlborough by Sir Archy. 

ECLIPTIC, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam (Rodolph's dam) by Moses. 

EDISTA, b. h. by [Imp.] Rowton, dam Empress. 

EDWARD EAGLE, ch. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Director. 

EFFIE, b. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 

EL BOLERO, br. h. by Stockholder, dam by [Imp.] Leviathan. 

EL FURIOSO, b. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Rattlesnake by Ber- 
trand. 

ELIAS RECTOR, b. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam Kate Blair. 

ELI ODOM, br. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Chuckfahila by Ber- 
trand. 

ELIZA CULVERT (or Calvert), ch. m. by Cymon, dam Lady Sum- 
ner by Shawnee. 

ELIZA HUGHES, b. m. by Marmion, dam by Whip. 

ELIZA JANE, b. m. by [Imp.] Monarch, dam Big Jinny by Rattler. 

ELIZA ROSS, b. m. by Marmion, dam by Tiger or Whip (or Tiger 
Whip). 

ELIZABETH GREATHOUSE, b. m. by Masaniello, dam by Waxy. 

ELIZABETH JONES, m. by Pacific, dam by Mons. Tonson. 

ELLA, ch. m. by Young Virginian, dam by Harwood. 

ELLEN HUTCHINSON, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Ber- 
trand. 

ELLEN CARNELL, ch. m. by [Imp] Belshazzar, dam by [Imp.] 
Leviathan. 

ELLEN JORDAN, b. m. by (Imp.) Jordan, dam Ellen Tree by 
Henry. 

ELLEN PERCY, ch. m. by Godolphin, dam by (Imp.) Bedford. 

ch. m. by Godolphin, dam by Financier. 

ELLEN WALKER, b. m. by (Imp.) Consol, dam (Imp.) Plenty by 
Emilius. 

ELLISIF, b. m. by PlatofF, dam by Mucklejohn. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 69 

ELLIPTIC, ch, h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Amanda by Revenge. 

ELOISE, ch. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Mary Wasp by Doa 
Quixotte. 

ELVIRA, ch. m. by Red Gauntlet, dam by Rob Roy. 

EMERALD, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam {Imp.) Eliza by Ru- 
bens. 

EMIGRANT, gr. h. by Cadet, dam by {Imp.) Contract. 

EMILY, ch. m. by Medoc, dam Spider by Almanzar. 

br. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam by Tom Tough. 

{Imp.) b. m. by Emilius, dam Elizabeth by Rainbow. 

EMILY SPEED, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 
EMMET, b. h. by Bertrand. dam by Gallatin. 
ESMERALDA, b. m. by Pressure, dam by Murat. 

ESPER SYKES, {Imp.) br. h. by Belshazzar, dam Capsicum by 
Emilius. 

ESTA, gr. m. by Bolivar, dam by {Imp.) Barefoot. 

ESTHER WAKE, gr. ra. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Stock- 
holder. 

ETHIOPIA, bl. m. by Dashall, dam by {Imp.) Expedition. 

EUDORA, br. m. by Jefferson, dam by Oscar. 

EUCLID, br. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Sir Archy. 

EUTAW, b. h. by {Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam by Sir Charles. 

EVERGREEN, ch. m. by Wild Bill, dam by Sir Charles. 

EXTIO, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam {Imp.) Refugee by Wan- 
derer. 

F. 

FANCY, br. m. by {Imp.) Fylde, dam by Sir Archy. 

FANDANGO, gr. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam {Imp.) Gallopade 
by Catton. 

FANNY, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam Maria West by Marion. 

(J. Guildersleeve's), bl. m. by Sidi Hamet, dam by Sump- 

ter. 

(Joseph Alston's), b. m. by Woodpecker, dam Fan by 



Trumpator. 

FANNY BAILEY, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Bertrand. 

FANNY FORESTER, b. m. by {Imp.) Emancipation, dam by In- 
dustry. 

FANNY GREEN, b. m. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Betsey Archy by 
Sir Archy. 

FANNY KING, b. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam Mary Smith by Sir 
Richard. 

FANNY LIGHTFOOT, b. m. by Stockholder, dam by Sumpter. 

FANNY ROBERTSON, b. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Arietta by Vir- 
ginian. 

FANNY STRONG, ch. m. by '{Imp.) Leviathan, dam Sally Bell by 
Sir Archy. 

FANNY WYATT, ch. m. by Sir Charles, dam by Sir Hal. 

FANTAIL, ch. m. by W^axy, dam by Sumpter. 

FAIRLY FAIR, ch. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Peter Teazle. 

FAITH, b. m. by {Imp.) Tranby, dam Lady Painter by Lance. 

FASHION, ch. m. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Bonnets 0' Blue by Sir 
Charles. 



70 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

FEATHERS, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam (George Kendall's 

dam) by Stockholder. 
FESTIVITY, b. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Magnolia by Mons. 

Tonson. 
FIAT, b. m. by {Imp.) Hedgford, dam Lady Tompkins by Eclipse. 
FIFER, b. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Music by John Richards. 
FILE-LEADER, ch. h. by {Imp.) Barefoot, dam Saluda by Timo- 

leon. 
FINANCE, b. m. by Davy Crocket, dam by Sir Henry Tonson. 
FLASH, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Conqueror. 
FLAXINELLA, gr. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Virginian. 
FLEETFOOT, gr. m. by (/mjtj.) Barefoot, dam Dove by Duroc. 
FLETA (James L. French's) br. m. by {Imp.) Sarpedon, dam by 

Rasselas. 
' (G. B. Williams's), ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Clay's 

Sir William. 
FLIGHT, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Charles. 
FLORA HUNTER, gr. m. by Sir Charles, dam by Duroc. 
FORDHAM, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Janette by Sir Archy. 
FORTUNATUS, ch. h. by Carolinian, dam by Sir Charles. 
FORTUNE, b. m. by {Imp.) Tranby, dam by Maryland Eclipse. 
FRANCES AMANDA, ch. m. by Pennoyer, dam Sally McGrath. 
FRANCES TYRREL, b. m. by Bertrand, dam by Rockingham. 
FRED KAYE, b. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Moses. 
FRESHET, ch. m. by Tom Fletcher, dam Caroline (or Catherine) 

by Pacific. 
FREE JACK, br. h. by {Imjy.) Luzborough, dam {Imp.) Tinsel by 

Napoleon. 
FROSTY, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Martha Hollo way by Rattler. 
FURY, bl. m. by Terror, dam by Smith's Bedford. 
■ (Col. Wade Hampton's), ch. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam {Imp.) 

sister to Ainderby by Velocipede. 

G. 

GABRIEL, ch. h. by Napoleon, dam Harpalyce by Collier. 
GALANTHA, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Jackson. 
GAMMA, gr. m. by Pacific, dam (Melzare's dam) by Sir Richard. 
GANO, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Betsey Richards by Sir Archy. 
GARRICK, gr. h. by {Imp.) Shakspeare, dam by Eaton's Columbus. 
GARTER, b. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam by Trumpator. 
GAS-LIGHT, br. h. by {Imp.) Merman, dam by Mercury. 
GAZAN, b. h. by Sir Leslie, dam Directress by Director. 
GENERAL DEBUYS, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam {Imp.) 

Nanny Kilham by Voltaire. 
GENERAL RESULT, b. h. by {Lnp.) Consol, dam by Timoleon. 
GENEVA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Arab. 
GEORGE BURBRIDGE, b. h. by {Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam by 

Mons. Tonson. 
GEORGE ELLIOTT, br. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Lawrence. 
GEORGE LIGHTFOOT, b. h. by Eclipse Lightfoot, dam Mary 

Logan by Arab. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 71 

GEORGE MARTIN, b. h. by Garrison's Zinganee, dam Gabriella 
by Sir Archy. 

GEORGE W. KENDALL, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Jenny Devers by- 
Stock holder. 

GEROW, ch. h. by Henry, dam Vixen by Eclipse. 

GERTRUDE, b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Parasol by Napoleon. 

GIFT, ch. rn. by Dick Chinn, dam Milch Cow. 

GIPSEY, b. m. by Nullifier, dam by Anti-Tariff. 

GLENARA, b. h. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam Nell Gwynne by Tramp. 

(Davis & Ragland's,) ch. m. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam 

Kitty Clover by Sir Charles. 

(Dr. Thos. Payne's,) b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam 

Jane Shore by Sir Archy. 

GLIDER, ch. h. by (Imp.) Valparaiso, dam by Clifton. 

GLIMPSE, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 

GLORVINA, ch. m. by Industry, dam by Bay Richmond. 

GLOVER ANN, gr. m. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Bolivar. 

GOLD EAGLE, ch. h. by Grey Eagle, dam Eliza Jenkins by Sir 
William. 

GOLD FRINGE, ch. h. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam {Imp.) Gold Wire. 

GONE AWAY, b. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Virginian. 

GOSPORT, br. h. by {Imp.) Margrave, dam Miss Valentine by {Imp.) 
Valentine. 

GOVERNOR BARBOUR, b. h. by {Imp.) Truffle, dam by Holmes' 
Vampire. 

GOVERNOR BUTLER, ch. h. by Argyle, dam Mary Frances by 
Director. 

GOVERNOR CLARK, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Old Court. 

GOVERNOR POINDEXTER, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Eliza 
Clay (the dam of Giantess,) by Mons. Tonson. 

GRACE DARLING, ch. m. by {Imp.) Trustee, da^n Celeste by 
Henry. 

GRAMPUS, b. h. by {Imp.) Whale, dam by Tiraoleon. 

br. h. by Shark, dam by Mons. Tonson. 

GRATTAN, b. h. by {Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam Flora by Mary- 
land Eclipse. 

GREY ELLA, (A. G. Reed,) gr. m. by Big Archy, dam by Bertrand. 

(A. G. Reed,) gr. m. by Collier, dam by Gallatin. 

GREY FRANK, gr. h. by Frank, dam by Buzzard. 

GREY-HEAD, (J. L. Bradley's,) b. h. by Chorister, dam by Sumpter. 

(J L. Bradley's,) b. h. by Chorister, dam by Muckle- 

john. 
GREY MARY, gr. m. by Ben. Sutton, dam by Hamiltonian. 
GREY MEDOC, gr. h. by Medoc, dam Grey Fanny by Bertrand. 
GREY MOMUS, gr. h. by Hard Luck, dam by Mons. Tonson. 
GUINEA-COCK, br. h. by Merlin, dam by Grey-tail Florizel. 
GULNARE, b. rn. by {Imp.) Sarpedon, dam by Sir William of 

Transport. 
GUSTAVUS, b. h. by Sussex, dam by Thornton's Rattler. 
GUY OF WARWICK, ch. h. by Frank, dam by Hamiltonian. 

42 « 



72 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

H. 

HANNAH HARRIS, b. m. by Bertram!, dam Grey Goose by Pacolet. 

HANNIBAL, b. h. by OKelly, dain Roxana by Sir Charles. 

HA'-PENNY, b. m. by Birmingham, dam Picayune by Medoc. 

HARDENED SINNER, b. h. by (Imp.) Philip, dam by (Imp.) 
Bhister. 

HARD CIDER, b. li. by (Imp.) Tranby, dam by Sir Charles. 

HARK-AWAY, ch. h. by Emilius, dam (Imp.) Trapes. 

HARPALYCE, ch. m. by Collier, dam by Sea-Serpent. 

HARRIET, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Shylock. 

HARRY BLUFF, bl. h. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Pakenham. 

HARRY CARGILL, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam (Lnp.) Flo- 
rentine by Whisker. 

HARRY HILL, b. h. by (Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam (Imp.) Anna 
Maria by Trutile. 

HARRY WHITEMAN, ch. h. by Orphan Boy, dam by Sir Archy. 

HAWK-EYE, ch. h. by Sir Lovell, dam Eliza Jenkins by Sir Wil- 
liam. 

HEAD 'EM, b, h. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Itasca by Eclipse. 

HEALER, ch. m. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by Sir Archy of 
Transport. 

HEBE, ch. m. by Collier, dam by Bertrand. 

HECTOR BELL, gr. h. by Drone, dam Mary Randolph by Gohanna. 

HEIRESS, (THE) ch. m. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam by Henry. 

HELEN, (Imp.) b. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Malibran by Rubens. 

HENRY A. WISE, br. h. by Dashall, dam by Hickory. 

HENRY CLAY, br. h. by Cock of the Rock, dam by Virginian. 

HENRY CROWELL, b. h. by Bertrand Junior, dam sister to Muckle- 
john Junior. 

HERALD, ch. h. by Plenipotentiary, dam (Imp.) Delphine by 
Whisker. 

HERMIONE, ch. m. by (Imp.) Non Plus, dam Leocadia by Virginian. 

HERO, ch. h. by Bertrand .Tunior, dam (Imp.) Mania by Figaro. 

HIT-OR-MfSS, b. m. by (Imp.) Somonocodrom, dam (Imp.) Baya- 
dere. [These horses are owned in Canada.] 

HOOSIER-GIRL, ch. m. by (Imp.) Langford. 

HOPE, ch. h. by the Ace of Diamonds, dam (The Captain's dam,) 
by Oscar. 

HORNBLOWER, br. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Music by John 
Richards. 

HOURI, (Imp.) ch. m. by Langar, dam Annot Lyle by Ashton. 

HUGUENOT, ch. h. by Convention, dam (Imp.) Marigold. 

HUMMING-BIRD, br. m. by Industry, dam Virginia by Thornton's 
Rattler. 

HUNTSMAN, gr. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 

HYDE PARK, ch. h. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam Saluda by Timoleon. 

I. 

lAGO, bl. h. by Othello, dam (Sartin's dam,) by Timoleon. 
ICELAND, ch. h. by Medoc, datn Lady Jackson by Sumpter. 
ILLINOIS, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Bertrand. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 73 

IOWA, ch. h. by {Imp.) Barefoot, dam {Imp.) Woodbine. 

IRENE, ro. m. by Printer, dam McKinney's Roan. 

ISEE TURNER, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 

ISIDORA, b. m. by {Imp.) Blacklock. 

ISOLA, ch. m. by Bertrand, dam Susette. 

J. 

JACK DOWNING, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Mons. Tonson. 
JACK PENDLETON, ch. h. by Goliah, dam (Pliilip's dam,) by Tra- 
falgar. 
JACK WALKER, ch. h. by Cymon, dam by {Imp ) Luzborough. 
JAMES ALLEN, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Donna Maria by 

Sir Hal. 
JAMES CROWELL, br. h. by Bertrand, dam by Sir Charles. 
JAMES JACKSON, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Parasol by 

Tiger. 
JAMES F. ROBINSON, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Potomac. 
JAMES K. POLK, b. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Oleana by Tele. 

graph. 

.. b. h. by Telegraph, dam by Buzzard. 

ch. h. by Buck-eye, dum by Medoc. 

JANE ADAMS, b. m. by {Iwp.) Tranby. 

JANE FRANCIS, b. m. by Granby, dam by Tecumseh. 

JANE MITCHELL, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Conqueror. 

JANE ROGflRS, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Charles. 

JANE SMITH, b. m. by John Dawson, dnm by Pacolet. 

JANE SPLANE, gr. m. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam Helen McGregor 

by Mercury. 
JEANETTE BERKELEY, ch. m. by Bertrand jr., dam Carolina by 

Young Buzzard. 
JEANNETTON, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
JENNY-ARE- YOU-THERE, ro. m. by Sir Archy Montorio, dam by 

Potomac. 
JENNY RICHMOND, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Hamiltonian. 
JENNY ROBERTSON, b. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by IMarcus. 
JEROME, b. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Sir Charles. 
JERRY, gr. h. by Jerry, dam by Blackburn's Sir William. 
JERRY LANCASTER, ch. g. by Mark Moore, dam Maid of Warsaw 

by Gohanna. 
JIM BELL, b. h. by Frank, dam Jonquil by Little John. 
JIM ROCK, ch. h. by Young Eclipse, dam by Potomac. 
JOB, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Jemima by Rattler. 
JOE, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sir Areiiy Montorio. 
JOE ALLEN, ch. h. by Goliah, dam by Sir Charles. 
JOE CHALMERS, ch. h. by {Imp.) Consol, dam {Imp.) Rachel by 

Partisan (or Whalebone). 
JOE DAVIS, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Virginia Washington by Saxe 

Weimar. 
JOE GATES, ch. h. by Marlborough, dam by Eclipse. 
JOE MURRAY, br. h. by Waxy, dam by Hamiltonian. 
JOE STURGES, ch. h. by John Bascombe, dam by Thomas's Sir 

Andrew. 
JOE WINFIELD, b. h. by John Dawson, dam Sally Dillard. 



74 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

JOHN ANDERSON, b. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Bagdad. 
ch. h. by Cadmus, dam (Kate Anderson's dam,) 

by (Imp.) Eagle. 
JOHN ARCHY, ch. h. by John Richards, dam by Old Whip. 
JO[^N BELL, b. h. by Shark, dam Kate Kearney. 
JOHN BENTON, gr. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan. 
JOHN BLEVINS, ch. h. by The Cobnel, dam (hnp.) Trinket. 
JOHN B. JONES, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Director. 
JOHN BLUNT, b. h. by Marion, dam (Mary Blunt's dam,) by Alfred. 
JOHN CAUSIN, b. h. by {Imp.) Zinganee, dam Attaway by Sir 

James. 
JOHN C. STEVENS, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
JOHN DUNKIN, b. h. by Mucklejohn, dam Coquette. 
JOHN FRANCIS, ch. h. by Francis Marion, dam Mary Doubleday by 

Sir Henry. 
JOHN HAMPDEN, ch. h. by Goliah, dam by Director. 
JOHN HUNTER, b. h. by Shark, dam Coquette by Sir Archy. 
JOHN KIRKMAN, ch. h. by Birmingham, dam by Sir Henry Tonson. 
JOHN LEMON, ch. h. by Uncas, dam by Oscar. 
JOHN MALONE, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Proserpine by 

Tennessee Oscar. 
JOHN MARSHALL, b. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Lady Bass 

by Conqueror. 
JOHN R. GRYMES, gr. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Alice Grey by 

Pacolet. 
— (Col. A. L. Bingaman's,) gr. h. by {Imp.) Levia- 
than, dam Fanny Jarman by Mercury. 
JOHN ROSS, bl. h. by Waxy, dam by Topgallant. 

. ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Oscar. 

JOHN VALIANT, bl. h. by Valiant, dam by King's Archer. 
JOHN YOUNG, b. h. by John Richards, dam by Trumpator. 
JOHNSON, br. h. by Star, dam Vanity by Grigsby's Potomac. 
JOSHUA BELL, ch. h. by Frank, dam Jonquil by Little John. 
JOYCE ALLEN, b. m. by {Imp.) Emancipation, dam Leannah by 

Seagull. 
JULIA, b. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam by Roscius. 
JULIA BURTON, ch. ni. by Gohanna, dam by Tom Tough. 
JULIA DAVIE, ch. m. by {Imp.) Row^ton, dam by Kosciusko. 
JULIA FISHER, ro, ni. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Polly Bellew by 

Timoleon. 
JULIUS, ch, h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Jackson. 
JUMPER, ch. h. by Timoleon, dam Diana Vernon by Herod. 

K. 

KANAWA, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Rattler. 

KATE, b. f. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Shepherdess by Apollo. 

KATE ANDERSON, b. m. by Columbus, dam Eaglet by [Imp.) 

Eagle. 
KATE AUBREY, gr. m. by Eclipse, dam Grey Fanny by Be-.trand. 
KATE CONVERSE, b. m. by {Imp.) Non Plus, dam Daisy by 

Kosciusko. 
KATE COY, b. m. by Critic, dam Nancy Bone by Sussex. 
KATE HAUN, br. m. by Stockholder, dam by Timoleon. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 75 

KATE LUCKETT, b. m. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Shepherdess by 
Apollo. 

KATE NICKLEBY, br. m. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam by Teniers. 

— b. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam by {Imp.) Levia- 
than. 

KATE SEYTON, br. m. by Argyle, dam Pocahontas by Sir Archy. 

KATE SHELBY, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Maria Shelby by 
Stockholder. 

KAVx\NAGH, b. or ch. h. by Bertrand, dam by Director. 

KEWANNA, b. m. by {Imp.) Cetus, dam {Im,p.) My Lady by Comus. 

KITTY HARRIS, gr. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Ninon de i'Enclos by 
Rattler. 

KITTY THOMPSON, gr. m. by {Imp.) Margrave, dam Ninon de 
I'Enclos by Rattler. 

li. 

LA BACCHANTE, ch. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam by Bertrand. 

LA BELLA COMBS, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Director. 

LADY CANTON, gr. m. by {Imp.) Tranby, dam Mary Randolph by 

Gohanna. 
LADY CAVA, ch. m. by Bertrand, dam Betsey Echols by Archy 

Montorio. 
LADY FRANCIS, b. m, by Trumpator, dam (Pressure's grandam.) 
LADY FRANKLIN, b. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Sting by Con- 
queror. 
LADY HARRISON, b. m. by Sir Henry, dam by Mucklejohn. 
LADY JACKSON, -. m. by Sumpter. 
LADY JANE, gr. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Lady Grey by Orphan 

Boy. 
LADY PLAQUEMINE, ch. m. by Little Red, dam by {Imp.) Eagle. 
LADY PLYMOUTH, b. m. by Flagellator, dam Black Sophia by 

Eclipse. 
LADY SKIPETH, m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Truxton. 
LADY SLIPPER, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, 
LADY STOCK, ch. m. by Stockholder, dam by Potomac. 
LADY SUSAN, b. m. by Cramp, dam by Pantaloon. 
LAFITTE, gr. h. by O'Kelly, dam Caroline Wilson by Timoleon. 
LANDSCAPE, b. h. by {Imp.) Margrave, dam by Sir Archy. 
LANGHAM, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Cumberland. 
LANEVILLE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Arab. 
LASSO, b. m. by Mucklejohn, dam by Gallatin. 
LAURA, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Moses. 
LAURA LECOMTE, b. m. by Tarquin, dam Sarah by {Imp.) Sar- 

pedon. 
LAURETTE, ch, m. by Jerseyman, dam Maria Harrison. 
LAVINIA PIPER, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Murphy's 

Pacolet. 
LAVOLTA, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Blackburne's Buzzard. 
LAWYER McCAMPBELL, b. h. by Lord Byron, dam Warping 

Bars by Rattle the Cash. 
LEDA, ch. m. by Tiger, dam by Sumpter. 
LEESBURG, ch, h. by Red Rover, dam by Tuckahoe. 
LEG-BAIL, ch. h. by Jackson, dam by Marshal Ney. 
LEG-TREASURER, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Cumberland. 
26 



"76 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

LEHIGH, ch. h. by (Imp.) Skylark, dam Nelly Webb by Industry. 

LENNOX, b. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam {Imp.) Rosalind by Pawlowitz. 

LESLIE, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviatiian, dam by Stockholder. 

LETT Y FLOYD, ch. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam Palmetto by Rob Roy. 

LEVI, -. h. by Star, dam by Walnut. 

LEVITHA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan. 

LEXPIHILI, ch. m. by Hugh L. White, dam by Pacolet. 

LIATUNAH, ch. m. by {Imp.) Ainderby, dam {Imp.) Jenny Mills by 

Whisker. 
LIBERALITY, ch. h. by Maryland Eclipse, dam by Sir Alfred. 
LIBERTAvS, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Director. 
LIEUTENANT BASSINGER, br. h. by {Imp.) Fylde, dam by 

Roanoke. 
LIKENESS, {Imp.) ch. m. by Sir Peter Lely, dam Worthless by- 
Walnut. 
LILY, gr. m. by Tychicus, dam Laura by Rob Roy. 
LIMBER JOHN, ch. h. by Kosciusko, dam by Moses. 
LINWOOD, ch. h. by Wild Bill, dam by Pacolet. 
LITTLE BARTON, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Hamiltonian. 
LITTLE BLUE, gr. h. by Marmion, dam by Tecumseh. 
LITTLE iMISERY, b. m. by Anvil, dam {Imp.) Anna Maria by 

Truffle. 
LITTLE PRINCE, gr. h. by John Bascombe, dam Bolivia by Bolivar. 
LITTLE RED, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
LITTLE TRICK, b. h. by {Imj).) Tranby, dam (Occident's dam,) by 

Florizel. 
LIVE OAK, b. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Pacific. 
LIVINGSTON, gr. h. by Medley, dam by Van Tromp. 

• b. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam by Henry. 

LIZ LONG, br. m. by {Imp.) Merman, dam by Alpheus. 

LIZ TILLETT, ch. m, by Frank, dam by Medoc. 

LIZZY HEWITT, b. m. by Ivanhoe, dam Princess Ann by Mons 

Tonson. 
LOG-CABIN, ch. h. by Frank, dam by Hamiltonian. 
LONG TOM, ch. h. by Pacific, dam by Jerry. 
LORD OF LORN, br, h. by Argyle, dam Maria by Virginian. 

• br. h. by Argyle, dam Duck Filly by Virginius. 

LORD OF THE ISLES, gr. h. by Pacific, dam by Jerry. 

LORENZO, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Whip. 

LORINDA, ch. m. by Havoc, dam by Conqueror. 

LOUISA JORDAN, ch. m. by {Imp.) Jordan, dam Betsey Marshal 

by John Richards. 
LOUISA WINSTON, b. m. by Waxy. 
LUCRETIA NOLAND, br. m. by {Imp.) Hedgford, dam Frances 

Ann by Frank. 
LUCY A. MEYER, b. m. by Pacific, dam by Sir Richard. 
LUCY BENTON, br. m. by Hugh L. White, dam by Moloch. 
LUCY DASHWOOD, gr. m. by {hnp.) Leviathan, dam Miss Bailey 

by {Imp.) Boaster. 
LUCY FULLER, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Pakenham. 
LUCY LONG, m. by John Richards, dam by Diomed. 

■ b. m. by Latitude, dam by Whip. 

LUCY W:EBB, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 77 

LUDA, b. m. by Medoc, dam Duchess of Marlborough by Sir Archy. 
LUNA DOE, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Telle Doe by Pacific. 
LYNDHURST, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Wonder. 
LYNEDOCH, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Wonder. 

M. 

MABEL WYNNE, b. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam by Sir Archy. 

MADAME ARRALINE, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Cadmus. 

MAFFIT, b. h. by Frank, dam by Aratus. 

MAGNATE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Cherry Elliott by Sumpter. 

MAID OF ATHENS, b. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam by Arab. 

MAID OF NORTHAMPTON, gr. m. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam by 

Rattler. 
MAJOR BOOTS, br. h. by {Imp.) Merlin, dam by Alborak. 
MANALOPAN, gr. h. by Medley, dam by John Richards. 
MANGO, {Imp.) ch. m. by Taurus, dam Pickle by Emilius. 
MARCHIONESS, ch. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam (Fancy's dam) by 

Sir Archy. 
MARCO, b. h. by Sir Leslie, dam by Lance. 
MARGARET CARTER, b. m. by Medoc, dam Lady Whip by Sir 

Archy. 
MARGARET BLUNT, b. m. by Eclipse, dam by Contention. 
MARGARET WOOD, b. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Maria West by 

Marion. 
MARIA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Jordan, dam Polly Powell by Virginian. 
MARIA BLACK, .{Imp.) br. m. by Filho da Puta, dam by Smolensko. 
MARIA BROWN, br. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Brunette by Sir 

Hal. 
MARIA COLLIER, br. m. by Collier, dam by Gallatin. 
MARIA MILLER, br. m. by Stockholder, dam by Madison. 
MARIA PEYTON, ch. m. by Balie Peyton, dam by Tariff. 
MARIA SHELTON, ch. m. by Andrew, dam (Ajarrah Harrison's 

dam) by Gallatin. 
MARIA SPEED, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pacific. 
MARIA WILLIAMS, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Napoleon. 
MARINER, bl. h. by Shark, dam Bonnet's o' Blue by Sir Charles. 
MARION, b. m. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Rob Roy. 
MARTHA BICKERTON, b. m. by Pamunky, dam by Tariff. 
MARTHA CARTER, ch. m. by Bertrand, dam Sally Naylor by Gal- 

latin. 

ch. m. by Bertrand, dam by Oscar. 

MARTHA CALVIN, b. m. by Agrippa, dam by Walnut. 
MARTHA MALONE, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Tatchecana 

by Bertrand. 
MARTHA RANEY, b. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Sumpter. 
MARTHA ROWTON, ch. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam Martha Griffin 

by Phenomenon. 
MARTHAVILLE, b. m. by Dick Singleton, dam Black-Eyed Susan. 
MATCHEM, ch. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Blind Jackson. 
MARTIN'S JUDY, br. m. by Young's Mercury, dam by Eclipse. 
MARTIN VAN BUREN, b. h. by Lafayette Stockholder, dam by In- 
dian. 
MARY, gr. m. by Old Saul, dam by Free Mulatto. 



78 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

MARY, gr. m. by {Imp.) Consol, dam Sally Bell by Sir Archy. 
MARY ANN FURMAN, br. m. by (Imp.) Sarpedon, dam by Eer- 

trand. 
MARY BEECHLAND, b. m. by Sir Leslie, dam by Potomac. 
MARY BELL, b. m. by Seagull, dam (Vidocq's dam) by Stockholder. 
MARY BRENNAN, b. m. by Richard Singleton, dam by Hamiltonian. 
MARY BURNHAM, b, m. by Archy Montorio, dam by Stockholder. 
MARY CHASE, b. m. by {Imp.) Felt, dam by Sir Archy. 
MARY CHURCHILL, b. m. by (Imp.) Barefoot. 
MARY DOUGLAS, gr. m. by Jerry, dam by Stockholder. 
MARY ELIZABETH, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Gallatin. 
MARY ELLEN, b. m. by Woodpecker, dam by Sumpter. 
MARY HEDGFORD, br. m. by {Imp.) Hedgford, dam Mary Francia 

by Director. 
MARY JONES, ch. m. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam by Eclipse. 
MARY LEWIS, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Proserpine by Os 

car. 
MARY LONG, b. m. by (Imp.) Tranby, dam Lady Pest by Carolinian. 
MARY LUCKETT, ch. m. by Marion, dam (Charles Archy's dam) 

by Eclipse. 
MARY MASON, br. m. by Pirate, dam by (Lnp.) Consol. 
MARY MEADOWS, ch. m. by Stockholder, dam by Timoleon. 
MARY MILLER, ch. m. by Arab, dam by Peacemaker. 
MARY MORRIS, b. m. by Medoc, dam Miss Obstinate by Sumpter. 
MARY OUSLEY, br. m. by King's Bertrand, dam by Pacolet. 
MARY PORTER, ch. m. by Mucklejohn, dam by Printer. 
Mary reed, br. m. by Industry, dam by Rattier. 
MARY RODGERS, b. m. by (Imp.) Hibiscus, dam Ten Broeck's 

dam, 
MARY SCOTT, b. m. by Bertrand, dam by Blackburn's Whip. 
MARY SHERWOOD, b. m. by Stockholder, dam by (Imp.) Levia- 
than. 
MARY STEWART, b. m. by (Imp.) Valentine, dam by Henry. 
MARY THOMAS, b. m. by (Imp.) Consol, dam Parrot by Roanoke. 
MARY TRIFLE, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Hamiltonian. 
MARY VAUGHAN, b. m. by Waxy, dam by (Imp.) Bluster. 
MARY WALTON, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Miss Bailey by 

(Imp.) Boaster. 
MARY WATSON, gr. m. by Robin Hood, dam Bolivia by Bolivar. 
MARY WELLER, ch. m. by Sterling, dam Discord by (Imp.) Luzbo- 

rough. 
MARY WICKLIFFE, b. m. by Medoc. 

MARY WYNNE, b. m. by Eclipse, dam Flirtilla Jr. by Sir Archy. 
MASTER HENRY, b. h. by Henry, dam (Balie Peyton's dam) by 

Eclipse. 
MAT. MURPHY, ch. h. by Pete Whetstone, dam by Rattler. 
MEDINA, b. m. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam by Director. 
MEDOCA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Doublehead. 
MEDORA WINSTON, b. m, by Telegraph, dam by Pacolet. 
MELISSE BYRON, b. m. by Cherokee, dam by Barnett's Diomed. 
MELODY, ch, m. by Medoc, dam (Randolph's dam) by Haxall's 

Moses. 
MERCER, ch. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Hamiltonian. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 79 

MERIDIAN, ch. h. by {Imp.) Barefoot, dam by Eclipse. 
METARIE, ch. m. by Frank, dam (Musedora's dam) by Kosciusko. 
METEOR, ch. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam (Baltimore's dam) by Go- 

hanna. 
McINTYRE, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
MIDNIGHT, bl. m. by Shark, dam Meg Dods, by Sir Archy. 
MIDAS, b, h, by {Imp.) Rowlon, dam by Roanoke. 
MILTON HARRISON, b. h, by Orange Boy, dam by Quicksilver. 
MINERVA ANDERSON, ch. m, by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Sir 

Charles. 
MINERVA PROFFIT, ch. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Sophia 

Bess. 
MINISTER, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Alexander. 
MINSTREL, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Bedford's Alexander. 
MINT JULEP, br. h. by Godolphin, dam Isora by Dockon. 
MIRABEAU, b. h. by Medoc, dam Ann Merry by Sumpter. 
MIRIAM, b. m. by (imp.) Autocrat, dam Laura by Rob Roy. 
MIRTH, b. m. by Medoc, dam (Minstrel's dam) by Bedford's Alexan- 

der. 
MISKVVA, ch. m. by Dick Chinn, dam Linnet by {Imp.) Leviathan. 
MISSISSIPPI, b. h. by John Dawson, dam by Partnership. 
MISSOURI, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Director. 
MISTAKE, b. m. by Eclipse, dam by Timoleon. 
MISS ACCIDENT, {Imp.) b. m. by Tramp, dam Florestine by Whis- 

ker. 
MISS ANDREW, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Gallatin. 
MISS BELL, b. m. by {Imp.) Consol, dam {Imp.) Amanda by Morisco, 
MISS CHESTER, b. m. by {Imp.) Sarpedon, dam Delilah by Tiger. 
MISS CLARK, ch. m. by Birmingham, dam by Cumberland. 
MISS CLASH, ch. m. by Birmingham, dam by Stockholder. 
MISS CLINKER, {Imp.) b. m. by Humphrey Clinker, dam Mania by 

Maniac. 
MISS FOOTE, b. m. by {Imp.) Consol, dam {Imp.) Gabriella by Oscar 

(or Oiseau). 
MISS JACKSON, ch. m. by Oakland, dam by Diomed. 
MISS LETTY, b. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Patty Burton by Marion. 
MISS MACARTY, b. m. by Waxy. 
MISS RIDDLE, ch. m. by {Imp.) Riddlesworth, dam Lady Jackson 

by Sumpter. 
MISS WILLS, gr. m. by {Imp.) Zinganee, dam Sorrow by Rob Roy. 
MOBILE, b. h. by {Imp.) Consol, dam {Imp.) Sessions by Whalebone. 
MOLLY LONG, ch. m. by Tom Fletcher, dam by {Imp.) Janus. 
MOLLY WARD, b. m. by {hnp.) Hedgford, dam by Bertrand. 
MOLOCH, {Imp.) b. h. by Muley Moloch, dam Sister to Puss by Te- 

niers. 
MONARCH, {Imp.) b h. by Priam, dam Dclphine by Whisker. 
MONGRELIA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam Brownlock by Tiger. 
MONKEY DICK, b. h. by Dick Singleton, dam by Sumpter. 
MORDAC, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Whip. 
MORGAN, ch. h, by John Bascombe, dam Amy Hamilton. 
MORGIANA, ch. m. by Red Gauntlet, dam by Joe Kent. 
MORTIMER, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by Ogle's Oscar. 
26* 43 



80 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

MOSELLE (Colonel Gavan's), b. m. by Telegraph, dam (Imp.) Jane 

Shore. 
MOSELLE (E. P. Dave's), b. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam {Imp.) 

Jane Shore. 
MOTH, ch. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam {Imp.) Jessica by Velocipede. 
MOTTO, ch. m. by {Imp.) Barefoot, dam Lady Tompkins by Eclipse. 
MOUNTAINEER, ch. h. by Yorkshire, dam by Rattler. 
MOUNTJOY, b. h. by {Imp.) Tranby, dam by Sir Charles. 
MUD, gr. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 
MUSEDORA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Kosciusko. 
MUSE SANDFORD, b. h. by Hickory, dam by {hnp.) Contract. 
MUSIC, gr. h. by {Imp.) Philip, dam Piano by Bertrand. 

N. 

NANCY BUFORD, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Thornton's Rattler. 
NANCY CLARK, b. m. by Bertrand, dam Morocco Slipper by Timo- 

leon. 
NANCY DAWSON, ch. m. by Frank, dam by Voltaire. 
NANCY O., ch. m. by Fia gg, dam Milly Ton son by Mons. Tonson. 
NANCY ROWLAND, b. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam by Rob Roy. 
NANNY, b. m. by {hnp.) Trustee, dam Miss Mattie by Sir Archy. 
NARCISSA PARISH, ch. m. by Stockholder, dam by {Imp.) Eagle. 
NARINE, ch. m. by {Imp.) Jordan, dam Louisianaise. 
NAT BRADFORD, gr. h. by Bertrand, dam Morocco Slipper by Ti* 

moleon. 
NATHAN RICE, br. h. by Birmingham, dam by Whipster. 
NED WELLS, b. h. by O'Connell, dam by Stockliolder. 
NEPTUNE, ch. m. by {hnp.) Jordan, dan Louisianaise, 
NIAGARA, ch. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Gipsey by Eclipse. 
NICK BIDDLE, b. h. by Score Double, dam Highland Mary. 
NICK DAVIS, ch.h. by {Imp.) Glencoe. 
NICON, ch. h. by Pacific, dam by Jackson. 

NOBLEMAN, ch. h. by {Imp.) Cetus, dam {Imp.) My Lady by Comus. 
NORFOLK, br. h. by {Imp.) Fylde, dam Polly Peachem by John 

Richards. 
NORMA, ch. m. by Longvi^aist, dam {Imp.) Novelty by Blacklock. 
NORTH STAR, ch. h. by Emilius, dam Polly Hopkins by Virginian. 

O. 

OCTAVE, b. m. by {Imp.) Emancipation, dam Polly Kennedy. 

OGLENAH, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Maria by Hamiltonian. 

OH SEE, ch. h. by {Imp.) Foreigner, dam by Mons. Tonson. 

OLD DOMINION, ch, h. by Eclipse, dam Isabella by Sir Archy. 

OLD MISTRESS, ch. m. by Count Badger, dam Timoura by Timo- 
leon. 

OLEAN, ch, m, by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Truxton. 

OLEANDER, ch, m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam Aranetta by Bertrand, 

OLIVIA WAKEFIELD, gr. m. by Patrick Henry. 

OLYMPUS, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Flirtilla Junior, by Sir Archy. 

OMEGA, gr. m, by Timoleon, dam Daisy Cropper by Ogle's Oscar. 

OMOHONDRO, ch, h, by Robin Brown, dam by Mason's Rattler. 

OREGON, b. h, by {Imp.) Philip, dam by {Imp.) Luzborough. 

ORIANA, br. m. by {Imp.) Longwaist, dam {Imp.) Orleana by Bus- 
tard. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 81 

ORIFLAMME, ch. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Sir Hal. 
ORIOLE, b. m. by (Imp) Leviathan, dam Object by Marshal Ney. 
ORLEANS, ch. h. by Cock of the Rock, dam by Timoleon. 
ORSON, ch. h. by (Imp.) Valentine, dam Ethelinda by Marshal Ber- 

trand. 
OSTRICH, ch. h. by Collier, dam by Shakspeare. 
OSCAR, (Josiah Cliambers's), ch. h. by Ulysses, dam by Bertrand. 
OSCEOLA, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Oliver H. Perry. 

ch. h. by Wild Bill, dam by Timoleon. 

ch. h. by Collier, dam by Sumpter. 

OTHELLO, ch. h. by Waxy, dam by Hickory. 

OUR MARY, br. m. by {Imp.) Langford, dam Ostrich by Eclipse. 

P. 

PAIXHAN, b. h. by (Imp) Felt, dam Mary Hutton. 
PALMERSTON, b. h. by (hnp.) Merman, dam {Imp.) by Cadmus. 
PANIC, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Aggy-up by Timoleon. 
PARIS, bl. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Water-Witch. 
PARTNER, ch, h. by Medoc, dam by Doublehead. 
PASSENGER, {Imp.) b. h. by Langar, dam My Lady by Comus. 

b. h. by Balie Peyton, dam by Pamunky. 

PASSAIC, {Imp.) ch. h. by Reveller, dam Rachel by Moses. 
PATRICK H. GALWEY, ch. h. by {hnp.) Jordan, dam Duchess of 

Ashland by Shakspeare. 
PATSEY ANTHONY, b. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam (Josephus's dam) 

by Virginian. 
PATSEY BUFORD, b. m. by Mazeppa, dam by Rattler. 
PATSEY CROWDER, gr. m. by Patrick Henry, dam Hillon by 

Antelope, 
PATSEY DAVIS, ch. m. by Count Badger, dam Timoura by Timo- 

leon. 
PATSEY STUART, b. m, by Bertrand, dam by Redgauntlet. 
PEDLAR, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pizarro. 
PEGGY HALE, ch. m. by {Imp.) Skylark, dam by Sir Charles. 
PENELOPE, {Imp.) ch. m, by Plenipo, dam Brazil by Ivanhoe. 
PENSEE, gr, m. by Lauderdale, dam by Lightning. 
PEORIA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Whip. 

PETER PINDAR, ch. h. by {Imp.) Daghee, dam by {Imp.) Barefoot. 
PETER SPYKE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by {Imp.) Jack Andrews. 
PET WAY, b. h, by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam Kitty Clover by Sir Charles. 

■ br. h. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam by Sir Archy. 

PETWORTH, b. h. by {hnp.) Philip, dam (Kinlock's dam) by Shaw- 

nee. 
PEYTONA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam Giantess by {Imp.) Levia- 
than. 
PHANTOM, b. h. by (Imp.) Contract, dam by Potomac. 
PHIL. BROWN, {Imp.) ch.h. by Glaucus, dam Bustle by Whalebone. 
PICKWICK, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Pacolet, 
PICOLO, br. h. by Lord Byron, dam Highland Mary (Nick Biddle's 

dam). 
PILOT, b. h. by Wild Bill, dam by Oscar. 

PLENIPO, {Imp.) h. h. by Plenipo, dam Polly Hopkins by Virginian. 
POKEROOT, gr. h. by William Tell, dam by Citizen. 



82 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

POLLARD BROWN, b. h. by Wild Bill, dam Hippy by Pacolet. 
POLLY ELLIS, m. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Rusulind by Ogle's Oscar. 
POLLY GREEN, br. m. by Sir Charles, dam Polly Peachem by John 

Richards, 
POLLY HUNTER, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Crusader. 
POLLY MILAM, b. m. by (Imp.) Sarpedon, dam by Escape. 
POLLY PILLOW, b. m..by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy. 
POLLY PIPER, ch. m. by Count Piper, dam by Consul or Sumpter. 
PONEY, ch. h. by {hup.) Leviathtin, dam by Stockholder. 
PONOLA, ch. h. by Hannibal, dam by Sir Archy. 
PORTSMOUTH, br. h. by {htip.) Luzborough, dam Polly Peachem 

by John Richards. 
POSTMASTER, (The) b. h. by {Imp.) Consol, dam Country Maid by 

Pacific. 
POWELL, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Alexander or Virginian. 
PRENTISS, (S. S.) b. Ii. by {Imp.) Fylde, dam by Wasliington. 
PRESl'ON, br. h. by Telegraph, dam (Olivia's dam). 

b. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Parrot by Roanoke. 

PRIMA DONNA, b. m. by {Imp.) Pnam, dam Lady Rowland by Ta- 

rifF. 
PRINCE ALBERT, ch. h. by {Imp.) Margrave, dam (Eutaw's dam) 

by Sir Charles. 
PRINCESS, ch. m. by {hnp.) Priam, dam Sally Hope by Sir Archy. 
PRINCESS ANN, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
PRISCILLA MARTIN, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Arab. 
PROMISE, ch. m. by Wagner, dam by Lance. 

PROSPECT, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by {hnp.) Expedition. 
ch. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Anvilina Smith by 

Stockholder. 
PRYOR, b. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Queen .of Clubs by Virginian. 
PURITY, b. m. by {Imp.) Ainderby, dam Betty Martin by Giles 

Scroggins. 
PUSS, b. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam by Virginian. 

Q 

QUEEN ANNE, {Imp.) bl, m. by Camel, dam by Langar. 
QUEEN ELIZABETH, br. m. by {hnp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy. 
QUEEN MARY, ch. m. by Bertrand, dam by Brimmer. 
QUININE, ch. m. by Red Tom, dam by Bertrand. 

R. 

RAGLAND, ch. h. by {hnp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 

RALPH, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam Brown Mary by Sumpter. 

RANCOPUS, ch. m. by Flagellator, dam Molly Longlcgs. 

RAN PEYTON, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 

RAPIDES, ch. h. by {Imp.) Skylark, dam Margaret May by Pacific. 

RASP, gr. h. by {hnp.) Fylde, dam by Director. 

REBECCA KENNER, b. m. by {Imp.) Skylark, dam Lady Halston 

by Bertrand. 
REBEL, ch. h. by Gohanna, dam (Ohio's dam). 
RED BILL, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Brown Mary by Sumpter. 
RED BREAST, ch. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Fanny Wyatt by Sir 

Charles. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 85 

RED BUCK, ch. h. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam Lidy Deerpond. 

RED EAGLE, br. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Moses. 

RED FOX, ch. h. by (Imp.) Luzborou?h. 

RED GAUNTLET, ch. h. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam (Imp.) Vaga. 

RED HAWK, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Siimpter. 

RED HEAD, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Whipster. 

RED MOROCCO, ch. m. by Medoc, dam Brownlock by Tiger. 

RED ROSE, br. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by {Imp.) Btgdad. 

RED TOM, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam Duchess of Marlborough by Sir 

Archy. 
REEL, gr. m. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam {Imp.) Gallopade by Catton. 
REGENT, b. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Fantail by Sir Archy. 
REGISTER, gr. h. by (imp.) Priam, dam Maria Louisa by Mons. 

Tonson. 
RELIANCE, b. h. by {Imp) Autocrat, dam Lady Culpeper by Caroli. 

nian. 
RESCUE, br. h. by {Imp.) Emancipation, dam Louisa Lee by Medley. 
REVEILLE, b. m. by Bertrand, dam Sally Melville by Virginian. 

b. or br. h. by Young Virginian, dam by Harwood. 

REVERIE, b. or br. m. by {Imp.) Ainderby, dam by Giles Scroggins. 
RHYNODINO, gr. h. by Pacific, dam by Hamiltonian. 
RICHARD OF YORK, b. h. by Star, dam by Shy lock. 
RICHARD ROWTON, b. h. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam by Falstaff. 
RIENZI, b. h. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Sir Charles. 
b. h. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam Peggy White by {Imp.) Sy- 

phax (or Diomed). 
RINGDOVE, b. m. by {Imp.) Merman. 

RIPPLE, b. m, by Medoc, dam Belle Anderson by Sir William. 
ROANNA, ro. m. by Archy Montorio, dam by Potomac. 
ROBERT BRUCE, b. h. by Clinton, dam by Sir Archy. 
ROBIN COBB, ch. h. by {Imp.) Felt, dam Polly Cobb. 
ROCKER, b. h. by Eclipse, dam by Virginian. 
ROCKETT, b. h. by Sir Leslie, dam Miss Lancess by Lance. 
RODERICK DHU, gr. h. by Merlin, dam by {Imp.) Bagdad. 
RODNEY, br. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Medora. 
ROSABELLA, b. m. by {Imp.) Shakspeare, dam by Timoleon. 
ROSA VERTNER, b. m. by Sir Leslie, dam Directress by Director. 
ROSCOE, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Grey Archy. 
ROTHSCHILD, b. h. by {Imp.) Zinganee, dam by Tiger. 
ROVER, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam Sally Miller by Cherokee. 
ROWI'ONELLA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam Sally Hopkins by 

Kosciusko. 
RUBY, b. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam Bay Maria by Eclipse. 

• ch. m. by Duke of Wellington, dam Lively by Eclipse. 

RUFFIN, b. h. by {Imp.) Hedgford, dam Duchess of Marlborough by 

Sir Archy. 

S. 

SAILOR BOY, b. h. by Jim Cropper, dam by Marshal. 
SALADIN, b. h. by John Richards, dam by Henry. 
SALKAHATCHIE, b. m. by Vertumnus, dam Sally Richardson by 

Kosciusko. 
SAL STRICKLAND, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by PacoleU 

43* 



84 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839, 

SALLY BARTON, ch. m. by Jackson, dam by Gallatin. 

SALLY BROWN, b. m. by Jackson, darn by Gallatin. 

SALLY Cx\RR, b. in. by Stockholder, dam by 

SALLY CRESSOP, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Arab. 

SALLY BILLIARD (or HILLIARD), gr. m. by O'Kelly, dam by 
Shawnee. 

SALLY HARDIN, b. m. by Bertrand, dam Teggy Stewart by Whip. 

SALLY HART, m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dmn Clear-the-Kitchen 
by Shakspeare. 

SALLY McGMEE, ch. m. by Gascoigne, dam Thisbe. 

SALLY MORGAN, b. m. by (///<_/>.) Emancipation, dam Lady Mor- 
gan by John Richards. 

SALLY SHANNON, b. m. by Woodpecker, dam (Darnley's dam,) 
by Sir Richard. 

SALLY WARD, m. by John R. Grymes, dam by 

SAMBO, ch. h. by Equinox, dam by Aratus. 

SAM HOUSTON, b. h. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam by {Imp.) Major. 

SANDY YOUNG, b. h. by Medoc, dam Natchez Bell by Seagull. 

SANTA ANNA, ch. h, by Bertrand Junior, dam Daisy by Kosciusko. 

SANTEE, ch. b. by Wild Bill, dam Sally McGhee by Timoleon. 

SARAH BLADEN, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Morgiana by 
Pacolet. 

SARAH BURTON, m. by Pacific, dam by Timoleon. 

SARAH CHANCE, ch. m. by Lafayette, dam by Sir Archy. 

SARAH JACKSON, JUNIOR, b. m. by Piaminao, dam by Arab. 

SARAH MORTON, b. m. by Sidi Hamet, dam Rowena by Sumpter. 

SARAH WASHINGTON, b. m. by Garrison's Zinganee, dam by 
Contention. 

SARTIN, br. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Julia Fisher by Timo- 
leon. 

SCARLET, ch. h. by Uncas, dam by Pacolet. 

SENATOR, ch. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Ariadne by Gohanna. 

SERENADE, b. b. by Woodpecker, dam by Cook's Whip. 

SEVEN-UP, b. m. by {Imp.) Cliateau Margaux, dam by Arab. 

SHAMROCK, {Imp.) ch. h. by St. Patrick, dam Delight by Re- 
veller. 

SHARATOCK, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Trumpator. 

SHEPHERDESS, ch. m, by Lance, dam Amanda by Revenge. 

SIGNAL, bl. h. by {Imp.) Margrave, dam by Mons. Tonson. 

SIMON BENTON, ch. h. by Modoc, dam by Rattler. 

SIMON GURTY, ch. h. by Mark Moore, dam by Tiger. 

SIMON KEN'l'ON, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Rattler. 

SIR ARISS, gr. h. by Trumpator, dam Ophelia by Wild Medley. 

SIR ELLIOTT, b. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Lady Frolic by Sir 
Charles. 

SIR JOSEPH BANKS, b. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Sir 
Archy. 

SIR WILLIAM, b. h. by Sir William, dam by Rattler. 

SISSY, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam {Imp.) Gutty by Whalebone. 

SISTER TO THORNHILL, ch. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam {Imp.) 
Pickle by Emilius. 

SLEEPER, gr. h. by {Imp.) Sarpedon, dam Flora by Grand Seignor. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 85 

SLEEPER (THE), gr. h. by {hnp.) Sarpedon, dam by Cooper's Mes- 
senger. 

SLEEPY JOHN, b. h. by John Dawson, dam Sally Dilliard by Vir- 
g-inian, (or Phenomena). 

SMOKE, eh. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Bianca by Medley. 

SNAG, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Rattler. 

SNOWBIRD, gr. h. by [imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam Forsaken Filly 
by Jerry. 

SOPHIA LOVELL, b. m. by Sir Lovell, dam Eliza Jenkins by Sir 
William. 

SORROW, {Imp.) ch. h. by Defence, dam Tears by Woful. 

SPLINT, ch. m. by Hualpa, dam by Phenomenon. 

STACKPOLE, ch. h. by [imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 

STAGE-DRIVER, b. h. by Lance, dam by Bertrand. 

STANHOPE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Helen Mar by Rattler. 

STANLEY, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Aronetta by Bertrand. 

ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Busiris. 

ECLIPSE, ch. h. by Busiris, dam by John Stanley. 

STAR, b. h. by {Imp.) Skylark, dam Betsey Epps by Timoleon. 

STAR OF THE WEST, b. m. by Bertrand, dam by Whip. 

_ ch. m. by {Imp.) Luzburough, dam by Ber- 

trand. 

STEEL, b. h. by {Imp.) Fylde, dam Dimont by Constitution. 

STHRESHLEY, ch. b. by Medoc, dam by Paragon. 

STRANGER, b. h. by Lance, dam by Whip. 

STOCKBOROUGH, ch. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Stock- 
holder. 

ST. CHARLES, ch. h by {Imp.) Jordan, dam by Mercury. 

ST. CLOUD, ch. h. by {Imp.) Belshazzar, dam by Old Partner. 

ST. LOUIS, gr. h. by Altorf, dam Fleta by Jackson's (or Johnson's) 
Medley. 

ST. PIERRE, bl. h. by Pamunky, dam by Lafayette. 

SUFFERER, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Meg Dods by Sir Archy. 

SUFFOLK, b. h. by Andrew, dam Ostiich by Eclipse. 

SUNBEAM, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Alice Grey by Mercury. 

ch. h. by {Imp.) Langford, dam Gipsey, (sister to Medoc). 

SUSAN HILL, ch. m. by {Imp.) Glcncoe, dam Susan Hill by Timo- 
leon. 

SUSAN TYLER, b. m. by {Imp.) Sarpedon. 

SUSAN VANCE, ch. m. by Saladin, dam by Sir William. 

SWALLOW, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Object by Marshal Ney. 

SWEET HOME, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Hamiltonian. 

SWISS BOY, br. h. by {Imp.) Swiss, dam by Stockholder. 

SYLPHIDE, {Imp.) b. m. by Emilius, dam Polly Hopkins by Virgi- 
nian. 

SYMMETRY, b. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Phenomena by Sir Archy. 

T. 

TABITHA, ch. m. by Hualpa, dam by Phenomenon. 
TAGLIONI, ch. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam by Sir Charles. 
TALLEY, ch. h. by Talleyrand, dam by Bertrand. 
TALLULAH, ch. m. by Hyazim, dam by Gallatin. 
TAMERLANE, ch. h. by Cowper, dam by Director. 



86 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

TAMMANY, b. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Camilla by Henry. 
TARANTULA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Belshazzar, dam Mary Jane Davis 

by Stockholder. 
TARLTON, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Robin Grey. 
TARQUIN, b. h. by {Imp.) Con sol, dam Jeannie Deans by Powhattan. 
TATTERSALL, ch. h. by {Imp.) Emancipation, dam (Volney's dam,) 

by Sir Archy. 
TAYLOE, b. h. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam Teggy White. 
TAZEWELL, b. h. by {Imp.) Fylde, dam by Gallatin. 
TEARAWAY, b. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Jemima by Thornlon's 

Rattler. 
TELAMON, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Cherry Elliott by Sumpter. 
TELIE DOE, b. m. by Pacific, dam Matilda by Grey tail, 
TELLULA, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Whip. 
TEMPEST, ch. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Jeanette by Sir Archy. 
TEMPLAR, b. h. by {Lnp.) Sarpedon, dam by Timoleon. 
TEN BROECK, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Bertrand. 
I'ENNESSEE, b. m. by {I?np.) Felt, dam Berenice by Archy Junior. 
TEXANA, b. m. by {Imp.) Hedgford, dam Goodlee Washington by 

Washington. 
TEXAS, b. h. by {Imp.) Fylde, dam by Potomac. 
THE COLONEL, ch. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam {Imp.) My Lady by 

Com us. 
THE COLONEL'S DAUGHTER, b. m. by The Colonel, dam {Imp.) 

Variella by Blacklock. 
THE DUKE, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by {Imp.) Expedition. 
THE MAJOR, b. h. by Othello, dam by Citizen. 
THE MERCER COLT, br. h. by {Imp.) Mercer, dam Miss Mattie 

by Sir Archy. 
THE PONEY, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
THE POSTMASTER, b. h. by {hnp.) Consol, dam Country Maid by 

Pacific. 
THE QUEEN, (Imp.) ch. m. by Priam, dam Delphine by Whisker. 
THOMAS HOSKINS, b. h, by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam Minerva by Tom 

Tough. 
THOMAS R. ROOTS, b. h. by {Imp.) Tranby, dam Eliza Jenkins by 

Sir William of Transport. 
THORNHILL, ch. h. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam {Imp.) Pickle by Emilius. 
TIBERIAS, b. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Fanny Wright by Silverheela. 
TIPPECANOE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Rattler. 
TISHANNA, b. m. by Benbow, dam Fidget by Eclipse. 
TISHIMINGO, b. h. by {hnp.) Leviathan, dam Maria Shepherd by 

Sir Archy. 
TOBY, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Eagle. 

TOM AND JERRY, ch. h. by Heart of Oak, dam by Lafayette. 
TOM BENTON, b. h. by Wild Bill, dam by Pacolet. 
TOM BUr^K, ro. h. by (Jm,p.) Glencoe, darn Lady Sykes by Timoleon. 
TOM CHILTON, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Childers. 
TOM CORWIN, b. h. by (hnp.) Emancipation, dam by Lottery. 
TOM CRINGLE, ch. h. by Carolinian. 

TOM DAY, b. h. by Bertrand, darn Sally Melville by Virginian. 
TOM MARSHAL, (Col. Bingaman's,) gr. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam 

Fanny Jarman by Mercury. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 87 

TOM MARSHAL, (Col. Buford's,) b. h. by Medoc, dam by Snmpter. 
TOM PAINE, bl. h. by (Imp.) Margrave, dain (Emily Thomas's 

dam) by Tom Tough. 
TOM THURMAN, b. h. by (Imp.) Fylde, dam bv Citizen. 
TOM WALKER, ch. h. by Marylander, dam by Rattler. 
TOMMY WAKEFIELD, ch. h. by Drone, dam by Eclipse. 
TORCH-LIGHT, ch. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam Wax-light by {Imp.) 

Leviathan. 
TORNADO, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Polly Hopkins by Virginian. 
TRANBYANNA, m. by {Imp.) Tranby, dam Lady Tompkins by 

Eclipse. 
TRANSIT, b. h. by {Imp.) Hedgfovd, dam (Molly Ward's dam) by 

Bertrand, 
TREASURER, b. h. by {Imp.) Roman, dam Dove by Duroc. 
TRENTON, b. h. by Eclipse Lightfoot, dam by Tuckahoe. 
TROUBADOUR, bl. h. by {Imp.) Luzborongh, dam by Stockholder. 
TRUXTON, b. h. by {Imp.) Barefoot, dam Princess by Defiance. 
TUSKENA, b. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam Creeping Kate. 
TYLER, b. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Kate Kearney by Sir Archy. 

U. 

UNCAS, ch. h. by Diomed. 

b. h. by {Imp.) Jordan, dam by Pacific. 

UNITY, ch. f. by Genito, dam Lady Pest by Carolinian. 

V. 

VAGABOND, ch. h. by {Imp.) Ainderby, dam {Imp.) Vaga. 

VAGRANT, ch. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam {Imp.) Vaga. 

VANITY, b. m. by Traveller. 

VAN TROMP, h. by Van Tromp, dam by Mucklejohn. 

VASHTI, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan — Slazy by Bullock's Mucklejohn. 

VELA SCO, b. h. by Shark, dam by Virginian. 

VELOCITY, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Patty Puff by Pacolet. 

VERTNER, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Lady Adams by Whipster. 

VETO, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Diomed. 

h, by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Lady Washington by Wash- 
ington. 

VICTOR, br. h. by {Imp.) Cetus, dam {Imp.) My Lady by Comus. 

VICTORIA, gr. m. by Sir Kirkland, dam by Tippoo Saib. 

■ b. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Timoleon. 

ROWTON, ch. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam by Pheno- 
menon. 

VICTRESS, b. rn. by Grey Eagle, dam by Royal Charley. 

VIDOCQ, br. h. by Medoc, dam by Stockholder. 

VIOLA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Mary Longfit by Pacific. 

VIRGINIA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Richd Tonson. 

VIRGINIA ROBINSON, b. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Becky 
by Marquis (or Marcus). 

VOLTAIRE, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Bertrand. 

W. 

WACOUSTA, ch. h. by Jerseyman, dam Lady Vixen. 

WADDY THOMPSON, ch. h. by {Imp.) Emancipation, dam by Tra- 
falgar. 
27 



88 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

WAGNER, cb. h. by Sir Charles, dam Maria West by Marion. 
WALK-IN-THE- WATER, b. h. by Collier, dam by Bertrand. 
WALTER L.. b. h. by (Imp.) Fvlde, dam by Sir Charles. 
WANTON WILL, b. h. by Brunswick, dam by Prince Edward. 
WARSAW, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Arab. 
WARWICK, ch. h. by Stockholder, dam by (Imp.) Leviathan. 
WASHENANGO, ch. h. by (Itnp) Sorrow, dam by (Imp.) Leviathan. 
W ATKINS, ro. h. by John Richards, dam by Whip. 
WAXETTA, br. m. by Waxy, dam by Kennedy's Diomed. 
WEBSTER, b. h. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Fairy. 
WELLINGTON, b. h. by (Imp.) Sarpedon, dam (Volney's dam) by 

Sir Archy. 
WESLEY MALONE, b. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Richard. 
WEST FLORIDA, b. m. by Bertram, dam by Potomac, 
WEST- WIND, br. h. by (Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam Mambrina 

by Bertrand. 
WHALEBONE, b. h. by (Imp.) Cetus, dam by Gohanna. 
WHISKER, b. h. by (Imp.) Emancipation, dam by Walnut. 
WILL-GO, b. or br. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Eclipse. 
WILLIAM R., b. h. by Goliah, dam by Sir Alfred. 
WILD BURK, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by (Imp.) Bluster. 
WILLIS, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by (Itnp.) Merryfield. 
WILLIS P. MANGUM, b. h. by Shark, dam Aggy Down. 
WILTON BROWN, gr. h. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Ninon de rEnclos 

by Rattler. 
WINCHESTER, ch. h. by Clifton, dam by Contention. 
WINFIELD (or WINFIELD SCOTT), ch. h. by Andrew, dam by 

Eclipse. 
WONDER, b. h. by Tychicus, dam Nancy Marlborough by Rob Roy. 
WOODCOCK, b. h. by (Imp.) Emancipation, dam by Shylock. 
WORKMAN, ch. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Timoleon. 

Y. 

YAZOO TRAPPER, ch. h. by Sir William. 
YELLOW ROSE, ch. m. by Andrew, dam Tuberose by Arab. 
YORKSHIRE, b. h. by St. Nicholas, dam Moss Rose by Tramp. 
YOUNG DOVE, gr. m. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Dove by Duroc. 
YOUNG FRAXINELLA, gr. m. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Virgi- 

nian. 
YOUNG MEDOC, ch. h. by Medoc. 

Z. 

ZAMPA, ch. h. b)"- (Imp.) Priam, dam Celeste by Henry. 
ZEBA, ro. m. by Eclipse, dam Miss Walton by Mendoza. 
ZEMMA (or Z AMOUR), ch. h. by Ulysses, dam by Stockholder. 
ZENITH, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Belie Anderson by Sir William of 

Transport. 
ZENOBIA, ch. m. by (Imp.) Roman, dam Dove by Duroc. 
ZOE, ch. m. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam (Little Venus's dam,) by Sir 

William. 
ZORAIDA, b. m. by Virginius, dam by Comet. 



CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD 
MARES. 



A. 

ABD ALLAH, b. h. by Mambrino, dam Amazonia. 

ABJER, [Imp.] got by Old Truffle, dam Briseis by Beningbrough, 
gr. dam Lady Jane by Sir Peter Teazle — Paulina by Florizel, 
&c. — foaled 1817, died 1828. — Alabama. James Jackson. 

ADMIRAL, [Imp.] b. h. got by Florizel, dam the Spectator mare, 
(who was also the dam of Old imp. Diomed) — foaled 1779.— 
New York. J- Delancy. 

AFRICAN, bl. h. by [Imp.] Valentine, dam by Marshal Bertrand. 

ALLEN BROWN, ch. h. by Stockholder, dam by [Imp.] Eagle. 

ALL FOURS, [Imp.] got by All Fours, son of Regulus— Blank — 
Bolton Starling — Miss Meynell by Partner — Greyhound — Cur- 
win's Bay Barb, &c. imp. into Massachusetts or Connecticut. 

ALONZO, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Sir Archy. 

AINDERBY, [Imp.] ch. h. by Velocipede, dam Kate by Catton. 

ALTORF, b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam Countess Plater by Virginian. 

AMBASSADOR, [hnp.] b. h. by Emilius, dam [Imp.] Trapes by 
Tramp. 

AMERICUS, [Imp.] b. h. got by Babraham — Creeping Molly by Se- 
cond — General Evans' Arabian Cartouch — foaled 1775. 

William Macklin. 

ANDREW, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by Herod. 

ANDREW JACKSON, b. h. by Timoleon, dam by [Imp.] Whip. 

ANN PAGE, m. by Maryland Eclipse, dam by Tuckahoe. 

ARAMINTA, b. m. by May-Day, dam Tripit by Mars. 

ARGYLE, br. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam Thistle by Ogle's Oscar. 

AUTOCRAT, [Imp.] gr. c. got by Grand Duke, dam Olivetta by Sir 
Oliver — Scotina by Delphi — Scota by Eclipse — foaled 1822. — 
New York. William Jackson. 

B. 

BABRAHAM, [Imp.] b. h. got by Old Fearnought (son of Godolphin 
Ar.) — Silver — imported into Virginia by William Evans of 
Surrey county, and got by the Belsize Arabian in England, and 
foaled 1759. — Va. 1765. William and George Evans. 

.. [Imp.] b. h. got by Wildair — Babraham — Sloe — Bart 

lett's Childers — Counsellor — Snake, &c. — foaled 1775.— Va 
1783 Augustine Willis. 

(89) 



90 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 

BALIE PEYTON, b. b. by Andrew, dam Pocahontas by Eclipse. 

BAY MIDDLETON, b. h. by [Imp] Fylde, dam by Potomac. 

BELLE ANDERSON, m. by William of Transport, dam Butterfly. 

BELSHAZZAR, limp.] ch. by Blacklock, dam Manuella by Dick 
Andrews. 

BERNERS COMUS, [Imp.] h. h. by Comus, dam Rotterdam by 
Juniper. 

BERTRAND Junior, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam Transport by Virgi- 
nius. 

BETSEY MALONE, m. by Stockholder, dam by Potomac. 

BIANCA, m. by Medley, dam Powancey by Sir Alfred. 

BIG JOHN, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam by Hamiltonian. 

BILL AUSTIN, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Timoleon. 

BIRMINGHAM, br. h. by Stockholder, dam Black Sophia by Top- 
gallant. 

BLACK ARABIAN, [Imp.] — Presented by the Emperor of Morocco 
to the United States' Government. 

BLACK PRINCE, b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam Fantail by Sir Archy. 

«■ [Imp.] bl. h. got by Babraham — Riot by Regulus 

' — Blaze — Fox, &c. — foaled 1760, — New York. A. Ramsay. 

BLOODY NATHAN, ch. h. by [Imp.] Valentine, dam Daphne by 
Duroc. 

BOHEMOTH, Junior, b. h. by Old Bohemoth. 

BONNYFACE, [Imp.] (also called Master Stephen) dk. b. h. got by 
a son of Regulus out of the Fen mare, got by Hutton's Royal 
colt — Blunderbuss, &c. — foaled 1768. — Va. French. 

BOSTON, ch. h. by Timoleon, dam (Robin Brown's dam) by Ball's 
Florizel. 

BRITANNIA, [Imp.] m. by Muley, dam Nancy by Dick Andrews. 

BUFF COAT, [Imp.] dun h. got by Godolphin Arabian — Silver 
Locks by the Bald Galloway — Ancaster Turk — Leeds Arabian, 
&c. — foaled 1742. — Va. 1761. Joseph Wells. 

BULLE ROCK, [Imp.] got by the Darley Arabian — Byerly Turk, 
out of a natural Arabian mare, &c. — foaled 1718, — Virginia, 
1735-6. Samuel Patton. 

BUSIRIS, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Grand Duchess by [Imp.] Grac- 
chus. 

BUSSORAH ARABIAN — Imported by Abraham Ogden, Esq., of 
New York. 

BUTTERFLY, m. by Sumpter, dam by [Imp.] Buzzard. 

C. 

CADMUS, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Di Vernon by Ball's Florizel. 
CAMDEN, b. h. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam by Old Cherokee. 
CAMILLA, m. by [Imp.] Philii:», dam Roxana by Timoleon. 
CANNON, [Imp.] br. h. got by Dungannon — Miss Spindleshanks by 

Omar — Starling, &c. — foaled 1789. — Boston. Gen. Lyman. 
CAROLET, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Peg Caruthers by 

Arab. 
CAROLINE, m. by Eclipse, dam Miss Mattie. 



CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 91 

CARVER, [Imp.] b. h. got by Young Snap — Blank — Babrahain — 
Ancasler [Starling — Grasshopper, &c. — foaled 1770. — Norfolk 
county, Va. Dr. Charles Mayle. . 

CETA, m. by [Imp.] Cetus, dam Harriet Heth by Mons. Tonson. 

CETUS, [Imp.] b. h. by Whalebone, dam Lamea by Gohanna. 

CHARLEY NAILOR, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 

CHARLOTTE PAGE, m. by Sir Archy, dam by [Imp.] Restless. 

CHATEAU MARGAUX, [hnp.] dk. br. h. got by Whalebone, (best 
son of Waxy,) dam Wasp by Gohanna — Highflyer — Eclipse, 
&c.— foaled 1822.— Va. 1835. J. J. Avery & Co. 

CHEROKEE, h. by Sir Archy, dam Roxana by Hephestion. 

CHESTERFIELD, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Wilkes' Madison. 

CHIFNEY, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by Sir Archy. 

CHILTON, b. h. by Seagull, dam by Hazard. 

CINDERELLA, b. m. by Saladin, dam by Aratus. 

CIPPUS, bl. h. by Industry, dam by Randolph's Mark Antony. 

CIVIL JOHN, gr. h. by Tarifl:; dam by Pakenham. 

CLARET, [Imp.] got by Chateau Margaux, dam by Partisan — Silver 
Tail by Gohanna — Orville, &c. — foaled 1830. — N. Carolina. 

Wyatt Cardwell. 

CLARINET, ch. m. by Kentucky Sir Charles, dam Mary Grindle Ly 
Eclipse. 

CLARION, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by Ogle's Oscar. 

COCK OF THE ROCK, b. h. by Duroc, dam by Romp. 

COLORADO, h. by Eclipse, dam by Sir Archy. 

COMMENCEMENT, m. by Arab, dam by Francisco. 

COMMODORE, b. h. by Mambrino, dam by True American. 

CORONET, [Imp.] h. h. by Catton, dam by Paynator. 

CORTES, h. by Old Rattler, dam by Jack Andrews. 

COUNT BADGER, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Arabella by Hickory. 

COUNT ZALDIVAR, ch. h. by Andrew, dam by Timoleon. 

COUNTESS BERTRAND, m. by Bertrand, dam Nancy Dawson by 
Platt's Alexander. 

CRIPPLE, b. h. by Medoc, dam Grecian Princess by Whip. 

CRITIC, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Eclipse Herod. 

CUSSETA CHIEF, ch. h. by Andrew, dam Virago by Wildair or 
Wonder. 

CYMON, ch. h. by Marion, dam Fair Forester by [Imp.] Chance. 

D. 

DAGHEE, [Imp.] b. h. by Muley, dam by Arabian Sheik. 
DAMASCUS, h. by [Imp.] Zileadi, dam Dido by [Imp.] Expedition. 
DANCING MASTER, [hnp.] b.h. got by Woodpecker— Madcap by 

Snap — Miss Meredith by Cade, &c. — foaled 1788. — S. Carolina. 
DANIEL O'CONNELL, gr. h. by Sir Henry Tonson, dam by [Imp.] 

Sir Harry. 
DAVY CROCKETT, h. by Constitution, dam by Sutton's Whip. 
DEBASH, [Imp.] b. h. got by King Fergus — Highflyer — Madcap by 

Snap— Miss Meredith by Cade, &c. — foaled 1792. Imported 

into Massachusetts. Jones. 

27 « 44 



92 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 

DECATUR, ch. b. by Henry, dam Ostrich by Eclipse. 

DERBY, [/mjo.] dr. b. h. got by Peter Lely out of Urganda, formerly 
Lady Eleanor, she by Milo, dam by Sorcerer out of Twins, &c. 
—foaled 1831. R. D. Shepherd. 

DIANA, m. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Conqueror. 

DIANA, [/mj9.] m. by Catton, dam Trulla by Sorcerer. 

DIANA, m. by Mercury, dam Rarity. 

DONCASTER, [Imp.'\ b. h, by Longwaist, dam by Muley, grandam 
Lady Em by Stamford. 

DON QUIXOTE, [Imp.] ch. h. by O'Kelly's Eclipse— Grecian Prin- 
cess by Forester — Coalition colt — Bustard, &c. — foaled 1784. 
Imported into Va. 

DORMOUSE, [Imp.] dk. b. h. got by Old Dormouse, dam by White- 
foot — Silverlocks by Bald Galloway, &c. — foaled 1753. — Va. 
1759. 

DOSORIS, ch. h. by Henry, dam (Goliah's dam) by Mendoza. 

DRONE, [/m/?.] b. h. got by King Herod — Lily by Blank — Peggy by 
Cade — Croft's Partner — Bloody Buttocks, &c. — foaled 1777.— 
Duchess county, New York. 

■ ch. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam Isabella by Sir Archy. 

DUANE, br. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Goodloe Washington by 
Washington. 

DUCHESS, b. m. by [Imp.] Coronet, dam by Tariff. 

DUCHESS OF YORK, [Imp.] ch. m. got by Catton, dam by Sancho 
— Coriander — Highflyer, &c. — foaled 1821. — Va. 

R. D. Shepherd. 

DUKE SUMNER, gr. h. by Pacific, dam by Grey Archy. 

DUN GANNON, ch. h. by Sumpter, dam by Duke of Bedford. 

£. 

ECLIPSE, (American,) ch. h. by Duroc, dam Miller's Damsel by 

[Imp.] Messenger. 
ECLIPSE THE SECOND, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Lady Nimble by 

Sir William. 
ELIZA ARMSTRONG, m. by Flying Childers, dam Gipsey by Flo- 

rizel. 
ELIZA MILLER, m. by Miller's Bertrand, dam Lucy Forester by 

Marshal Ney. 
ELLEN GRANVILLE, b. m. by [Imp.] Tranby, dam by Contention. 
EMANCIPATION, [Imp.] br. h. by Whisker, dam by Ardrossan. 
ENGLISHMAN, (Imp. by Mr. Walter Bell of Va., in his dam,) by 

Eagle (also imported) — Pot8os — Pegasus — Small Bones by Jus- 
tice, &c. — foaled 1812. 
ENTERPRISE, h. by John Richards, dam by Don Quixote. 
EUGENIUS, [Imp.] ch. h. by Chrysolite, dam Mixbury by Regulus 

— Little Bowes by a brother to Mixbury — Hutton's Barb, &c.— • 

foaled 1770. 
EXILE, h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam [Imp.] Refugee by Wanderer. 



CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 93 

F. 

FAIRFAX ROANE, [Imp.] (alias Strawberry Roan) ro. h. got by 

Adolphus, dam by Smith's Tartar (a son of Croft's Partner) g. 

dam by Midge (son of Snake) — Hip, &c. — foaled 1764 — Va. 

— Fairfax. 
FANNY WRIGHT, m. by Silverheels, dam Aurora by Governor 

Wright's Vingtun. 
FELT, [Imp.] b. h. by Langar, dam Steam by Waxy Pope. 
FESTIVAL, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Timoleon. 
FIFER, b. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Music by John Richards. 
FLATTERER, [Imp.] b. h. by Muley, dam Clari by Marmion. 
FLORANTHE, m. by John Richards, dam Fanny Wright. 
FOP, [Imp.] gr. h, by Stumps, dam by Fitz James. 
FRANCIS MARION, ch. h. by Marion, dam Malvina by Sir Archy. 
FRANK, ch. h, by Sir Charles, dam Betsey Archy by Sir Archy. 

G. 

GANDER, gr. h. by Wild Bill, dam Grey Goose by Pacolet. 

GANO, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Betsey Richards by Sir Archy. 

GENERAL MABRY, h.by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Galen by Pacific. 

GEROW, ch. h. by Henry, dam Vixen by Eclipse. 

GIFT, [Imp.] h. h. got by Cadormus, dam by Old Crab — Second 
Starling, &c. — foaled 1768. — New Kent county, Va. 

Colonel Dangerfield. 

GILES SCROGGINS, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Lady Bedford by 
[Imp.] Bedford. 

GLENCOE, [Imp.] ch. h. by Sultan, dam Trampoline by Tramp. 

GLOSTER, b. h. by Sir Charles, dam by Alfred. 

GOHANNA, h. by Sir Archy, dam Merino Ewe by [Imp.] Bedford. 

GOLD BOY, b. h. by Industry, dam (Buck Eye's dam) by Medoc. 

GOLDWIRE, [Imp.] br. m. by Whalebone, dam Y'oung Amazon by 
Gohanna. 

GOVERNOR HAMILTON, gr. h. by Sir Andrew, dam by Bonaparte. 

GRANBY, [Imp.] b. h. got by Blank— Old Crab— Cyprus Ar.— Com- 
moner — Makeless — Brimmer, &c. — foaled 1759. — Powhatan 
county, Va. Samuel Watkins. 

GRECIAN PRINCESS, m. by Virginian, dam Calypso by Bell-Air 
— Dare Devil— Old Wildair — Piccadilla by Fearnought — Go- 
dolphin — Hob or Nob, &c. 

GREY EAGLE, gr. h. by Woodpecker, dam Ophelia by Wild Med- 
ley. 

GREY MEDOC, gr. h. by Medoc, dam Grey Fanny by Bertrand. 

GROUSE, br. h. by Eclipse, dam by Erie. 

GUM ELASTIC, b. h. by Waxy, dam by Read's Spread Eagle. 

H. 

HALO, h. by Sir Archy Montorio, dam Semiramis. 
HARD LUCK, gr. h, by Randolph's Roanoke, dam Lady Washing 
ton. 



94 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 

HAYWOOD, h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Black Sophia by Topgal- 
lant. 

HECTOR, [Imp.] h\. h. got by Lath — Childers — Basto — Cnrwin's 
Bay Barb, &c foaled 1745. Colonel Marshall. 

HEDGFORD, [Imp.] br. h. by Filho da Puta, dam Miss Craigie by 
Orville. 

. (Young) h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam by [Imp.] Ea- 

gle. 

HERCULES — a grey draft horse, imported into Louisville, Ky. 

HERO, [Imp.] b. h. got by Blank— Godolphin Ar. &c.— foaled 1747. 
— Va. John S. Wilson. 

HIAZIM, ch. h. by Sir Archy, dam Janey by [Imp.] Archduke. 

HIBISCUS, [hnp.] b. h. by Sultan, dam Duchess of York by Waxy. 

HICKORY JOHN, ch. h. by John Richards, dam Kitty Hickory by 
Hickory, 

HIGHLAND HENRY, ch. h. by Henry, dam Highland Mary by 
Eclipse. 

HORNBLOWER, br. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Music by John 
Richards. 

HUGH LUPUS, [Imp.] b. h. by [Imp.] Priam, dam Her Highness by 
Moses. 

I. 

IBARRA, b. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam by Virginian. 
.IBRAHIM PACHA, [Imp.] — a pure Bedouin Arabian— imported by- 
Captain James Riley. 

J. 

JACK OF DIAMONDS, [Imp.] dk. b. h. by CuUen's Arabian— Dar- 
ley Ar. — Byerly Turk, &c. — Va. 1763. Imported by Colonel 
Spottswood. Solomon Dunn. 

JACK PENDLETON, ch. h. by Goliah, dam by Trafalgar. 

JANE GRAY, m. by Orphan Boy, dam Rosalind by Ogle's Oscar. 

JEROME, br. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Sir Charles. 

JESSICA, [Imp.] ch. m. by Velocipede, dam by Sancho. 

JIM JACKSON, ch. h. by \_Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Conqueror. 

JOB, b. h, by Eclipse, dam Jemima by Thornton's Rattler, 

JOHN BASCOMBE, ch. h. byBertrand, dam Grey Goose by Pacolet. 

JOHN BULL, [Imp.] b. h. by Chateau Margaux, dana by Woful. 

JOHN DAWSON, b. h, by Pacific, dam by Grey Archy, 

JOHN GASCOIGNE, h. by Randolph's Gascoigne, dam by Virgi- 
nian. 

JOHN RICHARDS, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by Rattler, gr. dam by 
[Imp.'] Medley. 

JORDAN, [Imp."] ch. h. by Langar, dam Matilda by Comus. 

JUNIUS, [Irnp.] bl. h. got by Old Starling — Old Crab — Monkey— 
Curwin's Bay Barb— Spot, &c.— foaled 1754.— Va, 1759, 

JUSTICE, [Imp.] b, h. got by Blank, dam Aura by Stamford Turk, 
gr, dam by a brother to Conqueror — Childers, &c. — Va. 1780. 

George Gould. 



CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 95 

JUSTICE, [lmp.'\ got by Old Justice (son of King Herod) — Old 
Squirt mare — Mogul — Camilla by Bay Bolton, &c. — foaled 
1782.— S. Carolina. Major Butler. 

K 

KANGAROO, ch, h. by Uncas, dam by Orphan. 

KATE NICKLEBY, m. by [Imp,] Trustee, dam Lady Mostyn by 
Teniers. 

KING WILLIAM, [Imp.] red sor. h. got by Florizel, dam Milliner 
by Matchem— Cassandria by Blank, &c.— foaled 1781.— Ches- 
ter county. Pa. Dr- Norriss. 

. [Imp.] h. h. by King Herod, dam Madcap by 

Snap — Miss Meredith by Old Cade, &c.— foaled 1777. — Con- 
necticut. Skinner. 

KITTY BRIM, b. m. by Old Conqueror, dam by Gallatin ; gr. dam 
by Highflyer. 

LADY CLIFDEN, m. by Sussex, dam Betsey Wilson. 

LADY CULPEPER, m. by Carolinian, dam Flora by Ball's Florizel. 

LADY MORGAN, m. by John Richards, dam Matchless by [Imp.] 
Expedition. 

LADY MOSTYN, [Imp.] m. by Teniers, dam Invalid by Whisker. 

LADY NIMBLE, m. by Eclipse, dam Transport by Kosciusko. 

LADY SCOTT, [Imp.] br. m. got by Ardrosson, dam Dido by Vis- 
count—Brilliant by Whiskey, &c. R. D. Shepherd. 

LADY WHIP, m. by Whip, dam by Alonzo, gr. dam by limp.] Buz- 
zard. 

LAFAYETTE, b. h. by Conqueror, dam Julia by Sir Arthur. 

LANGFORD, [Imp.] br. h. got by Starch, out of Peri by Wanderer, 
her dam Thalistris by Alexander, out of Rival by Sir Peter — 
Home bv Drone — Manilla by Goldfinder — foaled 1833. 

^ F. P. Corbin. 

LAPLANDER, ch. or br. h. by Flagellator, dam Medora. 

LEOPARDESS, m. by Medoc, dam by Haxall's Moses. 

LEVIATHAN, [Imp.] ch. h. by Muley, dam by Windle. 

. Junior, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Young 

Diomed. 

LILY, m. by Eclipse, dam Garland by Duroc. 

LIMBER JOHN, ch. h. by Kosciusko, dam by Moses. 

LOFTY, [Imp.] h. h. by Godolphin Arabian— Croft's Partner- Bloody 
Buttocks— Greyhound, &c.— foaled 1753.— Virginia, Chesterfield 
county. Thomas Goode. 

LOUISA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Bluster, dam by Hamiltonian. 

LURCHER, [Imp.] gr. h by Grey Leg, dam Harpalyce by Gohanna. 

LUZBOROUGH, [Imp.] br. h. by Williamson's Ditto, dam by Dick 
Andrews. 

. . . Junior, b. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Sump- 

ter. 
LYCURGUS, [Imp.] ch. h. by Blank— Snip— Lath, &c — foaled 1767 
_.Va 1776 G®^ H. Harrison. 



96 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 

LYNEDOCH, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Rosetta by Wilkes' 
Wonder. 

M. 

MAGNUM BONUM, [Imp.] to. h. by Matchem— Swift— Regulus—- 
Dairy Maid by Bloody Buttocks, &c. — foaled 1774. — Hartford, 
Conn. F. Kilborne. 

MANALOPAN, gr. h. by Medley, dam by John Richards. 

MARIA DAVIESS, ch. m. by Sir Charles, dam Mary Grindle by 
Eclipse. 

MARIA VAUGHAN, m. by Pacific, dam Mary Vaughan by Pacolet. 

MARION, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by [Imp.] Citizen. 

MARGRAVE, [Imp.] ch. h. by Muley, dam by Election. 

MARK MOORE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Lalla Rookh by Gabriel Os- 
car. 

MARMION, br. h. by [Imp.] Merman, dam by Crusader. 

MARPLOT, [Imp.] by Highflyer—Omar— Godolphin Arabian, &c. 

MARTHA BICKERTON, b. m. by Pamunky, dam by Tariff. 

MARSHAL NEY, h. by Pacolet, dam Virginia by Dare Devil. 

MARY BIDDLE, m. by [Imp.] Priam, dam Flora by Mons. Tonson. 

MARY VAUGHAN, gr. m. by Old Pacolet, dam by Old Chanticleer. 

MASTER ROBERT, [Imp.^ ch. h. by Star, dam a young Marske 
mare — foaled 1793. 

MASTER SOLOMON, b. h. by Reveller, dam by Lord Berners. 

MATCHEM, [Imp.'] h. h. by Matchem — Lady by Sw^eepstakes — Pa- 
triot — Old Crab, &c. — foaled 1773. — S. CaroUna. Gibbs. 

MATCHLESS, [Imp.-] b. h. by Godolphin Arabian — Soreheel — 
Makeless, &c. — S, Carolina. 

MATILDA, gr. m. by Greytail Florizel, dam by [Imp."] Jonah, 

MAXIMUS, b. h. by Bertrand, dam Miss Dance by [Imp.] Eagle. 

MAYZOUBE — a gr. horse imported from Arabia by Captain James 
Riley. 

MELZARE, br. h. by Bertrand, dam by Sir Richard. 

MENDOZA, [Lnp.] b. h. by JaveUn — Paymaster — Pamona by King 
Herod. 

MERMAN, [Imp."] br. h. by Whalebone, dam by Orville. 

MERRY PINTLE, [Imp.-] gr. h. by Old England, dam by Old Merry 
Pintle— Skipjack, &c.— foaled 1752.— Va. 1775. J. Strong. 

MERRY TOM, [Imp.] b. h. by Regulus — Locust — a son of Flying 
Childers— Croft's Old Partner, &c.— foaled 1758. 

MERCER, [Imp.] b. h. by Emilius, dam Young Mouse by Godolphin. 

MERWICK BALL, [Imp.] ch. h. by Regulus — dam a Traveller mare 
— Hartley's blind horse — foaled 1762, 

MINOR, b. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Topgallant. 

MISS ANDREWS, [Imp.] b. m. by Catton, dam by Dick Andrews. 

MISS MATTIE, m. by Sir Archy, dam Black Ghost by Pantaloon, 

MISS ROSE, [Imp.] b. m. by Tramp, dam by Sancho, gr. dam by Co- 
riander, &o.— foaled 1826. R. D. Shepherd. 

MISS VALENTINE, m. by [Imp.] Valentine, dam by John Richards. 

MONARCH, [Imp.] b. h.by Priam, dam Delphine by Whisker. 

MONMOUTH, b. h. by John Richards, dam by Duroc. 



CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 97 

MONMOUTH ECLIPSE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Honesty by iTmp.'] 
Expedition. 

MONS. TONSON, gr. h. by Pacolet, dam Madame Tonson by Top- 
gallant. 

MORDECAl, [Imp.] h. h. by Lottery, dam by Welbeck. 

MORVEN, [Imp.] ch. h. by Rowton, dam Nanine by Selim. 

MOSES MARE (Chas. Buford's) by Haxall's Moses, dam by Cook's 
or Blackburn's Whip. 

N. 

NANCY THATCHER, m. by Medoc, dam by Archy of Transport. 

NELL GWYNNE, [Imp.] m. by Tramp, dam by Beningbrough. 

NETTY, [Imp.] ch. m. by Velocipede, dam Miss Rose. 

NICHOLAS, [Imp.] h. by St. Nicholas, dam Miss Rose. 

NIMROD, [Imp.] b. h. by King Fergus— O'Kelly's EcIipse — OId 
Marske, &c.— Philadelphia, 1788. 

NON PLUS, [Imp.] b. h. by Catton, dam Miss Garforth by Walton — 
Hyacinthus, (fee. — foaled 1824.-— S. Carolina. R'd. Singleton. 

NORTH BRITAIN, [Imp.] b. h. by Alcock's Arabian — Northumber- 
land Arabian — Hartley's blind horse. — Philad. 1768. Crow. 

NOVELTY, [Imp.] m. by Blacklock, dam Washerwoman by Walton. 

O. 

O'KELLY, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Oscar. 

OLIVER, h. by May-Day, dam Young Betsey Richards by John Ri- 
chards. 

ONUS, [Imp.] br. h. by Camel, dam The Etching by Rubens. 

ORLEANA, [Imp.] m. by Bustard, dam Laureola by Orville. 

OROONOKO, limp.] bl. h. by Old Crab, dam Miss Slammerkin by 
Young True Blue — Bloody Shouldered Arabian, &c. — foaled 1745. 
— S. Carolina. J. Mathews. 

OTHELLO, br. h. by limp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy. 

P. 

PACIFIC, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Eliza by [Imp.] Bedford. 

PACOLET, [Imp.] h. by Sparke, dam Queen Mab — Hampton Court 
Childers — Harrison's Arabian, &c. — Va. 1791. Thos. Goode. 

PACTOLUS, ch. h. by Pacific, dam Mary Vaughan by Pacolet. 

Px^MUNKY, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Bellona by Sir Harry. 

PAUL CLIFFORD, h. by Eclipse, dam Betsey Richards by John Ri- 
chards. 

PETE WHETSTONE, b. h. by [7/nj9.] Leviathan, dam by Stock- 
holder. 

TUARAOU, [Imp.] b. h. by Moses, dam by Godolphin Arabian — 
Smockface by Old Snail, &c. — foaled 1753. — S. Carolina. 

PHILIP, limp."] br. h. by Filho da Puta, dam Treasure by Camillus. 

h. by Randolph's Janus, dam (Jack Pendleton's dam) by 

Trafalgar. 

PICTON, br. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam Isabella by Sir Archy. 

PLATOFF, b. h. by Kosciusko, dam by Hephestion. 



98 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 

PONEY, (The) ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
PORTLAND, [Imp.] ch. h. by Recovery, dam by Walton. 
PORTSMOUTH, br. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam Polly Peachem 

by John Richards. 
POST BOY, ch. h. by Henry, dam Garland by Duroc. 
PO WHATTAN, b. h. by Arab, dam by Whip. 
PRESTO, b. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
PRIAM, [Imp.] b. h. by Emilius, dam Cressida by Whisker. 

Junior, h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy. 

PRINCE, [Imp.] b. h. by Herod, dam Helen by Blank— Crab, &c.^ 

foaled 1773.— S. Carolina. 
PRINCE FERDINAND, [Imp.] by Herod, dam by Matchem — gr. 

dam the Squirt mare, &c. 
PRUNELLA, [Imp.] m. by Comus, dam by Partisan, 
PUZZLE, [Imp.] b. h. by Reveller, dam by Juniper. 

Q. 

QUEEN OF THE WEST, br. m. by Shark, out of Lady Mostyn by 
Teniers, gr. dam Invalid by Whisker. 

R. 

BATTLER, ch. h. by Sir Archy, dam by [Imp.] Robin Red Breast. 

RED BILL, b. h. by Medoc, dam Brown Mary by Sumpter. 

RED BUCK, b. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Sally Bell by Conten- 
tion. 

RED TOM, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam Duchess of Marlborough by Sir 
Archy. 

REINDEER, ch. h. by Henry, dam Sportsmistrcss by Hickory. 

. ch. h. by Sussex, dam by Oscar. 

REPUBLICAN, [Imp.] ch. h. by Wentworth's Ancaster — Old Royal 
Changeling — Bethel's Arabian, &c. — Va. 1797. 

Charles Young. 

RICHARD SINGLETON, b. h. by Bertrand, dam Black-Eyed Susan 
by Tiger. 

RIDDLESWORTH, [Imp.] ch. h. by Emilius, dam Filagree by Sooth- 
sayer. 

ROANOKE, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by Coeur de Lion. 

ROBIN BROWN, ch. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam (Boston's dam) by 
Ball's Florizel. 

RODOLPH, b. h. by Archy of Transport, dam by Haxall's Moses, 

RODERICK DHU, [Imp.] by Sir Peter Teazle, dam by Young Marske 
— Matchem — Tarquin, &c. Imported into New York. 

ROSALBA, m. by Old Trafalgar, dam Rosalba by Spread Eagle. 

ROSIN THE BOW, b. h. by Bertrand, dam Lady Grey by Robin Grey. 

RUBY, [Imp.] h. h. by Emilius, dam Ehza by Rubens. 

RUSHLIGHT, ch. m. by Sir Archy, dam Pigeon by Pacolet. 

S. 

SALLY BARBOUR, m. by [Imp.] Truffle, dam by Ball's Florizel. 
SALLY HYDE, m. by Sumner's Grey Archy, dam by Medley. 



CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 99 

SAM HOUSTON, ch. h. by Barney O'Lynn, dam Judy Bakewell by 

Ea£?Ie. 
SANTEE, b. h. by Rob Roy, dam Betty by limp.] Buzzard. 
SARACEN, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Sally Slouch by Virginian. 
SARPEDON, [Imp.] br. h. by Emilius, dam Icaria by The Flyer 

Parma by Dick Andrews, &c. 
SCIPIO, b. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Kitty Clover by Sir Charles. 
SCOUT, [Imp.] br. h. by St. Nicholas, dam by Blacklock. 
SEAGULL, b. h, by Sir Archy, dam Nancy Air by [Imp.] Bedford. 
SHADOW, bl. h. by Eclipse Lightfoot, dam Sally Slouch by Virginian. 
SHADOW, [Imp.] b. h. got by Babraham — Bolton Starling — Cough- 
ing Polly by Bartlett's Childers, &c. — foaled 1759 Va. 1771. 

T. Burwell. 
SHAKSPEARE, [Imp.] br. h. by Smolensko, dam Charming Molly by 

Rubens. 
SHARK, bl. h. by Eclipse, dam Lady Lightfoot by Sir Archy. 
SHAMROCK, [Imp.] ch. h. St. Patrick, dam Delight by Reveller. 
SHEPHERDESS, [Imp.] b. m. by Young Blacklock, dam Spermaceti 

by Sligo Waxy. 
SHERIFF PACHA, b. h. Nedji bred— imported by Com. Elliott. 
SHOCK, [Imp.], got by Shock — Partner — Makeless — Brimmer, &c.— 

Va. Caroline county. Jno. Baylor. 

SIDI HAME T, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Princess by Defiance. 
SIDNEY, b. h. by Sir Charles, dam Virginia by Thornton's Rattler. 
SIR CHARLES, ch. h. by Saladin, dam by Cultivator. 
SIR JOSEPH, br. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Sally Maclin by 

Sir Archy. 
SIR LESLIE, b. h. by Sir William, dam by (Imp.) Buzzard. 
SIR MF:DLEY, ch. h. by Medley, dam by Sir Charles. 
SIR PETER TEAZLE, (Imp.) ro. h. got by Sir Peter Teazle— Mer- 
cury — ^Cythera by King Herod — Blank, «fcc. — foaled 1802. S. 

Carolina. Gen. Jno. McPherson. 

SIR ROBERT, (Imp.) b. h. by Bobadil, dam Fidalma by Waxy 

Pope. 
SIR WILLIAM, h. by Sir William, dam by Tiger. 
SKYLARK, (Imp.) br. h. by Waxy Pope, dam Skylark by Musician. 
SLOUCH, (Imp.) ch. h. by Cade, dam the little Hartley mare by 

Bartlett's Childers — Flying Whig by Woodstock, &c. — foaled 

1747._S. Carolina. 
SOURKROUT, (Imp.) h. c. by Highflyer, dam Jewel by Squirrel, 

Sophia by Blank, &c. — foaled 178G. 
SOVEREIGN, (Imp.) b. h. by Emilius, dam Fleur de Lis by 

Bourbon. 
STARLING, (Imp.) by Young Starling— Regulus— Snake, Partner, 

&c.— foaled 1756.— Va. 1762. Carlisle &, Dalton. 

STANHOPE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Helen Mar by Rattler. 
STEEL, b. h. by (Imp.) Fylde, dam Diamond by Constitution. 
STOCKHOLDER, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by (Lnp.) Citizen. 
ST. LEGER, gr. h. by Eclipse, dam (Ariel's dam,) by Financier. 
28 



100 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 

ST. PAUL, (Imp.) sor. h. by Old Saltram, dam Purity by Matchem, 
Pratt's famous Squirt mare, &,c. — foaled 17S9. — Va. 1804. 

Wm. Lightfoot. 
STRAWBERRY ROAN, (see Fairfax Roan). 
SWISS, (Imp.) b. h. by Whisker, dam by Shuttle. 
SYMMETRY, oh. in. by (Imp.) Ainderby, dam Ellen Douglass by 
Bertrand. 

T. 

TARGET, ch. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Becky by Marquis. 

TARLTON, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Robin Gray. 

TARQUIN, br. h. by Henry, dam Ostrich by Eclipse. 

, h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Hackabout by Timoleon. 

(Imp.) h. by the Hampton-Court Chesnut Ar. out of Fail 

Rosamond by Cade — Traveller, &c. — foaled 1720. 

TELIE DOE, m. by Pacific, dam Matilda by Grey-tail Florizel. 

TENNESSEE CITIZEN, ch. h. by Stockholder, dam Patty Puff by 
Pacolet. 

THOMAS H. BENTON, br. h. by Waxy, dam Virginia by Matapone. 

TITRY, (Imp.) ch. m. by Langar, dam Zephyrina by Middlethorpe. 

TOBACCONIST, b. h. by Gohanna, dam Yankee Maid by Ball's 
Florizel. 

TOM MOORE, h. by Contention, dam Pocahontas by Virginian. 

TORNADO, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Polly Hopkins by Virginian. 

TRANBY, (Imp.) br. h. by Blacklock, dam by Orville — Miss Grim- 
stone by Weazle — Ancaster, &c. — foaled 1826. — Va. 1835. 

J. J. Avery & Co. 

TRIPIT, br. m. by Mars, dam by Post Boy. 

TRUFFLE, (Imp.) h. h. by Truffle, dam Helen by Whiskey. 

TRUSTEE, (Imp.) ch. h. by Catton, dam Emma by Whisker. 

V. 

VALPARAISO, (Imp.) ch. h. by Velocipede, dam Julianna by Go- 
hanna. 
VERTNER, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Lady Adams by Whipster. 
VERTUMNUS, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Princess by Defiance. 
VICEROY, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Saluda by Timoleon. 
VOLCANO, b. h. by Stockholder, dam Forest Maid by Ratray. 
VOLNEY, b. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Sir Archy. 

(Imp.) b. h. by Velocipede, dam (Voltaire's dam,) by 



Phantom. 



W. 



WACOUSTA, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Lady Lightfoot by 

Oscar. 
WAGNER, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam Maria West by Marion. 
WASHENANGO, ch. h. by Timoleon, dam Ariadne by (Imp.) 

Citizen. 
WHALE, (Imp.) by Whalebone, (who was by Waxy,) dam Rectory 

by Octavius — Catharine by Woodpecker. — N. Carolina. 

Edward Townes. 
WHALEBONE, b. h. hy Sir Archy, dam by Pacolet. 



CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 101 

WILD BILL, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Maria by Gallatin. 
WILLIAM H. HARRISON, gr. h. by Trumpator, dam by Double- 
head. 
WILLIS, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by (Imp.) Merryfield. 
WANDER, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Powancey by Alfred, 
WOODPECKER, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by {Imp.) Buzzard. 

Y. 

YORKSHIRE, {Imp.) got by St. Nicholas, dam Miss Rose. 

R. D, Shepherd. 
YOUNG GOHANNA, h. by Gohanna, dam by Pacolet. 
YOUNG MEDLEY, h. by Potomac, dam by Medley. 
YOUNG TRAMP, (Imp.) h. by Barefoot, dam Isabella by Comus. 
YOUNG WONDER, h. by Cock of the Rock, dam Nell Sanders. 

Z. 

ZINGANEE, (Imp.) b. h. by Tramp, dam Folly by Young Drone. 

(Garrison's,) b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Atalanta by (Imp.) 

Chance. 



THE END. 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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